I LIBRARY OF COXGRESS, ll 



fUXITED STATES OF A.Ui....uA.t 



Jfulb, Jfnr^sl, aixtr ^Kx'iJtn 



^^Z' BOTANY, 



A SIMPLE INTRODUCTION TO THE 



COMMON PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI, 



BOTH WILD AND CULTIVATED. 



By ASA GEAY, 

PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 




C ^ 

NEW YORK: 

IVISON, PHINNEY, BLAKEMAN, & CO. 
CHICAGO: S. C. GRIGGS & CO. 

1868. 






<b^ 



^ 



Entered according to act of CongresSj in the year 1868, by 

ASA GRAY, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 



University Press: Welch, Bigelow, & Co.j 

Cambridge. 



PREFACE 



This book is intended to furnish botanical classes and beginners 
generally with an easier introduction to the plants of this country 
than is the Manual, and one which includes the common cultivated 
as well as the native species. It is made more concise and simple, 
1. by the use of somewhat less technical language ; 2. by the omis- 
sion, as far as possible, of the more recondite and, for the present 
purpose, less essential characters ; and also of most of the obscure, 
insignificant, or rare plants which students will not be apt to meet 
with or to examine, or which are quite too difficult for beginners ; 
such as the Sedges, most Grasses, and the crowd of Golden Rods, 
Asters, Sunflowers, and the like, which require very critical study. 
On the other hand, this small volume is more comprehensive than 
the Manual, since it comprises the common herbs, shrubs, and trees 
of the Southern as well as the Northern and Middle States, and all 
which are commonly cultivated or planted, for ornament or use, in 
fields, gardens, pleasure-grounds, or in house-culture, including even 
the conservatory plants ordinarily met with. 

It is very desirable that students should be able to use exotic as 
well as indigenous plants in analysis ; and a scientific acquaintance 
with the plants and flowers most common around us in garden, field, 
and green-house, and which so largely contribute to our well-being 
and enjoyment, would seem. to be no less important than in the case 
of our native plants. If it is worth while so largely to assemble 
around us ornamental and useful trees, plants, and flowers, it is cer- 
tainly well to know what they are and what they are like. To stu- 
dents in agricultural schools and colleges this kind of knowledge 
will be especially important. 

One of the main objects of this book is to provide cultivators, 
gardeners, and amateurs, and all who are fond of plants and flowers, 
with a simple guide to a knowledge of their botanical names and 



10 PREFACE. 

structure. There is, I believe, no sufficient work of this kind in 
the English language, adapted to our needs, and available even to 
our botanists and botanical teachers, — for whom the only recourse is 
to a botanical library beyond the reach and means of most of these, 
and certainly quite beyond the reach of those whose needs I have 
here endeavored to supply, so far as I could, in this small volume. 
The great difficulties of the undertaking have been to keep the book 
within the proper compass, by a rigid exclusion of all extraneous 
and unnecessary matter, and to determine what plants, both native 
and exotic, are common enough to demand a place in it, or so 
uncommon that they may be omitted. It is very unlikely that I can 
have chosen wisely in all cases and for all parts of the country, 
and in view of the diffisrent requirements of botanical students on 
the one hand and of practical cultivators on the other, — the latter 
commonly caring more for made varieties, races, and crosses, than 
for species, which are the main objects of botanical study. But I 
hav« here brought together, within less than 350 pages, brief and 
plain botanical descriptions or notices of 2,650 species, belonging to 
947 genera; and have constructed keys to the natural families, 
and analyses of their contents, which I hope may enable students, who 
have well studied the First Lessons, to find out the name, main char- 
acters, and place of any of them which they will patiently examine 
in blossom and, when practicable, in fruit also. If the book an- 
swers its purpose reasonably well, its shortcomings as regards culti- 
vated plants may be made up hereafter. As to the native plants 
omitted, they are to be found, and may best be studied, in the Man- 
ual of the Botany of the Northern United States, and in Chapman's 
Flora of the Southern United States. 

This book is designed to be the companion of the First Lessons in 
Botany, which serves as grammar and dictionary ; and the two may 
be bound together into one compact volume, forming a comprehen- 
sive School Botany. 

For the account of the Ferns and the allied families of Cryptoga- 
mous Plants I have to record my indebtedness to Professor D. C. 
Eaton of Yale College. These beautiful plants are now much cul- 
tivated by amateurs; and the means here so fully provided for 
studying them will doubtless be appreciated. 

Harvard University Herbarium, 
Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 29, 1868. 



PREFACE. 11 



SIGNS AND ABBEEVIATIONS. 

The Signs and Abbreviations employed in this work are few. 

The signs are : 

® for an annual plant. 
(D " a biennial plant. 
2/ "a perennial plant. 
The signs for degrees, minutes, and seconds are used for feet, inches, 
and lines, the latter twelve to the inch. 

Thus 1° means a foot in length or height, &c. ; 2', two inches ; B^% three 
lines, or a quarter of an inch. The latter sign is seldom used in this work. 
The dash between two figures, as "5-10," means from five to ten, &c. 
" n." stands for flowers or flowering. 
« Cult." « for cultivated. 
" Nat." " for naturalized. 
« N., E., S., W." for North, East, South, and "West. 
The geographical abbreviations, such as "Eu." for Europe, and the 
common abbreviations for the names of the States, need no particular 
explanation. 



12 



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ANALYTICAL KEY. 



13 





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p. 


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14 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 



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o 
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P 

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Fq pq Ph pt< piH 



1— 1 
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Ph 

s 8 

Ph -v 
P^ S 



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III 

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Ph PM PM 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 



15 



Ph pR pR piH 

pq P^ (>H H 

^ X P? O 

t^ O P^ O 

- 5? ^ o 

1 P Wq 



fcj^c^p:; pqpHpRpHpR pM 




1^ 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 



»o o >-* 



f=< fR pR 



I 

.o 
p> 



.9 .•? 






3 



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C3 '-3 






I ^ §^& 

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?H Sort 

I ill 

S S d a S 

Ph p, O O +3 

t^ ^ s s 

53 «J ;h ?-( 
> C O O 

I 



§ 
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M dJ 



"h o 






.5 S3 :s 
5 .S ■^ 

CO fe 'o 

si 

li 



c3 1: 



1 



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^ o 

o t^ 



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o o 

O .. 



;2 o 



ft 



P=^ pR fM 







ft -9 
ft ^ 

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ns .. CI 



o 



£.1 



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TS O 'CJ 



II 



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o 



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d o 

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g '^ -^3 r,3 



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1 1 

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to ^ 



^ § :§ 

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^ 2 03 

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rcS" rrj TO 






5 S 



o ^ J O O 



51 



^^ 



^ H H W 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 



17 



a> CO t^ 



1-5 j-H 



Ph" pi^ Fr Ph Pr Ph 



Ph rt 



>-; '=5 






^ CU C3 



^ 'a '^ -2 

S O) rS ^ rr^ 



N (i< pR 

P5 
o 

H 

M 
PR 



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P C5 


p^ 


P5 P^ 


o 


^ Pj 


H 


H ^ 


(— 1 


02 O 


§ 




P 


g 


pR 


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cf 








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g 




pi 




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• 




aa 




g 



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I 



c3 CO 



pR pR 

P^ P^ 
O P^ 

03 5 

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m 
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pR pR pR pR 



<X> -^ 



S :S 






h ^ ^ 



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r^ O 



P P^ 



pR pR 



■73 
bX) Ph 

o 
• • cc 

^^ 



P5 P£l 
P=^ S 

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p c» <D O ^ 



r— I (V) OS 



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p ^ 



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II 

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p p 
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o o 

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P P B T' 
cu (p S P 'TS 

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P ^ 



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'TIS ^73 

p p 

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18 



ANALYTICAL, KEY. 






O O^ r-l 
•-> ^ CO 
(M r-l i-H 



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P3 

o 



W H H 

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m 

O 

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HI 

2 2 "Bh' 



<u 



o, O 









o r^ 



o o 



o 



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CO 8 



IS 

o ^ 

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o ?„ ^ 



o S 



bjD % 

|i 



o ^ 



C3 ^ 



in 

CO - 

CO 



(M 



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S O g ^ So 



O o 



cS O 



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o 



Ph ^ 



!=^ P •::3 



-^ r-i ^1 ::^ 



> P .5 

M OJ M 

•^ Ti -13 

o cu o 

<D QJ <U 

m m m 






(U f-H S-l fn 

^ -^ ^ hs 

M c/i K ffi 



ii §.3 

Ph . P^ 

a - o 



^ s 



CO 



p^ i^ p^ Ph 



.SS| 

P Ph 
OJ CO __. 

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O 3 



W P3 ^ 
ri ^ M 



o 
o 



P-( M 

a J 



Ph 
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Sd p p ':^ 

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a ^ 

o 

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£-1 

P ^ 

CO <=! 

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s a 

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CJD 



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o 'Si) 

c o P 

lit 

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O 'S '73" 
P Ph fl 
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Ph 

a 

o 



Ph Ph 

a a 



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r o ^ 



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W 



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ANALYTICAL KEY. 



19 



I 

5^ 2 

>» o 

i a 



<4i 



03 



r-l I— I i>. 



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fi<PqP;HpHf^P=^f=<[^ 



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P^ H P!^ 


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o ^ w 


P^ 


n) 


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O 


H 


P^ g H 


w 


02 


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M p^ ^ 





O >-H 



Sh ■r' 
g ^ 

o o 



V V 



t:3 'tS 






^ 



o q Hi Hi p^ 


0>H 


^ o 


1— 1 

o 
fa 
h-l 


S ^ ^ ^ 


fa o 


^ ^ 


fa fa 


CO g 


^ ^ 
W 


W CZ5 

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1 


w 


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p 


p^ 


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fa 




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M 



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o 



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c^ .. o 

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pi pS 

if 

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rL OJ o2 CO u ra r-i' 
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^ ±1 S 

§.S o 

:« H ]^ 



'TIS -^ 
O O 

Ph Pi^ 






s a 



P o 

OS c 

<D <D a;) 

m m <ji 



I I 



(M C^ CN (N 









O Sh 

Ph fa 



20 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 



t- ai 00 



CO 

O 
O 

M 

o 
o 

M 

cc 

ft 

P 
O 

1-:; 

< 

O 
'^ 

o 






-^ 



ph' f^ p=; pq 



P=^ P^ 



P^ P=^ P=^ Ph 






p 

il 
^ =5 



o ."S 

It 



1^ 






<- <^ ^ 

ri ^ § 

o ^ w 
^ g Hi 

o 



o . 
o ^ 



S o o 






^ "^ >> 

s S ^ 
S "^ 2 

Cj g CO 

:: ;^^ ^ 

S O != ?^ 



-2 ^ ^ 



I' 



1^ 



^ w <1 




^SS 




P5 o g 




f^ s ^ 

Hi Sq ^ 






2S§ 


03 


^ 


E3 
O 


• o . 


'S 


W 


'3 


. 


^ 


ef 


fl 


8 


o 


C 


s 



05 a; 



. '^ 'O O 
III ^. 

in! 

^ ^ S^ o 

^ ;=: ^ ^ 
1 |;.^| 



s ^ 



>, o 



p g CO ."S _+J 



^ ^ 



a .. SB 

P- O cS o 

■2 s g ! 

I - ^ 8 

CO .t: ^j rH 

fl >: O '^ 

^ -P '^ o 

CO S ^ '^ 



r- ^ 5; 

F P O <D 

s ; § ^ 

2 ^ b f^ 



O 



9 f^ 



r-l ■ ^ O 

O CO C5 g 

IS 1. 1 



^ ^ -^ .^ 



S fcc 



i^ ci rC! 



Is 

to .5 






JO t» j^ 



CO 

S 2 °-^ 

^ ^ c p 

S S c3 u 

g P ^ o 

,s p <^ s 

•^S fe: rt g 
o ■*" ® O 
"^ 'rt" ^" '^ 

O ^ pi M 

rt O P S 



c 






PnrcT 



- I ^ 

TS "5^ '^ 

ci •• a 

CO O pCj 

''' o - 

2 =3 



(>1 -pH 



.5 ^ 



r2 'd -S 

V o 3 

> s_ •• 

p o -g 

g g o 

o o _ 



-g .& 



;> O ;_i 5:^ 

O ^ O; r!=( 



P +^ 









o s 

CO H 






ANALYTICAL KEY. 



21 



O -* (M 05 



S. 



j>r Pm P=^ Ph 

M H <1 ;>< 

^ ^ h! P^ 

<H t^ ^ O 



s- ^ 



o p 

Ph ^ 



V ^ 



O X " 
pi «u 

i « I 



<p 



<v 



^ 1 



PQ 



^ c3 O 

,S S 'TIS 

•s as 

fl o V 



;:i O 
O ;h 



^ 


cS 


bX) 


CO 






'S 


O 


o 




pL. 


3- 


o 


'o 


m 






« 


-S 


i=l 

o 



CB 



© 



Oh 2 



o 



5 "^ 

Ph 'TIS 



tS '^ 






o <I> 

1"^ 



cu 



be O 



'T3 ^ 



^ ^ 



o '^ 

biD g, 

"m " 
O ^ 

^ ^ J:; 
P. ^ ^ 



"2 c3 OS 



F rt a; 

^ (11 •_; 



O CS Sh 



E" o 



■ - CO 



ii s -^ ^ 



© 



00 «d" 
PI 






<D CD (D (U O 

a s a s a 

o3 oi c^ c3 c3 

5 ^ ^ QO ^ 



> > 

o o 



X X rt 

'S 1^ ■> 
O Q ^ 



CS ^ o 

S S o ^ 

C5 (N rO ! 

rC^ rTj aT 



00 CO cr> x^ 

(N <M (M CN 
(N <N CN C^ 






o ^ 



oi en i-M CO 

CO (M ^ Tf 
(M (N (M (N 



Ph fi< fq Pm 



H ^ H 
^ 5 ^ 
O 



^ a 



^^^ 



O Pq > 

<5 



© r-H 



£:; 


o 




o 


P! 




s 


















^ 


© 


^ 






ci 




'P. 






-i-i 




© 


CO 




cS 




p 


© 


© 




f::^ 


Tx) 








^ 




S 


S 


Ul 



P- Pi o 

_^ ^ o 
ti © ;f 
'^ ,^ "^ 

b "^- § 



^ I 

Pi ^ 

O *" 



^ "I a 






1^ ^ c © 
-^ o _< «-* 
c3 P! -t-* •'H 



<^ ii = 



ft O 



© © 
> > 

o o 



1 S ^ 

o ^ © 

a ^ ^ 

•+3 'f © 

CO t^ (> 

+^ P © 

S ^ "" 



nd 'tS tS te: O 
Ji Ji ^ M ^ 



(M Tfi CN © 

oj ci ci 

> > ^ 

o o o 



1^ '^ © 

© ^ 

© © 

o © 

^-^ a 



© 

If- 
I ft 

> > 
C O 



22 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 



Ph Pr 






!>• 


o 


CO 


t^ 






^ 


pR 


P— ( 


O 


Ph 


h; 


P^ 


H-5 


O 


<1 



M 


rH 


X 


H 


^ 


< 


<^ 


Q 


P^ 


P^ 


pq 


O 


H 


W 


g 



pR ^ 



'o g 

o 

O 'd nd ^ 



= -S 8 

go 



q o 






p s •. 



o '^ 



11 

^ o 









I 2 ? 

& o ^ 

"^ S ^ 
-go 

S d o 



rS ■^ ^ 
III 

o ■>: ^ 



sr p 

S o 



.^ '^ 
^ s 



o ^ 

■§ ° 



o 



<M (M» a> CO 

pR P=5 P=J P=J 



CO -^ 

P=^■ pR 



OS ^ 



^ ^ 



1^ s 

-U C3 



-2 3 -§ " 
^-^ S o o 



o 






3 cS 



^ > ^ 



-^ ;-. o 



o t: 



2 

5 

S 

S 
o 
o 

i 






'^ o 



tr 



O <D O 

«2 m S 

S-i ^-( ^ 

o o 



P >. 6 

P S P 

g j> o 

»-i M cS 






o S3 



^ p 

O cJ 



2 ^ 

§ I 

-P "^ 

•S o 



o P 



o o o o o {/2 oQ 






1^ - 

P cS 

"S !>, 

^ P 

CS g 



M -i-i C 

is ^ 

i ^ I 



T3 ^ O O 



j3 -S ^ 

5 'p p . 

P O cS o 






w H ^:: - 



O! Si O 



p ^ -«^ 
2 ^ Oi 



Ph Ph A^ 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 



23 



g Q 



CO o 

00 .-I 

^^ 



O 

CO 



>? s 



'-e r/^ fl '^ 



-73 O 

^ O 

o *j 

^ o 



o 

p. 



i 

o 



o g 

"^ 8 






r^ • >^ ^ 






re! > 



a ?; 



b -^ 



'^ T! -ts 
o ^ 

fee S rt ^ 



rt <w 



o 

o 



o 



ID 



-^ -§ S rS 



cS -^ -=3 



2 1=1 P ^2 

Cj o o <u d 

<^ ^ ^ § 5 

^ Ph Ph ^ cy2 



P P 

OS 03 



, — I M 



t3 TS 

(D a> 

I ^ 

2 a; 



.2 



§ o I 

t:J .S ^ 

~ P '"' . 

'^ ^ s 

"D '72 CD 

•^ P.-S 

o -^ o 

O o 



■<* o 



O 00 p-i 

t^ in "^ 

<N Ol (N 



^^ pt^ Ph pq 






^ P^ ^ 

^ ^ 5 

M ;v] 5* 

H H t> 

^ p^ P^ 

P^ H S 



O 

Ph 

i 



a;~ ^ so 
.id >^ -^^ 

^ - g 

(D 



rS o 



o 

Ph' 






+3 'Td 1> 



^ >• -i^ rii; 



O ^ 



1 


,2 




o" 
o 


'Ph 


>^. 


1 


s 




1^ 


o 








to 




1 


o 

p 


5-< 
O 




o 




tt) 




o 




+S 


CO 


;^ 


1— V 


OS 



pj CO 



O ■ ri 



s * 

a V 

Ph ^ S 
to o "^ 



fcjb o 



03 xti 
^ O 

8 2 
1^ 



< ^ 



o o 
p^ p. 

p. Ph 

O O 



P^ OS 

o t> 



c3 o 



< < 



24 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 



(N 00 in CO 



pR Ph pR 



^ 



o 



-P O 

o o 






CO g ^ 






C3 






C^ Gi I— I CO C^ Oi 

Ol CO -* ^ (M t^ 

<M (N <M C^ <rj (M 

Ph P^ pR Ph P^ Ph 



H OQ ^ 

P5 1^ l-l 

o W ;^ 

PR O t> 

<1 



s 



O cS 

rPrO 



n3 r£3' 



03=^0 

2 M o 
§•1 ^ 

gas 



S O -^^ -i^ 



O 

O o 



02 cc 






CO fH 



rd ^ 



b ^ 






M ^ 'P -B 



« t- '^ ^3 '^ 

■5 rT^^ i^ O 



ii 



^ s 



V I 

03 OS 

o o 



o 
o 

H H H 



o o 



CO 

o 
M 

O 

o 

I— I 

(—1 

{> 

I— I 

05 

o 
H^ 

<^ 

H 
<1 



cq .-H t>. 


CO 05 O rl 


00 Tj* CO 


?0 ■* Tt CO 


<N rH ^ 




PH Ph PeJ PeJ pq [J^ PH 


H P^ H 


M H 1-3 H 


D5 c» z ^ P^ P3 O 


HWO 
IMRO 
ORPI 




H P5 


?cg tC tK| 


P5 f^ -- 


logs 

C 03 K 

g i o 


1— 1 S 


3. . 

EYENIN 
Penthor 


^ S^ ' 


s :B ^ 


r^'Sb 


•^ ^M 


03 -^ 


•a^ 


2^ . 


ft 


"o 


2 






o 


M 




'^ 


"S 




c3 


s 


ft 

1 


15 


O 


«-> 




=<- 


ID 


o 


^ 


M 




o 


s^ 


^ 


o 


^ 






ID 




O 




tf! 


o 


^ 


.^ 



.. <i5 ^ 



2 "^S 



a •- ."::; 



^ ;::: P o 
^ ^-2 ^ ^ 



fl ^ 



O (U 



■rs ,r5 ^ 

> — ^ ^ 

=^ i o 
b^ Ph 



+j ■ jJ M 



C p o 



« ^- o 



S H H 






O 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 



25 



00 to 



p4 Pm ^ fsn Pq pR Ph 






O O 
H O 

So 






« f>. 


CO 






^ 






-a 










s 


^ 




>< 2 


^ 




►>,<« 


cS 




11 


© 




p3 




o * 


:= 




■g o- 


© 




il 


1 




<t ^ 


§ 




0) Ph 

41 


c3 

03 


CO 

.-3 


F? rt 


>-> 


O 



U o 






^ ^^ - S 



s 



B ^ 



OD S ;-l 

s ;> o 
S ° S 



a 



s 



o 

o 
in 

O 



- 03 S 



3 



m o 

01 o o^ 

C^ CO (M 



P5 


}A 


H 


W 


H 


P5 


cc 


!::) 


^ 


<1 


^ 


k! 



H 

02 



P^ 



! 




O 


}-{ 


!>^ 


03 


J 


rO 


n 


"73 


fee 


.-H 


i 


C 
1 


© 


© 


^ 


o 


^ 


o 


q3 




+^ 




r^ 


o 


2 



CO CO m t^ 

CO c; r— as 

C^ r- <M 



fE^P^Pq PqptlP^ Pqpqpq PqPqP^I^ 



1 ^ 



« s 

o o 
o o 



^ 



X © 



© 
!> O 

CO 



© 



*5 ^ 



© m 

"3 © 

.& ^ 
-S O 

% ^ 

> © 

© ^H 
rQ O 

^ a 

^ a 

^ o 

■p- >. 



^ ^ 






© 



^ ±! rO 

S ^ 5 g 



>-( ;z; CO t> 

^ S 2 s 

o <i) © © 

^- (=1 ^ ^ 

O O O o 

03 03 

O O 



© ^ 
1 1 

P. >> 



tt) +j o3 ^ 

^( ^ ^^ CO 

^ p. o ^ 

© r^ >> 
CO t3 Ti 
•^ O O 



03 

s 

O 



o S 



11 



o3 s- p: ^ 



© "V 



o 
p 

co" 


a5~ 


© 


qT 


oT 


_o 


_6 


03 

p 


p 




'Ph 


c3 




c 


p 


.§ 


s 


g 


'Ph 


"Ph 


CO 


CO 


p 


P 



© "13 X3 



Ph i^ 
'+3 o 

rji xn 



II 



>-> © 



J §1 
P rS ^ 

P ^ t2 



-7^ g S 

•- ^ "^ 
p '^ „ 



c3 P 



o « 



03 S 
© o 

rP © 






© X S 
o r3 _&p 



p 

03 


P 


Ph 


CO 


P 
© 


© 

pp 


© 






t> 


,^ 




^ 




S 


O 




1 




1 


© 
Ph 


O 
1 


i 
1 


g 


o 

o 


1 




CO 


>^ 


© 


+s 




rS 


© 


p 


^ 


r^ 


P 


o 


'~^ 


03 


t 


■© 

?3 


S 


'fcJC 

1=^ 


_Ph 
CO 


«^-| 



P c3 -u 



c3 ^ bx;' 

O O ;5 



P ?^ 



© © 

t> !> 

o3 o3 

© © 



%^^'^ 



^ H^ ^ H^ H-1 



© 



o .^ © 

O CO r— 1 

M © -b 

03 Ph CO 

irj © >-j 

1^ rP .^ 

c3 rj:= (M 

X ^ rP 



CO CO CO 

s s s 



26 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 



CO 


iD 


o 


■* T^ 


00 


OJ 


00 


S 5 


(N 


(N 


(M 


<N 


Ph 


fx 


P=^ 


p=; p=; 


w 


1— 1 


w 


H G 


o 


g 


H 


O « 


o 


-d 


^ 


O K 


o 
o 


S 


<1 
< 
< 




^ 


H 




o 




f^ 


125 







3 C3 

C § O 

'^ i^ •§ 



rt o S 



1 ?. s 



Ph CI -r^ 

.. '3 '^ -2 '^ o 

>■ ■'^ "5 ^3 

® o "S ^ 

° C P 






■SI i = 



■8 i 

8 oj 



o o o ^ 
^ ^ « -3 ^ 

o > fi ^ ^ I ;>. 






3 O 






•^. i 2 ^ 'B tf > 

•S^'^tS 2 r; "^ ^ 

I J i B ! I ^ ^ 

"C S ?; o o 

I g S sS 



!> 
O 

o 






O 02 



5 S J3 



^ ci i 



" O O 

o S ^ 

fl o o 

o « « 



H^ ^ 



O 53 c3 

- o o 






X o 
^ o 
C --3 

Si 



CO Tj< 

Oi 00 



f=< fx< pq Pq Pt^ p^ fsj 






^ ,^ s 



o t5 

o = « 



g "" ^ 8 
^ i I ^. ^ 

^ ci vj --"' ^ 



O N 
5 H 






" Q g -i 



O c3 



t» — < 

S ^ 2 



= > o 
'3 c? i=i 






c3 S S 






03 O 



— ' .2 -g cS r^ 'O ^ g 

=^S5-J=^o2o^^- 

=^ c3 c5 _i. 02 :i 

?s o 






'^ 'is r- .5 ^ 

f It.; fill Is i 

m^ ^ O O M "" P^ 

O O '7-' r— ' O t- O 

;-! e r- lL ^ ^^ 



^ 2 



_^ S rt ^ 

s ^ _, _ ^ 

2s-i=3'^.^'[c'm, OO 

- -^ - -^ S .:= _c. c S =2 ^ 

'rg •* •*. ^ ^ ^*^ ^*-' a:i CD o 

% Z J-p^OO-gPHPL, 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 



27 



h^ o 
H H 



^ 



M 






■is 


rt 


^ 


o 




rO 


rO 


a 






OJ 


^ 


,ja 


M 


fcJO 


o 


c 


■'-' 



CTi O 
<N CO 



O O 
CO CO 



5-1 



o 



ca 






r^ '- O) t- 



I 
H 



o g| 

■ ■ Oh 



O 



^ 



I -a 









"S CO 



a 
o 

• n3 






o 



o S 52 &i) "^ 



.;-, ^ ^ 



^ 


^ 


>> 




^ 


^ 




'^ 


r2 











rC3 


X 




c3 


^ 




cj 




■a 


s 


'ci 






s-> 




oS 


CD 




!^ 


'73 


pS 


^ 


ph 





Vi 


d 


•5 





© 


'> 


rS 


!=1 









./^ 



r?i q -3 



'"'^^ "S "S 
^ 5 ^ 



P- >. o 



3 ^ .^ ^ 



rr^ -S <U 



« -^ ^ 






t>^ CO ^ 

:S q=! O 
S »^ 8 



s 



« •- :^ .2 •- 



- I 

^ o 

© .g 

s ^ 

'^ o 



W M 



g S © 
§ & ^ 

O T3 ^ 

S o o 

CMC/: 

o o 












XII 

o 
o 

M 

P 
O 

(^ 
O 



o o 

CO CO 

PR PR 



5 ^ 

p^ r^ 

P o 

o 

^ • 



& Sa 






a 









© 








03 


<D 


f= 


C 


C 


^ 






Ph 


Ti 








t 



1 


fl 




>^, 


s 


1 


8 


a 


5_i 


oT 









'p. 




s 


P 


.1-1 


E3 


'TS 






Sh 


c3 


ei 




C 


CG 


s 




3 


fi 


'0 



u 


■D 


&c 


^ 


P! 




Icj 


i 


§ 




sS 


'eS 


s^ 


P.^ 


^ 


^ 



s^^ ^^ 



^^ 



H Ph H 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 



O to to 00 1-^ t- 

CO CO CO CO CO CO 



o 

Q 

o 
o 

> 



OQ 



P^ ^ f^ 
h! ^ pq 

9 ^ 

Ph ft 



i 



;i^ P=H P=; 

5p 



OD 


O) 


a 


P 




CO 


o 


rii< 




p^q 


-S 


CO 


O 


%-• 


«4-( 


M 


o 


o 


P 


?3 


t 



O i=l "S 



- ^ ^ 






^1 






fcX) =* ^ 
c fee ^ 

§ o g 

•Bo i« 

Cj +^ I — I 

1 o^ 

S :-H '"7* 

s s o 

M i/J Ph 



-11 



H 



7i to 

o o 



O 
O 

O 



PI 


^ 


!=l 


o 


•s 


HH 


^ 


m 


o 


M 


6 


!> 




t— ( 


i? 


Q 


[o 








'+3 


ifi 




t) 


fl 


O 


03 


W 


1 


Q 



05 Csl 



Oi 


lO .-1 


CO 00 00 




CO (M 


(N M CT 


CO 


CO CO 


CO CO CO 


Pq 


^ P=5 


ph p-H f=; 


g 


^S 


2SP5H 


S 
% 


;^ PP 

kX 1 


M f£! O 






h^ 


. o 


O 


f^ 


^ 


• P5 


P^ 


PR 


. P3 
<1 



CO 

o 

i 
•s 

o 
o 

CO 



2 ^ 

H I 
Pk " 



• r3 q:! 



^ -^ 



o o 



'9 



OS -rt 



O r-l 



O +3 






o o r^ 

- ^ g 

o 
q=l 



1^5 T" -—i 

^1 § 



o 

E ^ ^ 

5:; S 2 

C «^ g 

o s s 



5 r3 n3 p. 

j;^ M CO CO 

cs S o S 

t3 O O O 



1- ?-( ^ 
o o o 

,^ rg -g 

<<< 






rg 

1 S S S 



ANALYTICAL KEY. 



29 



00 (N 

<M CO 
CO to 



P^ 



It 

if 

I o 

I a 

^ 2 

O tB 

B •• 

:z3 "^ 



5? ^ 



'2 ^ 



CO cc 



05 05 
CM (M 

CO CO 



O) rH ^J 

«+^ ^ -Q 

cu O 

bX) o 4- 



05 <N 
(M <N 

CO CO 



t^ o 

CO lO 
CO CO 



^ fz^ ^ f^ ^ ^ 



PH P^ Ph pR Ph P=H 



S p^ 

Ph W 

cf O 






02 



CD 



O -^ 



o 5tl 






g P^ 

I 

o 
p^ 



-I (N 

in in 

CO CO 



o . 






r-H O 



O -j3 03 



CO 

I 

o 



-2 i^ 



1 OJ I 
o3 fH ^ 



S ^-V 03 



g 2 !=i ^' 



tn 



| -v 



3^ 



O 3^ 



o i2 ' 

It 



S ,© •— 3 CQ 

2 V 03 --3 

i— QJ CO -t-J 

S Cu © © 

-— ' > Ph 

-R © — ' O 



i 8 

S o 

© fl 

03 *=• 



5 ^^e 4 . 



2 be 
5 



© 

o 






© 



,ii S- ry^ M 



ri CO 
© © 
© CO 



=» OS 
03 -CI 



to 5 -— 1 



© © ^ 

:^ ^ CO 

r— I .. f-l 

^ o o 

&c^ ^ 

u ^ •• 

o © © ^ 

© © S '^ 

:^ g 8 ^ 

£ § ° ^ 

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SERIES I. 

FLOWERING or PH^NOGAMOUS PLANTS: 

Those which fructify by means of stamens and pistils, 
and produce true seeds. 

Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS 
PLANTS : Distinguished by having the wood or woody 
matter of the stem all in a circle between pith and bark, 
and in yearly layers when the stem is more than one year 
old : also the embryo with a pair of cotyledons or seed 
leaves (or several in Pines, &c.). Generally known at once 
by having netted- veined leaves. Parts of the flower seldom 
in threes, most commonly in fives or fours. See Lessons, 
p. 183. This class includes all our ordinary trees and 
shrubs, and the greater part of our herbs. 

Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMOUS : including all of the 
class which have their seeds in a pericarp, or their ovules in 
a closed ovary, i. e. all except the Pine and Cycas families. 

I. POLYPETALOUS DIVISION. Includes the families which 
have, at least in some species, both calyx and corolla, the latter 
with their petals separate, i. e. not at all united into one body. Yet 
some plants of almost all these families have apetalous flowers. 

1. PtAHUHCULACEiE, CROWFOOT FAMILY. 

Not perfectly distinguished by any one or two particular marks, 

but may be known, on the whole, by having an acrid watery juice 

(not milky or colored), numerous stamens, and usually more than 

one pistil, all the parts of the flower separate from each other, and 

inserted on the receptacle. _ The bulk oif the seed is albumen, the 

embryo being very small. The plants are herbs, or a few barely 

shrubby. Many are cultivated for ornament. The following are 

the counnon genera, with their chief distinctions. 

§ 1. Sc'pnla valvate or with their edges turned imoard. in the bud. Petals none or 
minute. Pistils many, 1-seeded. becoming akenes. Leaves opposite : ike 
j)lants mostly dirabini/' by their leaf-stalks. 

1. CLEMATIS. Sepals commonly 4, sometimes several, petal-like. Akenes 
tipped with the perdisteiit style or a part of it. 
3 



34 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 

^ 2. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Not climbing, nor woody except in 8 and one of 20. 

* Pistils and akenes several or many in a head, 1-seeded. 

^^- Petals none: sqyals petal-like. 

2. HEPATICA. Involucre close to the flower, exactly imitating a 3-leaved calyx. 

Sepals 6 or more, oblong, resembling petals. Pistils 12-20. Stemless few 
pereiniials, with rounded 3-lobed leaves and l-flowered scapes. 

3. ANEMONE. Involucre of 2 or more opposite or whorled green leave? much 

below the flower. Sepals 4-20. Pistils very many in a close head (or fewer 
in one species), forming pointed or tailed ai^enes. 

4. THALICTRUM. Involucre none, and stem-leaves all alternate, except in one 

species intermediate between this genus and Anemone. Sepals 4 or more. 
Pistils 4-15, forming several-angled or grooved akenes. Perennials, with 
small flowers in panicles or umbels, most of them dioecious, and with 
ternately coinpouud or decompound leaves. 
H- H— Petals and sepals both conspicuous, 5 or inore. Akenes naked, short-pointed. 

5. ADONIS. Petals and sepals naked, no pit or appendage at the base. Akenes 

in a head or short spike. 

6. MYOSURUS. Sepals with a spur at the base underneath. Petals on a slender 

claw, which is hollow at its apex. Akenes in a long tail-shaped spike. 

7. RANUNCULUS. Sepals naked. Petals with a Httle pit or a scale ou the short 

claw. Akenes in a head. 

* * Pistils several, 2-ovuled, becoming 1-2-seeded pods or berries. 

8. ZANTHORHIZA. Sepals 5, deciduous after flowering. Petals 5, small, 

2-lobed, on a claw. Stamens 5 - 10. Little pods 1-seeded. Undershrub, 
with yellow wood and roots. 

9. HYDRASTIS. Sepals 3, falling when the flower opens. Petals none. Fruit 

berry-like. Low perennial. 
* * * Pistils several, few, or one, forming several-seeded pods or rarely berries. 
-t- Sepals (4 or 5) falling when the fioioer opens, petal-like. Pttah minute, and with 
claws, or none. Stamens numerous, ichile. Leaves ternatebj decompound. 

10. ACT^A. Pistil only one, becoming a berry. Flowers in a short and thick 

raceme or cluster. 

11. CIMICIFUGA. Pistils 1-8, becoming pods in fruit. Flowers in long racemes. 

•«- -1- Sepals not f ailing when the flower opens, in 15 and 20 persistent even till the 
fruit matures, in all the others petal-like and deciduous. 
■i-i- Petals none at all: flowers regular. 

12. CALTHA. Sepals 5-9. Pods several. Leaves simple and undivided, rounded, 
•w- ++ Petals 5 or more inconspicuous nectai^-bearing bodies, very much smaller than 

the sepals : flxnoer regular. 

13. TROLLIUS. Sepals 5 -many. Petals with a little hollow near the base. 

Pods sessile. Leaves palmatelv parted and lobed. 

14. COPTIS. Sepals 5-7. Petals' club-shaped and tubular at the top. Pods 

raised on slender stalks! Leaves with 3 leaflets. 

15. HELLEBORUS. Sepals 5, persistent, enlarging and turning green after flow- 

erinir'. Petals hollow and 2-lipped. Leaves palmatelv or pedately divided. 

16. NIGELLA. Sepals 5. Petals 2-lobed. Pods 3-5 or more united' below into 

one ! Annuals, with finely dissected leaves. 
++ +-i- 4-(- Petals large hollow spurs projecting between the sepals : flower regular. 

17. AQUILEGIA. Sepals 5. Pistils about. 5, with slender styles, and forming 

narrow pods. Perennials, wdth ternately compound or decompound leaves. 
++ ++ 4-1- ++ Petals 2 or 4, much smaller than the 5 unequal sepals : i. e. the flower 
irregular and unsymmeirical. Leaves jmlmately lobed or parted. Pods 1-5. 

18. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal spurred; the spur enclosing the spurs of the 

upper pair of petals: low^er pair of petals spuriess or wanting. 

19. ACONITUM. tapper sepals in the form of a hood or helmet, covering the two 

very long-clawed and peculiar little petals. 
++ +^. +H- ++ •)-»• Petals large and flat, of ordinary shape. Sepals herbaceous and 
persistent! Flowers large,' regular. 

20. PjEONIA. A fleshy disk surrounds the base of the 2 or more pistils, which 

form leathery pods in fruit. Seeds large, rather fleshy-coated. Perennials, 
with oompound or decompound leaves: one species shrubby. 



CROWFOOT FAMILY. 35 

1. CLEMATIS, VIRGIN'S-BOWER. (Ancient Greek name.) U Orna- 
mental climbers, the stalks of their leaves or leaflets clasping the support, 
and with somewhat woody stems, or a few are erect herbs. 
§ 1. Flowers {in spring) verij large and widely open (3' -6' across), with usually 
mamj small petals or petal-like altei-ed stamens : leaflets in threes. 

C. florida, Great-fl. C. Cult, from Japan, not hardy N. ; the flower 
3' - 4' across, its 6 or more sepals broad-ovate and overlapping each other, white, 
purplish, or with a purple centre of ti'ansformed stamens (var. Sieboldii); 
leaves often twice compound. 

C. patens, (also called C. ccERtrLEA, grandifl6ka, and various names 
for varieties.) Cult, from Japan, hardy. Flower 5' -7' across, with 6-9 or 
more oblong or lance-shaped sepals, blue, purple, &c. ; leaflets simply in threes. 

C verticillaris (or Atragene Americana), Avith flowers about 3' across, 
of 4 bluish-purple sepals, is rather scarce in rocky woods or ravines N. and in 
mountainous parts. 

§ 2. Flowers {in summer) pretty large, of only 4 sepals, and no petals whatever, 
not white, solitary on the naked peduncle as in § 1. 
^ Leaves {except the uppermost) pinnate or of 3 or more leaflets : climbers. 

C. Viticella, Vine-Bower C. Cult, from Eu. ; a hardy climber, with 
flower 2' -3' across; the widely spreading sepals obovate, thin, either purple or 
blue ; akenes with short naked points. 

C graveolens. Heavy-scented C. Cult, from Thibet, recently intro- 
duced, very hardy ; with open yellow flowers 1 1' across, long and feathery tails 
to the akenes, and sharp-pointed leaflets. 

• C. Viorna, Leather-flowered C. Wild from Penn. and Ohio S., in 
moist soil ; flower of very thick leathery sepals, purple or purplish, 1 ' long or 
more, erect, and with the narrow tips only spreading or recurved; akenes with 
very feathery tails. 

* * Leaves simple, entire, sessile: low erect herbs : tails feathery. 

C. integrifolia, Entire-leaved C. Cult, from Eu., sparingly. Stem 
simple ; leaves oval or oblong; flower blue, 1' long. 

C. OChroleuca, Pale C. Wild from Staten Island S., but scarce, has 
ovate silky leaves and a dull silky flower. 

§ 3. Flowers {in summer) small, white, panicled, succeeded by feathery -tailed akenes. 

C. recta, Upright Virgin's-Bower. Cult, from Eu. Nearly erect herb, 
3° -4° high, with large panicles of white flowers, in early summer; leaves pin- 
nate ; leaflets ovate or slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire. 

C. Flammula, Sw^eet-scented V. Cult, from Eu. Climbing freely, 
with copious sweet-scented floAvers at midsummer; leaflets 3-5 or more, of 
various shapes, often lobed or cut. 

C. Virginiana, Common Wild V. Climbing high, with dioecious flow- 
ers late in summer ; leaflets 3, cut- toothed or lobed. 

2. HEPATIC A, LIVER-LEAE, HEPATICA. (Shape of the 3-lobed 
leaves likened to that of the liver.) Among the earliest spring flowers. Ij. The 
involucre is so close to the flower and of such size and shape that it is most 
likely to be mistaken for a calyx, and the colored sepals for petals. 

H. triloba, Round-lobed H. Leaves with 3 broad and rounded lobes, 
appearing later than the flowers, and lasting over the winter; stalks hairy; 
flowers blue, purple, or almost white. Woods, common E. Full double- 
flowered varieties, blue and purple, are cult, from Eu. 

H. acutiloba, Sharp-lobed H. Wild from Vermont W. ; has pointed 
lobes to the leaves, sometimes .5 of them, and paler floAvcrs. 

3. ANEMONE, ANjfcMONY, WIND-ELOAVER. (Fancifully so named 
by the Greeks, because growing in Avindy places, or blossoming at the Avindy 
season, it is doubtful Avhich.) 1|. Erect'hcrbs, Avith all the stem-lcaA-cs aboA'e 
and opposite or whorled, forming the involucre or involucels. Peduncles 
1-floAvered. 



36 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 

§ 1 . Long hairy styles form feathery tails to the akenes, like those of Virgin's- 
Bower: fi. large, purple, in early spring. The genus Pulsatilla of some 
authors. 
A. Pulsatilla, Pasque-flower, of Europe. Cult, in some flower-gar- 
dens ; has the root-leaves finely thrice-pinnately divided or cut ; otherwise much 
like the next. 

A. patens, var. Nuttalliana, Wild P. On the plains N. W. ; the 
handsome purple or puiijlish flower (2' or more across when open) rising from 
the n-round on a low soft-hairv stem (3' -6' high), with an involucre of many 
very narrow divisions ; the leaves from the root appearing later, and twice or 
thrice-ternately divided and cut. 

§ 2. Short styles not making long tails, but only naked or hairy tips. 
* Garden AxEMONiES,/roni S. Eu., with tuberous roots and very large flowers. 
A. eoronaria, with leaves cut into many fine lobes, and 6 or more broad 
oval sepals, also 

A. hortensis, with leaves less cut into broader wedge-shaped divisions and 
lobes, and many longer and narrow sepals, — are the originals of the showy, 
mostly double or serai-double, great-flowered Garden Axemonies, of all col- 
ors, red in the wild state, — no^ fully hardy, treated like bulbs, 
* * Wild species, smaller-flowered. 
•t- Pistils very many , forming a dense woolly head in fruit : leaves of the involucre 
long-petioled , compound : flowers of 5 small greenish-white sepals, silky beneath ; 
stem 2° - 3° high. 

A. cylindriea, Long-eruited A. Involucre several-leaved surrounding 
several long naked peduncles ; fl. late in spring (in dry soil N. & W.), followed 
by a cylindrical head of fruit. 

A. Virginiana, Virginian A. Involucre 3-leaved ; peduncles formed in 
succession all summer, the middle or first one naked, the others bearing 2 leaves 
(involucel) at the middle, from which pi'oceed two more peduncles, and so on : 
head of fruit oval or oblong. Common in woods and meadows. 

-t- 4- Pistils fewer, not woolly in fruit : flower V or more broad. 

A. Pennsylvanica, Pennsylvania^ A. Stem 1° high, bearing an invo- 
lucre of 3 wedge-shaped 3-cleft and cut sessile leaves, and a naked peduncle, then 
2 or 3 peduncles with a pair of smaller leaves at their middle, and so on ; fl. white, 
in summer. (Lessons, fig. 179.) Alluvial ground, N. & W, 

A. nemorosa, Wood A. Stem4'-10' high, bearing an involucre of 3 
lon.g-petioled leaves of 3 or 5 leaflets, and a single'short-peduncled flower ; sepals 
white, or purple outside. Woodlands, early spring. 

4. THALICTRUM, ]MEADOW-EUE. (Old name, of obscure deriva- 
tion.) The following are the common wild species, in woodlands and low- 
grounds. 

§ 1. Flowers perfect, few, in an umbel: resembVmg an Anemone : sepals 5-10. 

T. anemonoides, Rue-Anemoke. A very smooth and delicate little 
plant, growing with Wood Anemone, which it resembles in having no stem- 
leaves except those that form aa involucre around the umbel of white (rarely 
pinkish) flowers, appearing in early spring ; leaflets roundish, 3-lobed at the 
end, long-stalked ; ovaries many-grooved, and with a flat-topped sessile stigma : 
otherwise it would rank as an Anemone. 

§ 2. Flowers mostly dicecious and not handsome, small, in loose compound panicles ; 
the 4 or 5 sepals fallinq early : stigmas slender : akenes several-grooved and 
angled: leaves ternately decompoimd {lucssons,{iQ. 13S), all alto'nate ; the upper- 
most not forming an involucre. 

T. dioicum, Early Meadow-Eue. Herb glaucous, 1°- 2° high; flow- 
ers greenish, in early spring ; the yellowish linear' anthers of the sterile plant 
hanging on long capillary filaments : leaves all on general petioles. Eocky 
woods. 

T. purpurascens, Purplish M. Later, often a little downv, 2° -4° 



CROWFOOT FAMILY. 37 

hi<?h ; stem-leaves not raised on a general petiole ; flowers greenish and pur- 
plish; anthers short-linear, drooping on capillary and upwardly rather thickened 
filaments. 

T. Cornuti, Tall M. Herb 4° - 8° high ; stem-leaves not raised on a 
general petiole; flowers white, in summer; anthers oblong, not drooping; the 
white filaments thickened upwards. Low or wet ground. 

5. ADONIS. (The red-flowered species fabled to spring from the blood 
of Adonis, killed by a wild boar.) Stems leafy ; leaves finely much cut 
into very narrow divisions. Cult, from Europe for ornament. 

A. autumnalis, Pheasant's-eye A. @ Stems near 1° high, it or the 
branches terminated by a small flower, of 5 - 8 scarlet or crimson petals, com- 
monly dark at their base. Has run wild in Tennessee. 

A. vernalis, Spring a. U Stems about 6' high, bearing a large showy 
flower, of 10-20 lanceolate light-yellow petals, in early spring. 

6. MYOSURUS, MOUSETAIL (which the name means in Greek). ® 
M. rainimUS. An insignificant little plant, wild or run wild along streams 

from Illinois S., with a tuft of narrow entire root-leaves, and scapes 1' -3' high, 
bearing an obscure yellow flower, followed by tail-like spike of fruit of l'-2' 
long, in spring and summer. 

7. RANUNCULUS, CROWEOOT, BUTTERCUP. (Latin name for 
a little frog, and for the Water Crowfoots, living with the frogs.) A large 
genus of wild plants, except the (iouble-Mowered varieties of three species cult, 
in gardens for ornament. (Lessons, p. 183, fig. 358-361.) 

§ 1. Aquatic; the leaves all or mostli/ under water, and repeatedly dissected into 
manij capillary divisions : flowering all summer. 

H. aquatilis, White Water-Crowfoot. Capillary leaves collapsing 
into a tuft when drawn out of the water ; petals small, white, or only yellow at 
the base, where they bear a spot or little pit, but no scale : akenes wrinkled 
crosswise. 

R. divaricatus, Stiff W. Like the last, but less common ; the leaves 
stiffs and rigid enough to keep their shape (spreading in a circular outline) when 
drawn out of water. 

R. multifidus, Yellow W. Leaves under water much as those of the 
White Water Crowfoot^, or rather larger ; but the bright yellow petals as large 
as those of Common Buttercups, and, like them, with a little scale at the base. 
(Formerly named R. Purshii, &c.) 

§ 2. Terrestrial, many in wet places, hut naturally growing with the foliage out of 
water : petals loith the little scale at the base, yellow in all the wild species. 
* Akenes not prickly nor bristly nor striate on the sides. 1]. 
•i- Spearwort Crowfoots ; growing in very wet places, ivith mostly entire and 

narrow leaves : fl. all summer. 
R. alism^folius. Stems ascending, 10-2° high ; leaves lanceolate or the 
lowest oblong ; flower fully |' in diameter ; akenes beaked with a straight and 
slender style. 

R. Fiammula. Smaller than the last, and akenes short-pointed ; rare 
N., but very common along bordei-s of ponds and rivers is the 

Var. reptans, or Creeping S., with slender stems creeping a few inches in 
length; leaves linear or spatulate, seldom 1' long ; flower only^' broad. 

-1- -I- Small-flowered Crowfoots ; in ivet or moist places, with upper 
leaves 3-parted or divided, and very small floioers, the petals shorter or not longer 
than the calyx : fl. spring and summer. 

R. abortivus, Small-flowered C. Very smooth and slender, 6' -2° 
high ; root-leaves rounded, crenate ; akenes in a globular head. Shady places, 
along watercourses. 

R. seeler^tus, Cursed C. So called because the juice is very acrid and 
bhstering ; stouter than the last and thicker-leaved, equally smooth, even the 



38 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 

root-leaves lobed or cut ; akenes in an oblong or cylindrical head. In water 
or very wet places. 

R. reeurvatus, Hook-styled C. Hairy, 10-2° high ; leaves all 3-cIeft 
and long-petioled, with broad wedge-shaped 2-3-lobed divisions; akenes in a 
globular head, with long recurved styles. Woods, 

H. Pennsylvanicus, Bristly C. Bristly hairy, coarse and stout, 2°- 
3° high ; leaves all 3-divided ; the divisions stalked, again 3-cleft, sharply cut 
and toothed ; akenes in an oblong head, tipped with a short straight style. 
Along streams. 

-(- -t- -^ Buttercups or Common Crowfoots, ivith bright yellow corolla, 
about V in diameter, much larger than the calgx ; leaves oil once and often twice 
3 - 5-divided or cleft, usuullg hairy ; head of akenes globular. 
•t-t- Natives of the country, low or spreading. 

R. faseieularis, Early B. Low, about 6' high, without runners, on 
rocky hills in early spring ; root-leaves much divided, somewhat pinnate ; petals 
rather narrow and distant ; akenes scarcely edged, slender-beaked. 

R= repens, Creeping B. Eveiywheie common in very wet or moist 
places, flowering in spring and summer ; immensely variable ; stem soon as- 
cending, sending out some prostrate stems or runners in summer; leaves more 
coarsely divided and cleft than those of the last ; petals obovate ; akenes sharp- 
edged and stout-beaked. 

•w- ++ Introduced weeds from Eurone, common in fields, Sfc, especially E. : stem 
erect: haves much cut. 

R. bulbosus, Bulbous B. Stem about 1° high from a solid bulbous 
base nearly as larye as a hickory nut ; calyx reflexed when the very bright yel- 
low and showy large corolla expands, in late spring. 

R. aeris, Tall B. Stem 2° -3° high, no bulbous base; calyx only- 
spreading when the lighter yellow corolla expands, in summer. Commoner 
than the last, except E. A full double-flowered variety is cult, in gardens, 
forming golden-yellow balls or buttons. 

-i- -I- -t- -i- Garden Ranunculuses. Besides the double variety of the last, 
the choice Double Ranunculuses of the florist come from the two following. 

R. Asiatieus, of the Levant ; with 3-parted leaves and flowers nearly 2' 
broad, resembling Anemonies, yellow, or of various colors. Not hardy N. 

R. aconitifolius, of Eu., taller, smooth, with 5-parted leaves, and smaller 
white flowers, the full double called Fair Maids or Ekance. 
* * Ahenes striate or ribbed down the sides. ® 

R. Cymbalaria, Sea-side Crowfoot. A little plant, of sandy shores 
of the sea and Great Lakes, &c., smooth, with naked flowering stems 2' - 6' high, 
and long runners ; leaves rounded and kidney-shaped, coarsely crenate; flowers 
small, in summer. 

8. ZANTHORHIZA, SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT. (Name composed 
of the two Greek words for yellow and root.) Only one species, 

Z. apiifolia. A shrubby plant, l°-2° high, with deep yellow wood and 
roots (used by the Indians for dyeing), pinnate leaves of about 5 cut-toothed or 
lobed leaflets, and drooping compound racemes of small dark or dull-purple 
flowers, in e;)rly spring, followed by little 1-seeded pods : grows in damp, shady 
places along the AUeghanies. 

9. HYDRASTIS, ORANGE-ROOT, YELLOW PUCCOON. (Name 
from the Greek, probably meaning that the root or juice of the plant is dras- 
tic. ) H. A single species, 

H. Canadensis. Low, sending up in early spring a rounded .5 - 7-lobed 
root-leaf, and a stem near 1° high, bearing one or two alternate smaller leaves 
above, just below the single small flower. The 3 greenish sepals fall from the 
bud, leaving the many white stamens and little head of pistils , the latter grow 
pulpy and produce a crimson fruit resembling a raspberry. Rich woods, from 
New York, W. & S. 



CROWFOOT FAMILY. 39 

10. ACT^A, BANEBERRY. (The old Greek name of the Elder, from 
some likeness in the leaves.) 1|. Tl. in spring, ripening' the berries late in 
summer : growing in I'ich woods. Leaflets of the thrice-ternatc leaves ovate, 
sharply cleft, and cut-toothed. 

A. spieata, var. rubra. Red Baneberry. Flowers in a very short 
ovate raceme or cluster, on slender pedicels ; berries red. 

A. alba, White Baneberry. Taller than the other, smoother, and 
flowering a week or two later, with an oblong raceme ; pedicels in fruit very 
thick, turning red, the berries white. 

11. CIMICIPUGA, BUGBANE. (Latin name, meaning to drive away 
bugs.) U Like Baneberry, but tall, with very long racemes (1° -3°), and 
dry pods instead of berries ; fl. in summer. 

C. racemosa, Tall B. or Black Snakeroot. Stem with the long 
.-raceme 4<^- 8° high ; pistil mostly single, with a flat-topped stigma; short pod 
holding 2 rows of horizontally flattened seeds. Rich woods. 

C. Americana, American B. More slender, only 2° -4° high; pis- 
tils 5, with slender style and minute stigma ; pods raised from the receptacle 
on slender stalks, flattish, containing few scaly-coated seeds. Alleghanies from 
Penn. S. ; fl. late summer. 

12. CALTHA, MARSH-MARIGOLD. (Old name, from a word mean- 
ing cjoblet, of no obvious application.) 1|. One common species, — 

C palustris, Marsh-Marigold, wrongly called Cowslips in the 
country. Stem l°-2° high, bearing one or more rounded or somewhat kid- 
ney-shaped entire or crenate leaves, and a few flowers with showy yellow calyx, 
about 1^' across ; followed by a cluster of many-seeded pods. Marshes, in 
spring ; young plant boiled for " greens.^' 

13. TBOLLIUS, GLOBE-FLOWER. (Name of obscure meaning.) 
Flower large, like that of Caltha, but sepals not spreading except in our 
wild species ; a row of small nectary-like petals around the stamens, and the 
leaves deeply palmately cleft or parted. 1]. Fl. spring. 

T. laxus, Wild G. Sepals only .5 or 6, spreading wide open, yellowish 
or dull greenish-white ; petals very small, seeming like abortive stamens. 
Swamps, N. &^ W. 

T. Europseus, True or European G. Sepals bright yellow (10- 20) 
broad and converging into a kind of globe, the flower appearing as if semi- 
double. Cult, from Eu. 

T. Asiaticus, Asiatic G. Like the last, but floAver rather more open 
and deep orange yellow. Cult, from Siberia. 

14. COPTIS, GOLDTHREAD. (From Greek word to cut, from the 
divided leaves.) Ij. The only common species is, — 

C. trifoHa, Three-leaved G. A delicate little plant, in bogs and damp 
cold woods N., sending up early in spring single Avhite flowers (smaller than 
those of Wood Ancmony) on slender scapes, followed b}^ slender-stalked leaves 
of three wedge-shaped leaflets ; these become bright-shining in summer, and last 
over winter. The roots or underground shoots are of long and slender yellow 
fibres, used as a popular medicine. 

15. HELLEBORUS, HELLEBORE. (Old Greek name, alludes to the 
poisonous properties.) H. European plants, with pedate leaves and pretty 

large flowers, in early spring. 

n. viridis, Green H., has stems near 1° high, bearing 1 or 2 leaves and 
2 or 3 pale yclloAvish-green flowers : run wild in a few places E. 

H. ni^er, Black H., the flower cnll'd Chuistimas Rose (because flow- 
ering in v-Mrmer parts of England in winter), has singie large flowers (2' -3' 
across, white, turning pinkish, then green), o\\ scaiies shorter than the shining 
evergreen leaves, in earliest spring. Rare in gardens. 



40 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 

16. NIGELLA, FENNEL-FLOWER. (Name from the black seeds.) ® 
Garden plants from Eu. and Orient ; with leafy stems, the leaves finely di- 
vided, like Fennel ; known by having the 5 ovaries united below into one 
5-styled pod. Seeds large, blackish, spicy ; have been used as a substitute 
for spice or pepper. 

"N. Damaseena, Common F. or Ragged-Ladt. Flower bluish, rather 
large, surrounded and overtopped by a finely-divided leafy involucre, like the 
other leaves ; succeeded by a smooth inflated 5-celled pod, in which the lining 
of the cells separates from the outer part. 

N. sativa, Nutmeg-Flower. Cult, in some old gardens ; has coarser 
leaves, and smaller rough pods. 

17. AQUILEGIA, COLUMBINE. (From aquila, an eagle, the spurs of 
the petals fancied to resemble talons.) IJ. Well-known, large-flowered 
ornamental plants : flowers in spring and early summer, usually nodding, so 
that the spurs ascend. 

* North American species, with long straight spiws to the corolla. 

A. Canadensis, Wild C. Flowers about 2' long, scarlet and orange, 
or light yellow inside, the petals with a very short lip or blade, and stamens 
projecting. Common on rocks. 

A. Skinneri, Mexican C, is taller, later, and considerably larger-flow- 
ered than the last, the narrower acute sepals usually tinged greenish ; o'therwise 
very similar. Cult. 

A. eserulea, Long-spurred C, native of the Eocky Mountains, lately 
introduced to gardens, and worthy of special attention ; has blue and white 
flowers, the ovate sepals often 1^', the very slender spurs 2' long, the blade of 
the petals (white) half the length of the (mostly blue) sepals, spreading. 
* ^ Old World species, ivith hooked or incurved spurs to the corolla. 

A. vulgaris, Common Garden C. Cult, in all gardens, l°-3° high, 
many-flowered ; spurs rather longer than the blade or rest of the petal ; pods 
pubescent. Flowers varying from blue to purple, white, &c., gi-eatly changed 
by culture, often full double, with spur within spur, sometimes all changed 
into a rosette of plane petals or sepals. 

A. glandulosa. Glandular C. A more choice species, 6'-l° high, 
with fewer very showy deep blue flowers, the blade of the petals white or white- 
tipped and twice the length of the short spurs ; pods and summit of the plant 
glandular-pubescent. 

A. Sibiriea, Siberian C. Equally choice with the last, and like it ; 
but tlie spurs longer than the mostly white-tipped short blade, as well as the 
pods, &c. smooth. 

18. DELPHINIUM, LARKSPUR. (From the Latin name of the dol- 
phin, alluding to the shape of the flower.) The familiar and well-marked 
flower of this genus is illustrated in Lessons, p. 91, 94, fig. 183, 184, 192. 

* Garden annuals from Eu., with onlij the 2 upper petals, united info one body, one 
pistil, and leaves finely and much divided : fi. summer and fall. 

D. Consolida, Field L. Escaped sparingly into roadsides and fields ; 
flowers scattered on the spreading branches, blue, varying to pink or white ; 
pod smooth. 

D. Ajaeis, Rocket L. More showy, in gardens, and with similar flowers 
crowded in a long close raceme, and doAvny pods ; spur shorter : some marks on 
the front of the united petals were fancied to read AIAI = Ajax. 

* * Perennials, with 4 separate petals and 2-5, mostly 3 pistils. 

J), grandifldrum, Great-fl. L. of the gardens, from Siberia and China, 
is 1° - 2° hiah, with leaves cut into narrower linear divisions ; blue flowers, 1^' 
or move across, with ample ovnl sepals, and the 2 lower petals rounded and 
entire. Various in color, also double-flowered ; summer. 

D. eheilanthum, of which D. formosum. Showy L., is one of the 
various garden forms, also Siberian, is commonly still larger-flowered, deep 



CROWFOOT FAMILY. 41 

blue, with lower petals also entire or nearly so ; the mostly downy leaves have 
fewer and lanceolate or wedge-lanceolate divisions ; is now much mixed and 
crossed with others : summer. 

D. azureum, Azure L. Wild S. & W., often downy, l°-3° high, with 
narrow linear divisions to the leaves, and a spike-like raceme of rather small, 
azure, pale-blue, or sometimes white flowers, in spring ; sepals and 2-cleft lower 
petals oblong. Var. with full-double flowers in gardens : summer. 

D. tricorne, Dwarf Wild L. Open- woods from Penn. W. & S. : 
about 1° high from a branched tuberous root; has broader linear lobes to the 
leaves, and a loose raceme of few or several rather large showy flowers, deep 
blue or sometimes white, in spring ; sepals and cleft lower petals oblong ; pods 
strongly diverging. 

D. exaltatum, Tall Wild L., is the wild species (from Penn. W. & S.) 
most resembling the next, 3° -5° high, but the less handsome flowers and 
panicled racemes hoary or downy : fl. summer. 

D. elatum, Bee Larkspur. Cult, from Eu. : 3° -6° high, with broad 
leaves 5 - 7-cleft beyond the middle, and the divisions cut into sharp lobes or 
teeth ; many flowers (in summer) in a long wand-like raceme, blue or purplish; 
the 2-cleft lower petals prominently yellowish-bearded in the common garden 
form. There are many varieties and mixtures with other species, some double- 
flowered. 

19. ACONITUM, ACONITE, WOLFSBANE, MONKSHOOD. (An- 
cient name.) ]\. Root thick, tuberous or turnip-shaped, a virulent poison 
and medicine. Leaves palmately divided or cleft and cut-lobed. Flowers 
showy : the large upper sepal from its shape is called the casque or helmet. 
Under it are two long-stalked queer little bodies which answer for petals. 
See Lessons, p. 92, fig. 185, 186, 193. The following are all cult, from Eu. 
for ornament, except the first: fl. summer. 

A. uncinatum, Wild A. or Monkshood. Stem slender, 3° -5°, erect, 
but bending over above, as if inclined to climb ; leaves cleft or {lartcd into 
3 - ,5 ovate or wedge-lanceolate cut-toothed lobes ; flowers loosely panicled, blue ; 
the roundish helmet nearly as broad as high, its pointed visor turned down. 
Low grounds, from Penn. S. & W. 

A. variegatum, Variegated A. Erect ; leaves divided to the base 
into rather broad-lobed and cut divisions ; flowers in a loose panicle or raceme, 
blue and often variegated with white or whitish ; the helmet considerably higher 
than wide, its top curved foiwaid, its pointed visor ascending or horizontal. 

A. Napellus, True Monkshood or Officinal Aconite. Erect, 
from a turnip-shaped root ; leaves divided to the base and then 2-3 times cleft 
into linear lobes ; flowers crowded in a close raceme, blue (also a white variety) ; 
helmet ^broad and low. 

A. Anthora, a low species, with very finely divided leaves, and crowded 
yellow flowers, the broad helmet rather high, occurs in some old gardens. 

20. PJEOWIA, PiEONY. (Ancient name, after a Greek physician, Pceon.) 
It Well-known large-flowered ornamental plants, cult, fiom the Old World. 
Leaves ternately decompound. Eoots thickened below. 

* Herbs, icith single-flowered stems, in spring, and downy pods. 

P. officinalis, Common P. Very smooth, and with large coarsely di- 
vided green leaves ; the great flowers red, white, &c., single or very double. 

P. peregrina, of Eu., in the gardens called P. parodoxa, has leaves 
glaucous and more ftr less downy beneath, and smaller flowers than the last, 
rose-red, &c., generally full double, and petals cut and fringed. 

P. tenuiiolia, Slknder-leaa-ed P. of Siberia, is low, with early crimson- 
red flowers, and narrow linear divisions to the leaves. 

■^ * Herbs, icitli s( veral-flowered stems, in summer, and smooth pods. 

P. albifl6ra, White-fl. or Fragrant P., or Chinese P. Very smooth 
about 3° high, with bright green foliage, and white or rose-co!ored, oiten sweet- 
scented, rather small flowers, single, also double, and with purple varieties. 



42 MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 

* * * Shrubby : Ji. in spring and early summer, 
P. Moutan, Tree P^ony, of China. Stems 2° -3° high; leaves pale 
and glaucous, ample; flowers very large (6' or more across), white with purple 
base, or rose-color, single or double ; the disk, wliich in other species is a mere 
ring, in this forms a thin-fleshy sac or covering, enclosing the 5 or more ovaries, 
but bursting, and falling away as the pods grow. 

2. MAGNOLIAGE^, MAGNOLIA FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs, with aromatic bitter bark, simple mostly entire 
alternate leaves, and solitary flowers ; the sepals and petals on the 
receptacle and usually in threes, but together occupying more than 
two ranks, and imbricated in the bud ; pistils and mostly the sta- 
mens numerous, the latter with adnate anthers (Lessons, p. 113, fig. 
233) ; and seeds only 1 or 2 in each carpel ; the embryo small in 
albumen. 

I. Stipules to the leaves forming the bud-scales, and falling early. 
Flowers perfect, large. Stamens and pistils many on a long recep- 
tacle or axis, the carpels imbricated over each other and cohering 
into a mass, forming a sort of cone in fruit. These are the charac- 
ters of the true Magnolia Family, of which we have two genera. 

1. LIRIODENDRON. Sepals 3, reflexed. Corolla bell-shaped, of 6 broad i^reen- 

ish-orange petals. Stamens almost equalling the petals, with slender fila- 
ments, and long anthers opening outwards. Carpels thin and scale-form, 
closely packed over each other, dry in fruit, and after ripening separating 
and fallmg away from the slender axis ; the wing-like portion answering to 
style; the small seed-bearing cell at the base and indehiscent. Leaf-buds 
flat : stipules free from the petiole. 

2. MAGNOLIA. Sepals 3. Petals 6 or 9. Stamens short, with hardly any fil- 

aments : anthers opening inwards. Carpels becoming fleshy in fruit and 
forming a red or rose-colored cone, eacli when ripe (in autumn) splitting 
down the back and discharging 1 or 2 coral-red berry-like seeds, which hang 
on extensile cobwebby threads. Stipules united with the base of the petiole, 
falling as the leaves unfold. 

II. Stipules none. Here are two Southern plants which have 
been made the representatives of as many small orders. 

3. ILLICIUM. Flowers perfect. Petals 9-30. Stamens many, separate. Pis- 

tils several in one row, forming a ring of almost woody little pods. 

4. SCHIZANDRA. Flowers monoecious. Petals mostly 6. Stamens 5, united 

into a disk or button-shaped body, which bears 10 anthers on the edges of 
the 5 lobes. Pistils many in a head, which lengthens into a spike of scattered 
red berries. 

1. LimODENDIlOK", TULIP-TREE (which is the meaning of the 
botanical name in Greek). Only one species, 

L. Tulipifera. A tall, very handsome tree, in rich soil, commonest W., 
where ir, or the light and soft lumber (much used in cabinet-work), is called 
White-wood, and even Poplar; planted for ornament; fl. late in spring, 
yellow with greenish and orange. Leaves with 2 sliort side-lobes, and the end 
as if cut oiF. •<* 

2. MAGITOLIA. (Named for the botanist Magnol.) Some species are 
called Umbrella-trees, from the way the leaves are placed on the end of 
the shoots ; othei's. Cucumber-trees, from the ai)pearance of the young fruit. 

* Native trees of this country, often planted for ornament. 
M. grandiflbra. Great-flowered Magnolia of S., half-hardy in the 
Middle States. The only perfectly evergreen species ; splendid tree with 



CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. 43 

coriaceous^ oblong or obovate leaves, shining above, mostly rusty beneath ; the 
flowers very fragrant, white, very much larger than the next, in spring. 

M. glaiiea, Small M. or Sweet Bay. Wild in swamps N. to New Jersey 
and Mass. ; a shrub or small tree, with the oblong obtuse leaves white or 
glaucous beneath, and globular white and fragrant flowers (2' - 3' wide), in 
summer. The leaves are thickish and almost evergreen, quite so far south. 

M. acuminata, Cucumber M. or Cucumber-tree. Wild from N. Y. 
W. & S. ; a stately tree, with the leaves thin, green, oblong, acute or pointed 
at both ends, and somewhat downy beneath, and pale yellowish-green flowers 
(3' broad), late in spring. 

M. eordata, Yellow Cucumber M., of Georgia, hardy even in New 
England ; like the last, but a small tree with the leaves ovate or oval, seldom 
cordate ; and the flowers lemon-yellow. 

M. maerophylla, Great-leaved M., of Carolina, nearly hardy N. to 
Mass. A small tree, with leaves veiy large (2° -3° long), obovatc-oblong with 
a cordate base, downy and white beneath, and an immense opcn-bellshaped 
white flower (8'- 12' wide when outspread), somewhat fragrant, in early sum- 
mer ; petals ovate, with a purple spot at the base. 

M. Umbrella, Umbrella M. (also called M. tripetala). Wild in Penn. 
and southward. A low tree, with the leaves on the end of the flowering 
branches crowded in an limbi ella-like circle, smooth and green both sides, obo- 
vate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, l°-2° long, surrounding a large white 
flower, in spring; the petals 2^' -3' long, obovate-lanceolate and acute, nar- 
rowed at the base ; the ovate-oblong cone of fruit showy in autumn, rose-red, 
4' - 5' long. 

M. Fraseri, Ear-leaved Umbrella M. (also called M. auricul\ta). 
Wild from Virginia S., hardy as the last, and like it ; but a taller tree, with the 
leaves seldom 1° long and auricled on each side at the base, the Avhitc obovate- 
spatulate petals more narrowed below into a claw ; cone of fruit smaller. 
* * Chinese and Japanese species. 

M. eonspicua, Yulan of the Chinese, half-hardy in N. States. A small 
tree, with very large white flowers appearing before any of the leaves, which 
are obovate, pointed, and downy when young. 

M. Soulangeana is a hybrid of this with the next, more hardy and the 
petals tinged with purple. 

M. purpurea, Purple M. of Japan, hardy N. A shrub, the showy 
flowers (piiik-purple outside, white within) beginning to appear before the leaves, 
which are obovate or oval, and bright dark green. 

3. ILLICIUM, STAR-ANISE. (From a Latin word, meaning to entice.) 
Shrubs, aromatic, especially the bark and pods, with evergreen oblong leaves. 

T. anisatum, of China, which yields an oil of anise, has small yellowish 
flowers, is rare in greenhouses. 

T. Floridanum, Wild Anise-tree, of Florida, &c. ; has larger dark 
purple flowers, of 20-30 narrow petals, in spring. 

4. SCHIZANDRA. (Name from two Greek words, means cut-stamens.) 
S. COCcinea, a twining shrub of S. States, scarcely at all aromatic, with 

thin ovate or oblong leaves, and small crimson-purple flowers, in spiiug. 

3. AN0NACEi5S, CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs, with 3 sepals and G petals in two sets, each set 
valvate in the bud, and many short stamens on the receptacle, sur- 
rounding several pistils, which ripen into pulpy fruit containing 
large and flat bony seeds. Embryo small; tlie albumen which 
forms the bulk of tiie kernel appears as if cut up into small pieces. 
Foliage and properties resembling Magnolia Family, but seldom 
aromatic, and no stipules. All tropical, except the single genus 



44 BARBERRY FAMILY. 

1. ASIMINA, PAP AW of U. S. (Creole name.) Petals greenish or 
yellowish, becoming dark dull ptiri^le as they enlarge ; the 3 inner small. 
Pistils few in the centre of the globular head of anthers, making one or 
more large, oblong, pulpy fruits, sweet and eatable when over-ripe in autumn. 
Flowers in early spring preceding the leaves. 

A. triloba, Com^ion Pap aw (wholly different from the true Papaw of W. 
Ind.), is a shrub or small tree, wild W. & S. and sometimes planted, with obo- 
vate-lanceolate leaves, and banana-shaped fruit 3' - 4' long. 

A. parviflora is a small-flowered, and A. grandiflora a lai-ge-flowered 
species of S. E. States, both small-fruited, and A. pygm^a is a dAvarf one 
wdth neaiiy evergreen leaves far South. 

4. MENISPERMACE^, MOONSEED FAMILY. 

Woody or partly woody twiners, with small dioecious flowers; 
their sepals and petals much alike, and one before the other (usu- 
ally 6 petals before as many sepals) ; as many or 2 ~ 3 times as 
many stamens ; and 2-6 pistils, ripening into 1-seeded little stone- 
fruits or drupes ; the stone curved, commonly into a wrinkled or 
ridged ring ; the embryo curved with the stone. Leaves palmate 
or peltate : no stipules. Anthers commonly 4-lobed. 

1. COCCULUS. Sepals, petals, and stamens each 6. 

2. MENISPERMUM. Sepals and petals G or 8. Stamens in sterile flowers 12 - 20. 

1. COCCULUS. (ISTame means a little berry.) Only one species in U. S. 
C. Carolinus, Carolina C. Somewhat downy ; leaves ovate or heart- 
shaped, entire or sinuate-lobed ; flowers greenish, in summer ; fruits red, as 
large as peas. From Virginia S. & VV. 

2. MElSriSPERMUM, MOONSEED. (Name from the shape of the 
stone of the fruit.) Only one species, 

M. Canadense, Canadian Mooxseed. Almost smooth ; leaves peltate 
near the edge ; flowers white, in late summer ; fruits black, looking like small 
grapes. 

5. BSRBEEIDACE.^, BARBERRY FAMILY. 

Known generally by the perfect flowers, having a petal before 
each sepal, and a stamen before each petal, with anthers opening 
by a pair of valves like trap-doors, hinged at the top (Lessons, 
p. 114, fig. 236), and a single simple pistil. But No. 6 has nu- 
merous stamens, 5 and 6 have more petals than sepals, and the 
anthers of 2 and 6 open lengthwise, in the ordinary way. There 
are commonly bracts or outer sepals behind the true ones. All blos- 
som in spring, or the true Barberries in early summer. 
* Shrubs or shrubby : stamens 6 : beri-y feiv-seeded. 

1. BEEBERIS. Flowers yellow, in racemes : petals with two deep-colored spots 

at the biise. Leaves simple, or simply pinnate. Wood and inner bark yellow. 
Leaves with sharp bristly or spiny teeth. 

2. NANDINA. Flowers while, in panicles : anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves 

twice or thrice pinnate. 

* * Perennial herbs. 
-t- With one to three twice or thrice ternately compound leaves. 

3. EPniEDlU]\I. Stamens 4. Petals 4 hollow spurs or hoods. Pod several- 

seeded. Leaflets with bristly teeth. 



BARBEREY FAMILY. 45 

4. CAULOPHYLLUM. Stamens 6. Petals 6 broad and thickish bodies much 

shorter than the sepals. Ovary bursting or disappearing early, leaving the 
two ovules to develop into naked berry-like, or rather drupe-hke, spherical 
seeds on thick stalks." 
^ 4- With simply 2 - ^-parted leaves^ and solitary white floioers : sepals falling when 
the blossom opens. Seeds numerous, parittal. Pistils rarely more than one ! 

5. JEFFERSO!NIA. Flower on a scape, rather preceding the 2-parted root-leaves. 

Petals (oblong) and stamens mostly 8. Fruit an ovate pod, opening by a 
cross-line half-way round, the top forming a conical lid. Seeds with an 
aril oti one side. 

6. PODOPHYLLUM. Flower in the fork between the two peltate 5 - 9-parted 

leaves : root-leaf single and peltate in the middle, umbrella-like. Petals 
6-9, large and broad. Stamens usually 12-18. Fruit an oval, large and 
sweet, eatable berry ; the seeds imbedded iu the pulp of the large parietal 
placenta. 

1. BERBERIS, BAEBEREY. (Old Arabic name.) The two sorts or 
sections have sometimes been regarded as distinct genera, 

§ 1. True Barberry; with simple leaves, clustered in the axil of compound spines. 

B. vulgaris, Common B. of Eu. Planted, and run wild in thickets and 
by roadsides ; has drooping many-flowered racemes, and oblong red and sour 
berries ; leaves obovate-oblong, fringed with closely-set bristly teeth, with a joint 
in the very short petiole (like that in an orange-leaf), clustered in the axils of 
triple or multiple spines, Avhich answer to leaves of the shoot of the previous 
season (see Lessons, p. 51, fig. 78). 

B. Canadensis, Wild B. In the Alleghanies from Virginia S., and rarely 
cult., a low bush, with few-flowered racemes, oval red berries, and less bristly 
or toothed leaves. 

§ 2. Mahonia ; ivith pinnate and evergreen leaves, spiny-toothed leaflets, and 
clustered racemes of early spring flowers : berries blue or black with a 
bloom. Planted for ornament. 

B. Aquifblium, Holly B. or Mahonia, from Oregon, &c., rises to 
3° - 4° high ;' leaflets 5-9, shining, finely reticulated. 

B. repens, Creeping or Low M., from Eocky Mountains, is more hardy, 
rises only 1° or less, and has rounder, usually fewer, pale or glaucous leaflets. 

B. nervosa, also called glumXcea, from the husk-like long and pointed 
bud-scales at the end of the stems, which rise only a few inches above the ground ; 
leaflets 11-21, along the strongly-jointed stalk, lance-ovate, several-ribbed from 
the base. Also from Oregon. 

. B. Japonica, Japan M., tall, rising fully 6° high, the rigid leaflets with 
only 3 or 4 strong spiny teeth on each side, is coming into ornamental grounds. 

2. NANDINA. (The native Japanese name.) A single species, viz. 

N. domestica. Cult, in cool greenhouse, &c., from Japan : very com- 
pound large leaves : the berries more ornamental than the blossoms. 

3. EPIMEDIUM, BAEEEN-WOET. (Old Greek name, of uncertain 
meaning. ) Low herbs, with neat foliage : cult, for ornament. 

E. Alpinum, of European Alps, has a panicle of odd-looking small flowers ; 
the yellow petals not larger than the reddish sepals. 

E. macranthum, Large-flow^ered E. of Japan, with similar foliage, 
has large white flowers with very long-spurred petals. 

4. CAULOPHYLLUM, COHOSH. The only species of the genus is 

C. thalictroides, Blue Cohosh. Wild in Avoods, with usually only one 
stem-leaf and that close to the top of the naked stem (whence the name i)f the 
genus, meaning stem-leaf), and thrice ternate, but, luiving no eonnnon ])Otiole. it 
looks like three leaves ; and thei'c is a larger and more compound radical leaf, 
with a long petiole. Tlie leaves are glaucous and resemble those of lyialirtrum 
(as the specific name indicates), but the leaflets are larger. (Seeds ^'cry hard, 
with a thin blue pulp. 



46 WATER-LILY FAMILY. 

6. JEFFERSONIA, TWIN-LEAF, (learned for Thomas Jeferson.) 

J. diphylla, sometimes called Rheujiatism-root. Wild in rich woods, 
W. & S., sometimes cult. ; the pretty white flower and the leaves both long- 
stalked, from the ground, appearing in early spring. 

6. PODOPHYLLUM, MAY-APPLE, or MAjSTDRAKE. (Name means 

foot-leaf, the 5 - 7-parted leaf likened to a webbed-foot.) 

P. peltatum. Wild in rich soil : the long running rootstocks (which are 
poisonous and medicinal) send up in spring some stout stalks terminated by a 
large, 7 - 9-lobed, regular, umbrella-shaped leaf (i. e. peltate in the middle), and 
some which bear two one-sided leaves (peltate near their inner edge), with a large 
white flower nodding in the fork. The sweet pulpy fruit as large as a pullet's 
egg, ripe in summer : rarely 2 or more to one flower. 

6. NYMPH.^ACE^, WATER-LILY FAMILY. 

Aquatic perennial herbs, with the leaves which float on the 
surface of the water or rise above it mostly peltate or roundish- 
heart-shaped, their margins inrolled in the bud, long-petioled ; axil- 
lary l-flowered peduncles ; sepals and petals hardly ever 5, the 
latter usually numerous and imbricated in many rows. The genera 
differ so widely in their botanical characters that they must be 
described separately. One of them is the famous Amazon TVater- 
Lily, Victoria regia, with floating leaves 3 feet or more in diam- 
eter, and the magnificent flowers almost in proportion; while the 
dull flowers of Water-shield are only half an inch long. 

1. BRASENIA. Sepals and petals each 3 or 4, narrow, and much alike, dull pur- 
ple. Stamens 12-18: filaments slender. Pistils 4 -18, forming indehiscent 
1 - 3-seeded pods. All the parts separate and persistent. Ovules commonly 
on the dorsal suture ! Embryo, &c. as in Water-Lily. • 

■ 2. NELUMBIUM. Sepals and petals many and passing gradually into each other, 
deciduous. Stamens ver^' many, on the receptacle, the upper part of which 
is enlarged into a top-shaped body, bearing a dozen or more ovaries, each 
tipped Avith a flat stigma and separately immersed in as many hollows. (Les- 
sons, p. 126, fig. 284.) In fruit these form 1-seeded nuts, resembling small 
acorns. The whole kernel of the seed is embryo, a pair of fleshy and farina- 
ceous cotyledons enclosing a plumule of 2 or 3 rudimentary green leaves. 

3. NYMPH^EA. Sepals 4, green outside. Petals numerous, many tim.es 4, pass- 

ing somewhat gradually into the numerous stamens (Lessons, p. 99, fig. 198): 
both organs grow attached to the globular many-celled ovary, the former 
to its sides which they cover, the latter borne on its depressed summit. 
Around a little knob at the top of the ovary the numerous stigmas radiate as 
in a poppy-head, ending in long and narrow incurved lobes. Fruit like the 
ovary enlarged, still covered by the decaying persistent bases of the petals : 
numerous seeds cover the partitions. Ripe seeds each in an arillus or bag 
open at the top. (Lessons, p. 135, fig. 318.) Embrj'O, like that of Xelumbium 
on a very small scale, but enclosed in a bag, and at the end of the kernel, the 
rest of which is mealy albumen. 

4. NUPHAR. Sepals usually 6 or 5, partly green outside. Petals many small 

and thickish bodies inserted under the ovary along with the veiy numerous 
short stamens. Ovary naked, truncate at the top, which is many-rayed by 
stigmas, fleshy in fruit: the internal structure as in Njinphsea, only there is 
no arillus to the seeds. 

1. BRASENIA, WATER-SHIELD. (Name unexplained.) One species, 

B. peltata. In still, rather deep water : stems rising to the surface, slen- 
der, coated with clear jelly, hearing floating oval centrally-peltate leaves (2' -3' 
long), and purplish small flowers, pi'oduced all summer. 

2. NELTJMBIUM, :n:ELUMBO. ( Ceylonese name. ) Eootstocks inter- 
rupted and tuberous, sending up, usually out of water, very long petioles and 



PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY. 47 

peduncles, bearing very large (I°-2° wide) and more or less dish-shaped or 

cup-shaped centrally-peltate entire leaves, and great flowers (5'- 10' broad), 

in summer. Seeds, also the tubers, eatable. 

N. luteum, Yellow N. or Water Chinquepin. Common W. & S. : 
introduced, by Indians perhaps, at Sodus Bay, N. Y., Lyme, Conn., and below 
Philadelphia. FloAver pale dull yellow : anther hook-tipped. 

N. speeiosum, Shoavy N., Lotus or Sacred Bean of India, with 
pinkish flowers and blunter anthers : cult, in choice conservatories. 

3. NYMPH^A, WATER-LILY, POND-LILY. (Dedicated to the 
Water-Nymphs.) Long prostrate rootstocks, often as thick as one's arm, 
send up floating leaves grounded and with a narrow cleft nearly or quite to 
the petiole) and large handsome flowers, produced all summer : these close in 
the afternoon : the fruit ripens under water. 

"N. odorata, Sweet-scented White W. Common in still or slow 
water, especially E. Flower richly sweet-scented, white, or sometimes pinldsh, 
rarely pink-red, variable in size, as are the leaves ; seeds oblong. 

"N. tutaerosa, Tuber-bearing W. Common through the Great Lakes, 
and W. & S. Flower nearly scentless (its faint odor like that of apples), 
pure Avhite, usually larger (4' -9' in diameter), as are also the leaves (8'- 15' 
wide); petals broader and blunter; seeds almost globular; rootstock bearing 
copious tubers like " artichokes," attached by a narrow neck and spontaneously 
separating. 

N. eserulea, Blue W., of Egypt, &c., cult, in aquaria ; a tender species, 
with crenate-toothed leaves, and blue or bluish sweet-scented flowers, the petals 
fewer and acute. 

4. ISrtJPHAIl, YELLOW POND-LILY, or SPATTER-DOCK. (Old 
Gi'eek name. ) Rootstock, &c. as in Nympha^a : leaves often rising out of 
water : flowers by no means showy, yellow, sometimes purplish-tinged, pro- 
duced all summer : fruit ripening above Avater. 

"N. advena is the common species, ever3r\vhere ; has 6 unequal sepals or 
sometimes more ; petals, or Avhat answer to them, truncate, shorter than the 
stamens and resembling them ; the thickish leaves rounded or ovate-oblong. 

N. lllteum, rare N. ; has smaller flowers, with 5 sepals, petals dilated 
upwards and more conspicuous, and a globular fruit with a nan-ow neck : 
the var. pumiluni, a small variety, has flowers only 1', and leaves l'-5' in 
diameter ; rather common N. 

"N. sagittifolia, Arrow-leaved N., from North Carolina S. ; has sagit- 
tate leaves (l°by2'), and 6 sepals. This and the last produce their earlier 
leaves under water and very thin. 

7. SARRACENIACEJE, PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY. 

Consists of one South American plant, of the curious Darling- 
TONiA Californica In the mountains of California, and of the 
following : — 

1. SARHACENIA. (Named for Z)r. 5'arrasm of Quebec.) Sidesaddle- 
Flower, a most unmeaning popular name. Leaves all radical from a per- 
ennial root, and in the form of hollow tubes or pitchers, winged down the 
inner side, open at the top, where there is a sort of arching blade or hood. 
The whole foliage yellowish green or purplish. Scape tafl, naked, bearing a 
single large nodding flower, in early summer. Sepals .'5, with 3 bractlcts at 
the base, colored, persistent. Petals .5, fiddle-shaped, incurved over the pel- 
tate and umbrella-shaped .5-angled ])etal-likc great top to the style. Stamens 
very numerous. Ovary 5-celled. Pod many-seeded, rough-warty. 
S. purpurea, Purple S. or Pitciier-Plant of the North, wlunv it is 
common in bogs. Leaves pitcher-shaped, open, with an erect round-heart- 
shaped hood and a broad side-wing, purple-veiny ; flower deep purple. 



48 POPPY FAMILY. 

S. rubra, Red-flowered Trumpet-Leaf of S. States : sometimes cult 
in greenhouses. Leaves trumpet-shaped, slender, a foot long, with a narrow 
wing and an erect ovate pointed hood ; flower crimson-purple. 

S. Drummondii, Great Trumpet-Leaf of Florida : sometimes cult. 
Leaves much like the last, but 2° or 3° long, upper part of the tube and the 
roundish erect hood variegated and purple-veiny ; and the deep-purple flower 
very large. 

S. psittaeina, Parrot Pitcher-Plant of S. States, and rarel}^ cult. 
Leaves short and spreading, with a narrow tube, a broad • wing, and an inflated 
globular hood, which is incurved over the mouth of the tube, spotted with white ; 
flower piirple. 

S. variolaris, Spotted Trumpet-Leaf of S. States. Leaves erect, 
trumpet-shaped, white-spotted above, longer than the scape, with a broad wing, 
and an ovate hood arching over the orifice ; flower yellow. 

S. flava, Yellow Trumpet-Leaf of S. States : cult, more commonly 
than the rest, as a curiosity, and almost hardy N. Leaves trumpet-shaped, 2° 
long, erect, yellowish or purple-veiny, with a narrow wing, and an erect round- 
ish but pointed hood, a tall scape, and yellow flower. 

8. PAP AVERAGES, POPPY FAMILY. 

Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers, a calyx inostlj 
of 2 sepals which fall when the blossom opens, petals twice or 3-5 
times as many, numerous stamens on the receptacle, and a com- 
pound 1-celled ovary, with 2 or more parietal placentae. Fruit a 
pod, many-seeded. Juice narcotic, as in Poppy (opium), or acrid. 
No. 5 has watery juice, with the odor of muriatic acid, and the 
calyx like a cap or lid ; No. 7 has no petals and few seeds. 

* Petals crumpled in the Jlower-bud, which droops on its peduncle before opening. 

1. PAPAVER. Stigmas united into a many-rayed circular body which is closely 

sessile on the ovary. Pod globular or oblong, imperfectly many-celled by 
the projecting placentge which are covered with numberless seeds, opening 
onlv bv pores or chinks at the top. Juice white. 

2. STYLOPHORUM. Stigma 3 -4-lobed, raised on a style. Pod ovoid, bristly, 

opening from the top into 3 or 4 valves, leaving the thread-like placentse be- 
tween riiem. .Juice yellow. 

3. CHELIDONIUM. Stigma 2-lobed, almost sessile. Pod hnear, with 2 placentas, 

splitting from below into 2 valves. Juice orange. 

* * Petals more or less crumpled in the bud, ichich is erect before opening. 

4. ARGEMONE. Stigma 3-6-lobecl, almost sessile. Sepals and oblong pod 

prickly ; the latter opening by valves from the top, leaving the thread-like 
placenta between. Juice yellow. 

5. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. Sepals united into a pointed cap which falls off entire. 

Receptacle or end of the flower-stalk dilated into a top-shaped body, often 
with a spreading rim. Stigmas 4-6, spreading, unequal ; but the placentse 
only 2. Pod long and slender, grooved. Juice'colorless. 

* * * Petals not crumpled in the bud, zohich does not droop. 

6. SANGUINARI A. Sepals 2 : but the petals 8 - 12. Stigma 2-lobed, on a short 

style. Pod oblong, with 2 placent®. Juice orange-red. 

* * * * Petals none. Flowers in panicles, drooping in the bud. 

7. BOCCONIA. Sepals 2, colored. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod few-seeded. Juice 

reddish. 

t 

1. PAPAVEH, POPPY. (Ancient name.) We have no truly wild spe- 
cies : the following are from the Old World. 

* Annuals, flowering in summer : cult, and weeds of cultivation. 

P. SOmniferum, Opium Poppy. Cult, for ornament, especially double- 
flowered varieties, and for medical uses. Smooth, glaucous, with clasping and 
wavy leaves, and white or purple floAvers. 



FUMITORY FAMILY. 49 

P. Rhcsas, Corn Poppy of Eu. Low, bristly, with almost pinnate 
leaves, and deep red or scarlet flowers with a dark eye, or, when double, of 
A^arious colors ; pod obovate. 

P. dubium, Long-headed P. Leaves with their divisions more cut than 
the last ; flowers smaller and lighter red, and pod oblong-clavate : run wild in 
fields in Penn. 

* * Perennial : cult, for ornament : flowering in late spring. 

P. orientale, Oriental P. Rough-hairy, with tall flower-stalks, almost 

{)innate leaves, and a very large deep-red flower, under which are usually some 
eafy persistent bracts. Var. bracteatum, has these bracts larger, petals still 
larger and deeper red, with a dark spot at the base. 

2. STYLOPHORUM, CELANDINE POPPY. (Name means style- 
bearer, expressing a difference between it and Poppy and Celandine. ) 1|. 

S. diphyllum. From Penn. W. in open woods ; resembling Celandine, 
but low, and with far larger (yellow) flowers, in spring. 

3. CHELIDOITIUM, CELANDINE. (Erom the Greek word for the 
Swallow.) (D H. 

C. majUS, the only species, in all gardens and moist waste places ; 1° -4° 
high, branching, with pinnate or twice pinnatifid leaves, and small yellow flowers 
in a sort of umbel, all summer ; the pods long and slender. 

4. ARGEMONE, PRICKLY POPPY. (Meaning of name uncertain.) ® 

A. Mexicana, Mexican P. Waste places and gardens. Prickly, lo-2<' 
high ; leaves sinuate-lobed, blotched with white ; flowers yellow or yellowish, 
pretty large, in summer. Var. ALBiFLdRA has the flower larger, sometimes 
very large, white ; cult, for ornament. 

5. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. (Named for one of the discoverers, Eschscholtz, 
the name easier pronounced than written.) (i) 

E. Californica, Californian annual, now common in gardens ; with pale 
dissected leaves, and long-peduncled large flowers, remarkable for the top- 
shaped dilatation at the base of the flower, on which the extinguisher-shaped 
calyx rests : this is forced off" whole by the opening petals. The latter are 
bright orange-yellow, and the top of the receptacle is broad-i'immed. Var. 
DouGLASii wants this rim, and its petals are pure yellow, or sometimes white ; 
but the sorts are much mixed in the gardens ; and there are smaller varieties 
under different names. 

6. SAIQ"GUINARIA, BLOOD-ROOT. (Name from the color of the 
juice.) U 

S. Canadensis, the common and only species ; wild in rich woods, hand- 
some in cultivation. The thick red rootstock in early spring sends up a rounded- 
reniform and palmate-lobed veiny leaf, wrapped around a flower-bud : as the leaf 
comes out of ground and opens, the scape lengthens, and carries up the hand- 
some, wliite, niany-petalled flower. 

7. BOCCOITIA. (Named in honor of an Italian botanist, Bocconi.) U 

B, cordata, Cordate B., from China, the onlv hardy spocios ; a strong 
root sending up very tall leafy stems, with round-cordate lobed Icnvos, which are 
veiny and glaucous, and large panicles of small white or pale rosc-colorcd flow- 
ers, late in summer. 

9. FUMARIACEiE, FUMITORY FAMILY". 

Like the Poppy Family in the plan of th(^ flowers ; but the 4- 
petalled corolla much larger than the 2 scale-like sepals, also irreg- 
ular and closed, the two inner and smaller petals united by their 

4 



50 FUMITORY FAMILY. 

spoon -shaped tips, which enclose the anthers of the 6 stamens in 
two sets, along with the stigma : the middle anther of each set is 
2-celled, the lateral ones 1 -celled. Delicate or tender and very 
smooth herbs, with colorless and inert juice, and much dissected 
or compound leaves. 

* Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spurred at base : pod several-seeded. 

1. DICENTRA. Petals slightly cohering with each other. Seeds crested. 

2. ADLUMIA. Petals ali permanently united into one slightly heart-shaped 

body, which encloses the small pod. Seeds crestless. Climbing by the very 
compound leaves. 

* * Corolla with only one petal spurred at base. 

3. CORYDALTS. Ovary and pod slender, several-seeded. Seeds crested. 

4. FUMARIA. Ovary and small closed fruit globular, 1-seeded. 

1. DICENTRA (meaning tAvo-spurred in Greek). Commonly but wrongly 
named Diclytba or Dielytra. 1|. Fl. in spring. 

* Wild species, low, loith delicate decompound leaves and few-flowered scapes sent 
up from the ground in early spring. 

D. CueuUaria, Dutchman's Breeches. Common in leaf-mould in 
woods N. Foliafre and flowers from a sort of granular-scaly bulb ; corolla 
white tipped with yellow, with the two diverging spurs at the base longer than 
the pedicel. 

D. Canadensis, Canadian D. or Squirrel-Corn. With the last N. 
Separate yellow grains, like Indian corn, in place of a scaly bulb ; the corolla 
narrower and merely heart-shaped at base, white or delicately flesh-colored, 
sweet-scented ; inner petals much crested at tip. 

D. eximia is rarer, wild a long the Alleghanies, occasionally cult., has 
coarser foliage, and more numerous flowers than the last, pink-purple, and pro- 
duced throughout the summer, from tufted scaly rootstocks. 

* * Cultivated exotic, taller and coarser, leafy -stemmed, many-flowered. 

D. speetabilis, Showy D. or Bleeding Heart. From N. China, 
very ornamental through spring and early summer, with ample Peony-like 
leaves, and long drooping racemes of bright pink-red heart-shaped flowers 
(1' long) : the two small sepals fall off in the bud. 

2. ADLUMIA, CLIMBING FUMITORY. (Named in honor of a Mr. 
Adlum. ) (2) The only species is 

A. cirrhosa. Wild in low shady grounds from New York W. & S. and 
cult. ; climbing over bushes or low trees, by means of its 2 - 3-pinnately com- 
pound delicate leaves, the stalks of the leaflets acting like tendrils ; flowers flesh- 
colored, panicled, all summer. 

3. CORYDALIS. (Greek name for Fumitory.) Our species are leafy- 
stemmed, ® or J), wild in rocky places, fl. spring and summer. 

C. glauca, Pale Corydalis. Common, 6' - 3° high, very glaucous, with 
the whitish flow^ers variegated with yellow and pink, a short and rounded spur, 
and erect pods. 

C. flavula, Yellowish C. From Penn. S. & W. : has the flowers pale 
yellow, wdth the tips of the outer petals wing-crested ; seeds sharp-edged : other- 
wise like the next. 

C. aurea, Golden C. From Vermont W. & S. Low and spreading j 
flowers golden-yellow Avith a longish spur, and crestless tips, hanging pods, and 
smooth blunt-edged seeds. 

4. FUMARIA, FUMITORY. (Name irom fumus, smoke.) ® Low, 
leafy-stemmed, with finely cut compound leaves. 

F. oflB.einalis, Common F. Common in old gardens, waste places, and 
dung-heaps ; a delicate small weed, with a close spike of small pinkish crimson- 
tipped flowers, in summer. 



MUSTARD FAMILY. 51 

10. CRUCIPER^, MUSTARD FAMILY. 

Herbs, with watery juice, of a pungent taste (as exemplified in 
Horseradish, Mustard, Water-Cress, &c.), at once distinguished by 
the cruciferous flower (of 4 sepals, 4 petals, their upper part gen- 
erally spreading above the calyx in the form of a cross), the tetra- 
dynamous stamens (i. e. 6, two of them shorter than the other four) ; 
and the single 2-celled pistil with two parietal placentae, forming the 
kind of pod called a silique, or when short a silicle. (See Lessons, 
p. 92, fig. 187, 188, for the flower, and p. 133, fig. 310, for the fruit.) 
The embryo fills the whole seed, and has the radicle bent up against 
the cotyledons. Flowers in racemes, which are at first short, like 
simple corymbs, but lengthen in fruiting : no bracts below the pedi- 
cels. The blossoms are all nearly alike throughout the family ; so 
that the genera are mainly known by the fruit and seed, which are 
usually to be had before all the flowers have passed. 

§ 1. Fruit a true pod, opening lengthwise by two valves, which fall away and leave 
the thin persistent partition when ripe. 

, * Seeds or ovules more than two in each cell. 
^Pod beaJced or pointed beyond the summit of the valves, or the style with a conical 
base. Seeds spherical, the cotyledons wrapped around the radicle, 

1. BRASSICA. Flowers yellow. Pods oblong or linear. 

•I- -f— Pod not beaked or conspicuously pointed, 
•w Neither flattened nor i.-sided, but the cross-section nearly circular. 

2. SISYMBRIUM. Pods in the common species shortish, lance-awl-shaped, close- 

pressed to the stem. Seeds oval, marginless. Flowers small, yellowish. 

3. NASTURTIUM. Pods shortish or short (from oblong-linear to almost spherical). 

Seeds in 2 rows in each cell, globular, marginless. Flowers yellow or white. 

4. HESPERIS. Pods long and slender, with a single row of marginless seeds in 

each cell (as broad as the partition) ; the radicle laid against the back of one 
of the cotyledons. Flowers rather large, pink-purple. Stigma of 2 erect 
blunt lobes. 
6. MALCOLMIA. Pods somewhat thickened at the base. Stigma of 2 pointed 
lobes. Otherwise as No. 4. 

6. MATTHIOLA. Pods long and narrow : seeds one-rowed in each cell (as broad 

as the partition), flat, wing-margined 5 the radicle laid against one edge of the 
broad cotyledons. Flowers pink-purple, reddish, or varying to white, large 
and showy. 
-^•i-*- Pod long and slender, linear, 4-sided {the cross section square or rhombic), or 
if flattened having a strong salient midrib to the valves. Seeds marginless, 
mostly single-rowed in each cell. Flowers yellow or orange, never white. 
a. Lateral sepals sac-shaped at the base. 

7. CHEIRANTHUS. Seeds flat; the radicle laid against the edge of the broad 

cotyledons. Flowers showy. Leaves entire. 

b. Sepals nearly equal and alike at the base. 

8. ERYSIMUM. Seeds oblong; the radicle laid against the back of one of the 

narrow cotyledons. Leaves simple. 

9. BARBAREA. Seeds oval; the radicle laid against the edge of the broad 

cotvledons. Leaves lyrate or pinnatifid. 
2. SISYMBRIUM. Seeds oblong; the radicle laid against the back of one of the 
cotyledons. Flowers small. Leaves twice pinnatifid. 
.^-^ ■*-*■ ^ Pod flattened parallel to the partition; the valves flat or flattish : so are the 
seeds: radicle against the edge of the cotyledons. Flowers xohite or purple. 

10. ARABIS. Pod long and narrow-linear, not opening elastically ; the valves 

with a midrib. Seeds often winged or margined. 

11. CARDAMINE. Pods linear or lanceolate; the valves with no or hardly any 

midrib, opening elastically from the base upwards. Seeds marginless and 
slender-stalked, one-rowed in each cell. No scaly-toothed rootstock. 



52 MUSTARD FAMILY. 

12. DENT ARIA. Pods, &c. as in the preceding. Seed-stalks broad and flat. 

Stem 2 - 3-leaved in the middle, naked below, springing from a horizontal 
scaly-toothed or irregular fleshy rootstock. 

13. LUNARIA. Pods oval or oblong, large and very flat, stalked above the calyx. 

Seeds winged, 2-rowed in each cell. Flowers pretty large, purple. 

14. DRABA. Pods round-oval, oblong or linear, flat. Seeds wingless, 2-rowed ia 

each cell. Flowers small, white in the common species. 
4.). ^-> ++ +^. Pod short, Jlattish parallel to the broad partition. Flowers yellow, small. 

15. CAMELINA. Pods turgid, obovate or pear-shaped. 

4-(. ^H. ++ ++ +-h Pod short, very much flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the 
valves therefore deeply boat-shaped. Flowers white, small. 

16. CAPSELLA. Pods obovate-triangular, or triangular with a notch at the top. 
* * Seeds or the ovules single or sometimes 2 in each cell. Pods short and flat. 

-)- Corolla irregular, the petals being very unequal. 

17. IBERIS. Flowers in short and flat-topped clusters, white or purple ; the two 

petals on the outer side of the flower much larger than the others. Pods 
scale-shaped, roundish or ovate, much flattened contrary to the very narrow 
partition, notched at the wing-margined top. 

•*- -*- Corolla regular, small. 

18. LEPIDIUM. Pods scale-shaped, much flattened contrary to the very narrow 

partition, often notched or wing-margined at the top. Flowers white. 

19. ALYSSUM. Pods roundish, flattened parallel to the broad partition. Seeds 

flat, commonly wing-margined. Flowers yellow or white. 

§ 2. Fruit indehiscent, wing-like, 1-seeded. 

20. ISATIS. Flowers yellow. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, resembling a small samara 

or ash-fruit. 
§ 3. Fruit fleshy, or when ripe and dry corky, not opening by valves, 2 -many-seeded. 

21. CAKILE. Fruit jointed in the middle ; the two short joints 1-celled, 1-seeded. 

Seed oblong. 

22. RAP H ANUS. Fruit several-seeded, with cellular matter or with constrictions 

between the spherical seeds. 

1. BRASSICA, CABBAGE, MUSTAED, &c. (Ancient Latin name of 
Cabbage. Botanically the Mustards rank in the same genus.) ® @ Cult, 
from Eu., or run wild as weeds ; known by their yellow flowers, beak-pointed 
pods, and globose seeds, the cotyledons wrapped round the radicle. 

B, oleracea, Cabbage, The original is a sea-coast plant of Europe, with 
thick and hard stem, and pretty large pale yellow flowers ; the leaves very gla- 
brous and glaucous ; upper ones entire, clasping the stem, not auricled at the 
base : cult, as a biennial, the rounded, thick, and fleshy, strongly veined leaves 
collect into a head the first year upon the summit of a short and stout stem. 

— Var. Broccoli is a state in which the stem divides into short fleshy branches, 
bearing clusters of abortive flower-buds. — Var. Cauliflower has the nour- 
ishing matter mainly concentrated in short imperfect flower-branches, collected 
into a fiat head. — Var. Kohlrabi has the nourishing matter accumulated in 
the stem, which forms a turnip-like enlargement above ground, beneath the 
cluster of leaves. — lilALE is more nearly the natural state of the species, the 
fleshy leaves not forming a head. 

B. campestris, of the Old World ; like the last, but with brighter flowers ; 
the lower leaves pinnatifid or divided and rough with stifi" hairs, and the upper 
auricled at the base, is represented in cultivation by the Var. Colza or Rape, 
with small annual root, cult, for the oil of the seed. — Var. Turnip (B. Napus) ; 
cult, as a biennial, for the nourishment accumulated in the napiform white root. 

— Var. Rutabaga or Savedish Turnip, has a longer and yellowish root. 

B. Sinipastrum, or Sinapis arvensis, Charlock. A troublesome 
weed of cultivation in grainfields, annual, with the somewhat rough leaves barely 
toothed or little lobed, and nearly smooth pods spreading in a loose raceme, the 
seed-bearing part longer than the conical (usually empty) beak. 

B. (or Sinapis) alba, White Mustard. Cult, and in waste places, an- 
nual ; the leaves all pinnatifid and rough-hairy ; pods spreading in the raceme, 



MUSTARD FAMILY. 53 

bristly, the lower and turgid few-seeded portion shorter than the 1-seeded stout 
and flattened beak ; seeds large, pale brown. 

B. (or Sinapis) nigra, Black Mustard. Cult, and in waste places; 
leaves less hairy and less divided than the last ; pods erect in the raceme or 
spike, smooth, short, 4-sided (the valves having a strong mith'ib), and tipped 
with the short empty conical base of a slender style ; seeds dark brown, smaller, 
and more pungent than in the last. , 

2. SISYMBRIUM, HEDGE MUSTARD. (The ancient Greek name.) 
S. oflB-Cinale, Common H. ® Coarse weed in waste places, with branch- 
ing stems, runcinate leaves, and very small pale yellow flowers, followed by 
awl-shaped obscurely 6-sided pods close pressed to the axis of the narrow spike. 

S. canescens," Hoary H! or Tansy-Mustard. (i) Commonly only 
S. & W., hoary, with finely cut twice-pinnatifid leaves, minute yellowish flow- 
ers, and oblong-club-shaped 4-sided pods on slender horizontal pedicels. 

3. NASTURTIUM, WATER-CRESS, HORSERADISH, &c. (Name 
from nasus tortus, convulsed nose, from the pungent qualities.) Here are 
combined a variety of. plants, widely different in appearance : the following 
are the commonest. 

* Nat. from Eu. : the white petals twice the length of the calyx, l]. 

N. officinale, Water-Cress. Planted or run wild in sti*eamlets, spread- 
ing and rooting, smooth, with pinnate leaves of 3 - 1 1 roundish or oblong leaf- 
lets ; fl. all summer ; pods broadly linear, slightly curved upwards on their 
spreading pedicels. Young plants eaten. 

N. Armor acia. Horseradish. Planted or run wild in moist soil ; with 
very large oblong or lanceolate leaves, chiefly from the ground, crenate, rarely 
cut or pinnatifid ; pods globular, but seldom seen. The long deep root is a 
familiar condiment. 

* * Indigenous species, in wet places : petals yellow or yellowish. 

N. palustre, Marsh-Cress. A very common homely weed, erect, l°-3° 
high, with pinnatifid or lyrate leaves of several oblong cut-toothed leaflets, small 
yellowish flowers, and small oblong or ovoid pods. 

N. Sessilifl6rum, like the last, but with less lobed leaves, very minute 
sessile flowers, and longer oblong pods, is common from Illinois S. And there 
are 2 or 3 more in some parts, especially S. 

4. HESPERIS, ROCKET. (Greek for evening, the flowers being then 
fragrant.) 1|. 

H. matron alis. Common or Dame R. Tall and rather coarse plant in 
country gardens, from Eu., inclined to run wild in rich shady soil ; with oblong 
or lanceolate toothed leaves, and rather large purple flowers, in summer, fol- 
lowed by (2' -4') long and slender pods. 

5. MALCOLMIA. (Named for W. Malcolm, an English gardener.) 

M. maritima, Mahon Stock, called Virginia Stock in England, but 
comes from the shores of the Mediterranean : a garden annual, not much cult., 
a span high, with pale green oblong or spatulate nearly entire leaves, and pretty 
pink-red flowers changing to violet-purple, also a white var. (much smaller than 
those of true Stock) ; pods long and slender. 

6. MATTHIOLA, STOCK or GILLIFLOWER. (Named for the early 

natui-alist, Matthioli.) Cult, garden or house plants, from En., hoary-lcaved, 
much prized for their handsome and fragrant, pi-etty large, pink, roddisli, or 
white flowers, of which there are very double and showy varieties. 

M. inckna, Common Stock. H. Stout stem becoming almost woody : 
not liardy at the N. 

M. annua, Ten-week Stock. ® Probably only an herbaceous variety 
of the last ; flowers usually not double. 



I>4 MUSTARD FAMILY. 

7. CHEIRA^THUS, WALLFOWER. {Cheiri is the Arabic name.) 
Like Stocks, but slightly if at all hoary, and the flowers orange, brown-red- 
dish, or yellow. Ij. 

C. Cheiri, Common Wallflower. Cult, from S. Eu., not hardy N., 
a much-prized house-plant ; stem woody, crowded with the narrow and pointed 
entire leaves. 

8. ERYSIMUM. (Name from Greek, and meaning to draw blisters, from 
the acridity.) 

E. asperum, Western Wallflower. Wild from Ohio W. & S. ; like 
the wild state of the Wallflower, with bright yellow or orange flowers, but the 
seeds are different, and the long pods quite square in the cross-section ; the 
leaves somewhat toothed and hoary. (2) 1|. 

E. chelranthoides, Treacle-Mustard or Wormseed Mustard. 
A rather insignificant annual, Avild or run wild in waste moist places, with slen- 
der branches, lanceolate almost entire leaves, and small yellow flowers, followed 
by shortish and obscurely 4-sided pods on slender spreading pedicels. 

9. BARB ARE A, WINTER-CRESS. (The Herb of Santa Barbara.) 
Different from the last genus in the seeds, divided leaves, and in the general 
aspect. Leaves used by some as winter salad, but bitterish. (2) 1). 

B. vulgaris, Common W. or Yellow Rocket. Smooth, common in 
old gardens and other rich soil, Avith green lyrate leaves, and bright yellow 
flowers, in spring and summer ; pods erect, crowded in a dense raceme, much 
thicker than their pedicels. ' 

B. prjecox, Early W. or Scurvy-Grass. Cult, from Penn. S. for early 
salad, beginning to run wild, probably a variety of the last, with more numerous 
and narrower divisions to the leaves ; the less erect pods scarcely thicker than 
their pedicels. 

10. ARABIS, ROCK-CRESS. (Name from Arabic.) Fl. spring and 
summer. Leaves mostly simple and undivided. 

* Wild species, on rocks, ^c. : flowers white or whitish, not showy. (2) 

A. lyrata. Low R. A delicate, low, nearly smooth plant, with a cluster 
of lyrate root-leaves ; stem-leaves few and narrow ; bright Avhite petals rather 
conspicuous ; pods slender, spreading. 

A. hirsuta, Hairy R. Strictly erect, l°-2° high; stem-leaves many 
and sagittate ; small greenish-white flowers and narrow pods erect. 

A. laevigata. Smooth R. Erect, l°-2° high, glaucous; upper leaves 
sagittate ; flowers rather small ; pods 3' long, very narrow and not very flat, 
recurving ; seeds winged. 

A. Canadensis, Canadian or Sicklepod R. Tall, growing in ravines ; 
stem-leaves pointed at both ends, pubescent ; petals whitish, narrow ; pods 3' 
long, scythe-shaped, very flat, hanging ; seeds broadly winged. 

* * Wild, on river banks : flowers pink-purple, rather showy. (2) Ij. 

A. hesperidoides, Rocket R. Smooth, erect, 10-3° high; with 
rounded or heart-shaped long-petioled root-leaves, ovate-lanceolate stem-leaves 
(2' - 6' long), the lower on a winged petiole or with a pair of small lateral 
lobes ; petals long-clawed ; pods spreading, narrow ; seeds wingless. Banks of 
the Ohio and S. W. 

* * * Garden species : flowers white, showy. 11. 

A. alpina, Alpine R., and its variety ? A. Albida, from Eu., low and 
tufted, hairy or soft-downy, are cult, in gardens ; fl. in early spring. 

n. CARDAMINE, BITTER-CRESS. (Ancient Greek name.) U 

C. hirstlta, Small B. A low and branching insignificant herb, usually 
not hairy, Avith slender fibrous root, pinnate leaves, the leaflets angled or 
toothed, and small white flowers, followed by narrow upright pods : common in 
moist soil, fl. spring and summer. 



MUSTARD FAMILY. 55 

C. pratensis, Cuckoo-flower or Ladies' Smock, ^tem ascending 
from a sliort perennial rootstock ; the pinnate leaves with rounded and stalked 
entire small leaflets ; flowers in spring, showy, pink or wliite ; in hogs at the 
north, and a double-flowered variety is an old-fashioned plant in gardens. 

C. rhomboidea. Stems upright from a small tuber, simple, bearing rather 
large white or rose-purple flowers in spring, and simple angled or sparingly 
toothed leaves, the lowest rounded or heart-shaped, the upper ovate or oblong : 
in wet places northward. 

12. DENTARIA, TOOTHWORT. (From the Latin dens, a tooth.) U 

D. diphyila, Two-leaved T., Pepper-root, or Crinkle-koot. So 
called from the fleshy, long and toothed rootstocks, which are eaten and taste 
like Water-Cress ; there are only 2 stem leaves, close together, each of 3 rhom- 
bic-ovate and toothed leaflets, and the root-leaf is similar ; flowers quite large, 
white, in spring. Woods in vegetable mould, N. 

D. laciniata, Laciniate T. Rootstock necklace-form or constricted in 
2 or 3 places, scaixely toothed ; stem-leaves 3 in a whorl, each 3-parted into 
linear or lanceolate leaflets, which are cut or cleft into narrow teeth, or the 
lateral ones 2-lobed ; flowers purplish, in spring : banks of streams. 

13. LUNARIA, HONESTY or SATIN-FLOWER. (Name from Luna, 
the moon, from the shape of the broad or rounded pods.) @ U 

L. biennis, Common Honesty. Not native to the country, but cultivated 
in old-fashioned places, for the singular large oval pods, of which the broad 
white partitions, of satiny lustre, remaining after the valves have fallen, are 
used for ornament ; leaves somewhat heart-shaped ; flowers large, pink-purple, 
in early summer. 

L. rediviva, Perennial Honesty, is a much rarer sort, with oblong 
pods ; seldom met with here. 

14. DRABA, WHITLOW-GRASS. (Name is a Greek word, meaning 
acrid. ) Low herbs, mostly with white flowers : the commoner species are the 
following : fl. early spring ; winter annuals. 

D. Caroliniana. Leaves obovate, hairy, on a very short stem, bearing a 
short raceme or corymb on a scape-like peduncle 1' - 4' high ; petals not notched ; 
pods broadly linear, much lai'ger than their pedicels : in sandy Avaste places. 

D. verna. A diminutive plant, with a tuft of oblong or lanceolate root- 
leaves, and a scape l'-3' high; petals 2-cleft ; pods oval or oblong, in a ra- 
ceme, shorter than their pedicels : in sandy waste places, 

15. CAMELIW A, FALSE-FLAX. (An old name, meaning (/im?/;/?az/ 
the common species was fancied to be a degenerate flax.) @ 

C. sativa, Common F. A weed, in grain and flax-fields, l°-2° high, 
with lanceolate leaves, the upper ones sagittate and clasping the stem ; small 
pale-yellow flowers, followed by obovate turgid pods in a long loose raceme ; 
style conspicuous. 

16. CAPSELLA, SHEPHERD'S-PURSE. (Namemcans« //«/e/)Of^.) ® 
C. Bursa-Past6ris, Common S. The commonest of weeds, in waste 

places ; root-leaves pinnatifid or toothed, those of the stem sagittate and partly 
clasping ; small white flowers followed by the triangular and notched jjods, in a 
long raceme. 

17. IBERIS, CANDYTUFT. (Name from the country, ncrin. an old 
name for Spain.) Low garden plants, from Europe, cultivated for ornament ; 
diflcrcnt from the rest of the order in the irregular corollas. 

I. umbellata, Common C. (2). Lower leaves laiicoolate. th;^ upper 
linear and entire ; flowers purple-lilac (or pale), in flat clusters, in sumnior. 

I. sempervirens, Evergkeen C. U Rather Avoody-stemnied. tufred, 
with bright green lanceolate or linear-spatulatc thickish entire leaves, and flat 
clusters of pure white flowers, in spring. 



56 CAPER FAMILY. 

18. LEPIDIUM, PEPPERGRASS. (A Greek word, meaning little scale, 
from the pods.) Our common species have incised or pinnatiiid leaves, and 
very small Avhite or whitish flowers. ® 

L. Virginicum, Wild P. A common weed by roadsides, with petals, 
and usually only 2 stamens ; the little pods orbicular and scarcely margined at 
the notched top ; seeds flat, the radicle against the edge of the cotyledons. 

L. ruderale, introduced from Europe, is much less common, more 
branched, with no petals, smaller scarcely notched pods, and turgid seeds, the 
radicle against the back of one of the cotyledons. 

L. sativum, Gardex-P. Cult, as a cress, has petals, and the larger ovate 
pods are winged and slightly notched at the top. 

19. ALYSSUM, MAD WORT. (Name refers to being a fancied remedy foi 
canine madness.) Cult, for ornament; from Eu. 

A. maritimum, Saveet Altssum. A spreading little plant, from Eu- 
rope, fl. all summer in gardens, or in the greenhouse in winter, green or slightly 
hoary, with lanceolate or linear entire leaves tapering at the base, and small 
white honey-scented flowers, in at length elongated racemes, the round little 
pods with a single seed in each cell. A variety much used for borders has 
paler and white-edged leaves. 

A. saxatile, Rock A. Low, hoary-leaved, with abundant bright yellow 
flowers, in spring ; cult, from Europe. 2/ 

20. ISATIS, WOAD. (Name of obscure derivation.) @ One common 
species of Eu., 

I. tinctoria, Dyer's Woad. Rather tall, glabrous and glaucous, with 
the stem-leaves lanceolate and entire, sessile and somewhat sagittate ; the ra- 
cemes of small yellow flowers panicled, succeeded by the hanging samara-like 
closed pods ; fl. in early summer. Old gardens, formerly cult, for a blue dye. 

21. CAKILE, SEA-ROCKET. (An old Arabic name.) ® © 

C. Americana, American S. A fleshy herb, wild on the shore of the 
sea and Great Lakes, with obovate wavy-toothed leaves, and 2)urplish flowers. 

22. RAPHANUS, RADISH. (Ancient Greek name, said to refer to the 
rapid germination of the seeds. ) ® © All fi'om the Old World. 

R. sativus. Radish. Cult, from Eu. ; with lyrate lower leaves, purple 
and whitish flowers, and thick and pointed closed pods ; the seeds separated by 
irregular fleshy false partitions : cult, for the tender and fleshy pungent root : 
inclined to run wild. 

R. caudatUS, Rat-tail R., from India, lately introduced into gardens, 
rather as a curiosity, is a probable variety of the Radish, Avith the narrow pod 
a foot or so long, eaten when green. 

R. Raphanistrum., Wild R. or Jointed Charlock. Troublesome 
weed in cult, fields, with rough lyrate leaves, yellow petals changing to whitish 
or purplish, and naiTow long-beaked pods, which are divided across between the 
several seeds, so as to become necklace-form. 

11. CAPPAMDACE^, CAPER FAMILY. 

In our region these are herbs, resembling Cruciferce, but with 
stamens not tetradynamous and often more than 6. no partition in 
the pod (which is therefore 1-celled with two parietal placentas), and 
kidney-shaped seeds, the embryo rolled up instead of folded to- 
gether : the leaves commonly palmately compound, and the herbage 
bitter and nauseous instead of pungent. But in warm regions the 
Cress-like pungency sometimes appears, as in capers, tlie pickled 
flower-buds of Capparis spinosa, of the Levant. This and its 
near relatives are trees or shrubs. 



.PITTOSPORUM FAMILY. 57 

1. CLEOME. Calyx 4-cleft. Petals 4. Stamens 6, on a short thickened recep- 

tacle. Ovary and many-seeded pod in ours raised above the receptacle on a 
long stalk. Style very short or iioue. Usually an appendage on one side of 
the receptacle. 

2. GYNANDROPSIS. Sepals 4. Stamens borne on the long stalk of the ovary 

far above the petals. Otherwise as in No. 1. 

3. POLANISIA. Sepals 4. Stamens 8-32. Ovary and pod sessile or short- 

stalked on the receptacle. Style present. Otherwise nearly as No. 1. 

1. CLEOME. (From a Greek word meaning closed, the application not 
obvious.) 

C. piingens. Tall (2° -4° high), clammy -pubescent, with little spines or 
prickly points (whence the name) in place of stipules, about 7 broadly lanceolate 
leaflets, but the bracts simple and ovate or heart-shaped, and a raceme of large 
and handsome flowers, with long-clawed pink or pvirple petals and declined sta- 
mens. Cult, from S. America, for ornament, and run wild S. 

C. integrifolia, much smaller, very smooth, with 3 leaflets and the pink 
petals without claws, is wild in Nebraska, «&.c., and lately introduced to gardens. 

2. GYNANDROPSIS. (Greek-made name, moaning that the stamens 
appear to be on the pistil.) (Lessons, p. 125, fig. 276.) 

G. pentaphylla. Nat. from Carolina S. from West Indies, is a clammy- 
pubescent weed, with 5 leaflets to the leaves and 3 to the bracts ; the wliite 
petals on claws. 

3. POLANISIA. (Greek-made name, meaning many -unequal, referring to 
the stamens.) 

P. graveolens. A heavy-scented (as the name denotes), rather clammy, 
low herb, with 3 oblong leaflets, and small flowers with short white petals, about 
1 1 scarcely longer purplish stamens, and a short style ; fl. summer. Wild on 
gravelly shores, from Conn. W. 

12. RESEDACE^, MIGNONETTE FAMILY. 

Herbs, with inconspicuous flowers in spikes or racemes ; rep- 
resented by the main genus, 

1. RESEDA, MIGNONETTE, &c. (From a Latin word, to assuage, from 
supposed medical properties.) Calyx 4-7-parted, never closed even in the 
bud. Petals 4-7, unequal, cleft or notched, those of one side of the flower 
appendaged within. Stamens 10-40, borne on a sort of disk dilated on one 
side of the flower. Ovary and pod composed of 3 - 6 carpels united not 
quite to the top into a 3 - 6-lobed or 3 - 6-horned 1 -celled pistil which opens 
at the top long before the seeds are ripe. The seeds are numerous, kidney- 
shaped, on 3 - 6 parietal placentee. Leaves alternate. 

R. Odorata, Common Mignonette. Cult, (from N. Africa) as an an- 
nual, for the delicious scent of the greenish-white flowers ; the anthers orange ; 
petals 6, the posterior ones cut into several fine lobes ; stems low ; some leaves 
entire and oblong, others 3-lobed. 

R. Luteola, Dyer's M. or Weld. Nat. along roadsides, tall, with 
lanceolate entire leaves, and a long spike of yellowish flowers ; petals 4. 

13. PITTOSPORACEiE, PITT08P0RUM FAiNIlLY. 

A small family of shrubs and trees, belonging mostly to the south- 
ern hemisphere, in common cultivation represented only by one 
house-plant, a species of 

1. PITTOSPORUM. (Name means pitc/ii/ seed in Greek, the seeds being 
generally covered with a sticky exudation.) Flowers regular, of 5 sepals. 



§8 VIOLET FAMILY. 

5 petals, and 5 stamens ; the claws of the petals sometimes slightly united : 
ovary one-celled with three parietal placentae, a single style and stigma- 
Fruit a globular woody pod, many-seeded. 

P. Toblra, Common P. A low tree, cultivated as a house-plant (from 
Japan), with obovate and retuse evergreen leaves crowded at the end of 
the branches, which are terminated by a small sessile umbel of white fragrant 
flowers, produced in winter. 

14. VIOLACE^, VIOLET FAMILY. 

Commonly known only by the principal genus of the order, viz. 

1. VIOLA, VIOLET. (Ancient Latin name.) Sepals 5, persistent. Pet- 
als 5, more or less unequal, the lower one with a sac or spur at the base. 
(Lessons, p. 91, fig. 181, 182.) Stamens .5, short: the very broad fiat fila- 
ments conniving and slightly cohering around the pistil, which they cover, 
all but the end of the style and the (usually one-sided) stigma, bearing the 
anthers on their inner face, two of these spurred at the base. Ovary and pod 
1-celled, with .3 parietal placentae, containing several rather large seeds, — 
Herbs, with stipules to the alternate leaves, and 1-floAvered peduncles. 

* Stemless Violets, with leaves and peduncles all from creeping or sub- 
terranean rootstocks, there being no proper ascending stems : all /lowering in 
spring, also producing i)7conspicuous jloicers and most of the fruitful pods, 
all summer, concealed among the leaves. 

-t- Garden species, from Europe : f-agrant. 

V. odorata, Sweet Violet. Cult, from Eu., the tufts spreading by 

creeping runners ; leaves rounded heart-shaped, more or less downy ; flowers 
purple-blue (violet-color) varying to bluish and white, single or in cultivation 
commonly full double. Hardy ; while the Italian Violet, the variety used 
for winter-blooming, with leaves smoother and brighter green and flowers paler 
or grayish-blue, is tender northward. 

•<- -t- Wild species : slightly sweet-scented or scentless. 
++ Flowers blue or violet-color. 

V. Selkirkii, Selkirk's V. Small, only 2' high, the rounded heart- 
shaped leaves spreading flat on the ground ; the flowei'large in proportion, its 
thick spur nearly as long as the beardless petals : on shady banks, only N. 
. V. sagittata, Arrow-leaved V. One of the commonest and' earliest ; 
leaves varying from oblong-heart-shaped to ovate and often rather halberd- 
shaped, the earlier ones on short and margined petioles ; flower large in propor- 
tion ; spur short and sac-shaped, as in allthe following. 

V. GUCUllata, Common Blue V. The tallest and commonest of the 
blue violets, in all low grounds, Avith matted fleshy and scaly-toothed rootstocks, 
erect and heart-shaped or kidney-shaped obscurely serrate leaves, with the sides 
at the base rolled in when young, on long petioles ; flowers sometimes pale or 
variegated with white. 

V. palmata, Hand-leaf V., is a variety of the last, with the leaves, or 
all the later ones, 3 - 7-cleft or parted ; common southward. 

_V. pedata. Bird-foot V. Grows in sandy or light soil, from a short and 
thick or tuber-like rootstock ; the leaves all cut into linear divisJions or lobes ; 
the flower large, beardless, usually light violet-color : sometimes the two upper 
petals deep dark violet, like a pansy. 

V. delphinifdlia, Larkspur-leated V., takes the place of the preced- 
ing in prairies, «Sbc. W. and is like it, but has the lateral petals bearded. 
•^ 4-f. Flowers [small) white, the lower petcd purplish-veined. 

V. blanda, Sweet White V. Very common, with faintly sweet-scented 
flowers, all tlie petals beardless ; leaves rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped. 

V. primulssfolia, Primrose-leaved V. Common S., between the last 
and next, has oblong or ovate leaves. 

V. lanceolata, Lance-leaved V. Commonest S., has lanceolate leaves 
tapering into long petioles, and beardless petals. 



SUNDEW FAMILY. 59 

++ -H- ++ Flowers yellow. 

v. rotundifolia, Round-leaved V. Only in cold woods N. ; the 
roundish heart-shaped leaves flat on the ground, becoming large and shining in 
summer ; spreads by runners ; flower small. 

* * Leafy-stemmed Violets, wild, perennial : flowering in spring and summer. 
H- Flowers yellow, short-spurred : stem 2 - 4-leaved above, naked beloio. 

V. pubescens, Downy Yellow V. Common in rich woods ; soft- 
downy, also a rather smooth variety ; leaves broadly heart-shaped. 

V. liastata, Halberd-leaved V. Scarce W. & S. ; smoother; leaves 
oblong-heart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or 3-lobed ; flower small, 
•t- -*- Flowers not yellow : stem branched, leafy below : leaves rounded heart-shaped. 

V. striata, Pale V. Not rare N. & W., low ; flowers creamy-white, 
with lower petal purple-lined ; spur short ; stipules large in proportion, strongly 
fringe- toothed. 

V. canina, Dog V., the Amer. variety : common in low grounds ; low, 
with creeping branches or short runners, fringe-toothed stipules, and spur half 
the length of the violet flower. 

V. rostrata, Long-spurred V. Shady hills N. & W. ; 6' high, with 
fringe-toothed stipules, and slender spur longer than the pale violet petals. 

V. Canadensis, Canada V. Common in rich woods N. & W., taller 
than the others, l°-2° high, larger-leaved, with entire stipules; flowers all 
summer, the petals white or purplish above, the upper ones violet-purple under- 
neath ; spur very short and blunt. 

* * * Pansy Violets, yrom Europe, with leafy and branching stems, and large 
leaf-like stipules : flowering through the spring and summer. 

V. tricolor. Pansy or Heart's-ease. Cult, or running wild in gardens, 
low, with roundish leaves, or the upper oval and lowest heart-shaped ; stipules 
lyrate-pinnatifid ; petals of various colors, and often variegated, and under culti- 
vation often very large and showy, the spur short and blunt. — Var. arvensis, 
is a field variety, slender and small-flowered, thoroughly naturalized in some 
places. (T) (2) ;2/ 

V. COrnuta, Horned V. Prom the Pyrenees, cult, in borders of late ; 
has stipules merely toothed, and light violet-purple flowers with a very long 
and slender spur. 2/ 

15. DROSERACEJE, SUNDEW FAMILY. 

Bog-herbs, with regular flowers, on scapes ; leaves in a tuft at 
the root, glandular-bristlj or bristly-fringed, and rolled up from the 
apex in the bud, in the manner of Ferns ; the persistent sepals and 
withering-persistent petals each 5; stamens 5-15 with their anthers 
turned outward ; and a 1-celled many-seeded pod. Represented by 
two genera. 

1. DROSERA. Stamens 5. Styles 3 - 5, but 2-parted so as to seem like 6-10. 

Ovai-v with 3 parietal placentae. Reddish-colored and sticky-glandular. 

2. DIONiEA. Stamens 15. Style 1: stigtna lobed and fringed'. Ovules and 

seeds all at the broad base of the ovary and pod. Leaves terminated by a 
bristly-bordered fly-trap. 

1. DROSERA, SUNDEW. (Name means in Greek dewy, or beset with 
dew-drops, the gland surmounting the bristles of the leaves ])roducing a dear 
and dew-like drop of liquid, which is glutinous, and serves to catch small flics.) 
Plowcrs small, in a 1 -sided spike or raceme, each opening only onco, in sun- 
shine, in summer. Jl 

* Flowers small, ivhite : leaves with a blade. 
D. rotundif61ia, Round-leaved S. The commonest species in ]H^at- 
bogs, white round leaves on long petioles spreading in a tuft. When a small 
fly or other insect is caught by the sticky glands on the upper face of the leaf. 



60 ROCK-ROSE FAMILY. 

the bristles of the outer rows very slowly turn inwards, so that their glands help 
to hold the prey ! 

D. longifolia, Longer-leaved S. In very wet bogs or shallow water, 
with spatulate-oblong leaves, some of them erect, on long petioles. 

D. brevifolia, Short-leaved S. In wet sand, only at the S. ; small; 
scape only 2' - 5' high, few-flowered ; leaves short, wedge-shaped. 
* * Flowers rose-purple : no blade to the leaf. 

D. filifolia, Thread-leaved S. In wet sandy soil near the coast, from 
Plymouth, Mass., to Florida ; leaves erect, thread-shaped; scape 6' -12' high, 
from a bulb-like base ; flowers handsome, ^' or more broad. 

2. DION^A, VENUS'S FLY-TRAP. (Named for the mother of Venus.) 
2/ Only one species, 

D. museipula. Grows only in sandy bogs near Wilmington, N. Car., 
but kept in conservatories as a great curiosity. ( See Lessons, p. 52, fig. 81, 
for the leaves, and the way they catch insects !) Flowers white, borne in an 
umbel-like cyme on a scape 1° high, in spring. 

16. CISTACE^, ROCK-ROSE FAMILY. 

Shrubby or low herbaceous plants, with regular flowers ; a per- 
sistent calyx of sepals, two of them exterior and resembling bracts; 
the petals and stamens on the receptacle ; the style single or none ; 
ovary 1-celled with 3 or 5 parietal placentse (Lessons, fig. 261), 
bearing orthotropous ovules. Represented in greenhouses by one 
showy species, Cistus ladaniferus of Europe (not common), 
and in sandy woods and fields by the following wild plants. 

1. HELIANTHEMUM. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious (falling at the 

close of the first day). Stamens and ovules many in the complete flower: 
placentse 3. Style none or short. 

2. HUDSONIA. Petals as in the last. Calyx narrow. Stamens 9 -30. Style 

slender. Ovules few. 

3. LECHEA. Petals 3, persistent, not longer than the calyx. Stamens 3-12. 

Style none. Pod partly 3-celled, 6-seeded. 

1. HELIANTHEMUM, FROSTWEED. (Name from Greek words 
for sun and flower, the blossoms opening only in sunshine. Popular name, 
from crystals of ice shooting from the cracked bark at the root late in the 
autumn.) Low, yellow-flowered, in sandy or gravelly soil. 2/ 

H. Canadense, Canadia?^ or Common F. Common, and the only one 
N. ; has lance-oblong leaves hoary beneath ; flowers produced all summer, 
some with showy corolla 1' broad and many stamens ; otliers small and clus- 
tered along the stem, with inconspicuous corolla and 3-10 stamens ; the latter 
produce small few-seeded pods. 

H. eoryrQbosura, only along the coast S., is downy all over, with smaller 
flowers clustered at the top of the stem, and larger ones long-peduncled. 

H. Carolinianum, grows only S., is hairy, Avith green leaves, the lower 
obovate and clustered ; flowers all large-petalled and scattered, in spring. 

2. HUDSONIA. (For an English botanist, IF/Z/^'a/n iJi<c?so??.) Heath-like 
little shrubs, 6'- 12' high, nearly confined to sandy shores of the ocean and 
Great Lakes, with minute downy leaves closely covering the branches, and 
small yellow flowers, opening in sunshine, in spring and summer. 

H. ericoides, Heath-like H. Greenish ; leaves awl-shaped ; flowers 
peduncled. From New Jersey N. 

H. tomentosa, Downy H. Hoary with soft down ; leaves oblong or 
oval and close pressed ; peduncles short or hardly any. From New Jersey to 
Maine and Lake Superior. 



ST. john's-wort family. 61 

3. LECHEA, PINWEED. (For Leche, a Swedish botanist.) Small, 
homely herbs, with inconspicuous greenish or purplish flowers, and pods 
about the size of a pin's head, whence the popular name : common in sterile 
soil ; fl. summer and autumn, % 

L. major, Larger P, Stem upright, hairy, l°-2° high; leaves ellipti- 
cal, mucronate ; flowers densely clustered. Borders of sterile woodlands. 

L. minor, Smaller P. Stems low, 6'- 18' high, often straggling, minutely 
hairy ; leaves hnear ; flowers loosely racemed on the branches. Open sterile 
ground. 

17. HYPEE.ICACE-2E, ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. 

Distinguished from all other of our plants by the opposite and 
entire simple and chiefly sessile leaves, punctate with translucent 
and commonly some blackish dots, perfect flowers with the stamens 
(usually many and more or less in 3 or 5 clusters) inserted on the 
receptacle, and a pod either 1 -celled with parietal placentae or 3-5- 
celled (see Lessons, p. 120, fig. 260, 262, 263), filled with many 
small seeds. Juice resinous and acrid. All here described are wild 
plants of the country. 

* No glands between the stamens. Petals convolate in the bud. 

1. ASCYRUM. Sepals 4; the outer pair very broad, the inner small and narrow. 

Petals 4, yellow. Stamens many. Ovary 1-celled. 

2. HYPERICUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 5. Stamens many, rarely few. 

* * Large gland between each of the 3 sets of stamens. Petals imbricated in the bud. 

3. ELODES. Sepals and erect flesh-colored. Petals 5. Stamens 9 to 12, united 

in 3 sets. Ovary 3-celled. Flowers axillary. 

1. ASCYRUM, ST. PETER'S-WORT. (Greek name means without 
roughness, being smooth plants. ) Leafy-stemmed, woody at the base, with 
2-edged branches ; wild in pine barrens, &c., chiefly S. Fl. summer, JiJ. 

* A pair ofbractlets on the pedicel : styles short. 

A. Crux-Andress, St. Andre-sv's Cross. From New Jersey to Illinois 
& S. ; stems spreading ; leaves thinnish, narrow-oblong and tapering to the base ; 
flowers rather small, with narrow pale yellow petals and only 2 styles, 

A. Stans, Commox St. Peter's-wort. From New Jersey S. ; stems 
2° - 3° high ; leaves thickish, closely sessile, oval or oblong ; flowers larger, 
with obovate petals and 3 or 4 styles. 

* * No bractlets on the pedicel : styles longer than ovary. 

A. amplexieaule, Clasping-leaved S. Only found S., with erect stems 
many times forking above, and closely sessile heart-shaped leaves ; styles 3. 

2. HYPERICUM, ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (Ancient name, of unccrtam 
derivation.) Fl. in summer, in all ours yellow. 

* Shrubs or perennial herbs : stamens very many. 

-f- Styles 5 {rarely more) united below into one : pod ^-celled. 

H. pyramidatum, Great-fl. S. Herb, 20-4° high, with ovate-oblong 
partly-clasping leaves, and large flowers, the petals rathernarrow, j ' long, and 
5 clusters of stamens. River-banks N. & W. 

H. Kalmianum, Kalm's S. Loav shrub, with glaucous oblauccolate 
leaves and rather large flowers. N. W. : rare, except at Niagara Falls. 

•»- ••- Styles 3 partly united, or at first whol/i/ united to the fop into one {sec Lessons, 
p. 118, fig. 250) : sepals leafy, spreading. 
t-i- Shrubby, deciduous-leaved, both Northern and Southern. 

H. prolifieum. Shrubby S. Like the last, but leaves scarcely glaucous, 
lance-oblong or linear ; pod 3-cclled. 



62 ST. john's-wort family. 

•w- -w. Shrubby, evergreen or nearly so, only Southern. 

H. fasciculatum, Fascicled S. Leaves narrow-linear and small, and 
with shorter ones chistered in the axils ; pod narrow. Wet pine barrens. 

H. myrtifolium, Myrtle-leaved S. Leaves heart-shaped and partly- 
clasping, thick, glaucous ; pod conical. Wet pine barrens. 

H. aureum, Golden S. Leaves oblong with a narrow base, glaucous 
beneath ; thick ; flowers mostly single, very large (2' broad), orange-yellow ; 
pod ovate. River-banks towards the mountains. 

H. nudifldrum, Naked-clustered S. Shrubby and evergreen S., less 
so in Virginia, &c., has 4-angled branches, oblong pale leaves, and a peduncled 
naked cyme of rather small flowers ; pods conical. 

+H- ++ ++ Herbaceous, simple-stemmed, Northern Sf Western. 

H. sphaerocarpon, Spherical-fruited S. About 2° high; leaves 
diverging, oblong-linear (2' long), obtuse ; flowers numerous, small, in a naked 
flat cyme ; sepals ovate ; pod gloljular, 1 -celled. Rocky banks, W. 

H. adpressum, Upright-leaved S. A foot high ; leaves ascending, 
lanceolate, often acute ; flowers fcAv and rather small ; sepals narrow ; pod 
oblong, partly 3-celled. Low grounds, Pennsylvania to Rhode Island. 

H. elliptieum, Elliptical-leaved S. Barely 1° high ; leaves spread- 
ing, oblong, thin ; flowers rather few in a nearly naked cyme, pale ; the pod 
purple, oblong-oval, obtuse, 1-celled. Wet soil, N. 

-I- -1- -1- Styles 3 wholly separate (see Lessons, fig. 255) : herbs. 
•w- Ovary and pod 3-celled : petals black-dotted : styles mostly diverging. 

H. perforatum., Common S. The only one not indigenous, nat. from 
Eu., a troublesome weed in fields, &c. ; spreads by runners from the base; 
upright stems branching ; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots ; 
flowers rather large in open leafy cymes ; the deep yellow petals tAvice the length 
of the lanceolate acute sepals. The juice is very acrid. 

H. corymbosum, Corymbed S. Common N. in moist ground ; stem 
2° high, sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, slightly clasping, having black as 
w^ell as pellucid dots ; flowers rather small, crowded ; petals light yellow and 
black-lined as well as dotted ; sepals oblong ; styles not longer than the pod. 

H. maeulatum, Spotted S. Common S. has somewhat heart-shaped 
or more clasping leaves, lanceolate sepals, and very long and slender styles : 
othenvise like the last. 

•H- -w. Ovary 1-celled: stem strict: leaves ascending, acute, closely sessile, short. 

H. angulosum, Angled S. Wet pine-barrens from New Jersey S. 
Stem sharply 4-angled (l°-2° high), smooth; leaves ovate or lance-oblong; 
flowers scattered along the ascending branches of the cyme, small, copper- 
yellow ; styles slender. 

H. pildsum, Hairy S. Wet pine-barrens S. Stem terete, and with the 
lance-ovate leaves roughish-downy ; styles short. 

* * Annual, low and slender, small-flowered herbs: stamens 5- 12 : ovary and 
brown-purple pod strictly 1-celled: styles 3, separate: sepals narrow, erect: 
petals narrow. 

-1- Leaves conspicuous and spreading : flowers in cymes. 

H. miltilum, Small S. Slender, much branched and leafy up to the 
flowers ; leaves partly clasping, thin, 5-nerved, ovate or oblong ; petals pale 
yellow. Everywhere in low grounds. 

H. Canad.ense, Canadian S. Stem and branches strictly erect ; leaves 
linear or lajpceolate, 3-nerved at the base ; petals copper-yellow. Wet sandy soil. 

-»- -t- Leaves erect, aivl-shaped or scale-like and minute : flowers very small and 
scattered along the numerous bushy and iviry slender branches. 

H. Drummondii, Drummond's S. In dry barrens, W. Illinois and S., 
with linear-awl-shaped leaves, short-pedicelled flowers, and pods not longer than 
the calyx. 

H. Sarothra, Orange-grass or Pine-weed. Common in diy sterile 
soil, with minute awl-shaped appressed scales for leaves, flowers sessile on the 
wiry branches, and slender pods much exceeding the calyx. 



FINK FAMILY. 63 

3. ELODES, MARSH ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (Greek for marshj.) In 
water or Avet bogs, with pale often purple-veined oblong or ovate leaves, and 
close clusters of small flowers in their axils, produced all summer. Petals 
pale purjjle or flesh-color, equal-sided, erect. 2/ 
E. Virginica, the commonest, has the roundish or broadly oblong leaves 

clasping by a broad base. 

E. petioiata, commoner S., has the leaves tapering into a short petiole. 

18. ELATINACEJE, WATER-WORT FAMILY. 

Little marsh annuals, resembling Chickweeds, but with mem- 
branaceous stipules between the opposite leaves, and seeds as in 
preceding family. Represented by 

L ELATIWE, WATER-WORT. (Greek name of some herb.) Sepals, 
petals, stamens and cells of the ovary and stigmas or styles of the same num- 
ber, each 2, 3, or 4, all separate on the receptacle. Seeds straightish or curved, 
riowers minute in the axils of the leaves. 
E. Americana. Creeping and spreading on muddy shores of ponds, &c., 

about 1 ' high, not very coinmon ; leaves obovate ; parts of the flower 2, rarely 3 ; 

pod very thin. 

19. TAMARISCINEiS, TAMARISK FAMILY. 

Shrubs or small trees of the Old World, represented in orna- 
mental grounds by 

1. TAMARIX, TAMARISK. (Named for the Tamarisci, or the river 
Tamaris, on which these people lived.) Sepals and petals 4 or 5, persistent, 
or the latter withering, and stamens as many or twice as many, all on the 
receptacle. Ovary pointed, 1 -celled, bearing many ovules on three parietal 
placentse next the base : styles 3. Seeds with a plume of hairs at the 
apex. Shrubs or small trees of peculiar aspect, with minute and scale-shaped 
or awl-shaped alternate leaves appressed on the slender branches, and small 
white or purplish flowers in spikes or racemes. The only one planted is 
T. Galliea, French T. Barely hardy N., often killed to the ground, a 
picturesque, delicate shrub, rather Cypress-like in aspect, glaucous-whitish, the 
minute leaves clasping the branches, nearly evergreen where the climate permits. 

20. CARYOPHYLLACE^, PINK FAMILY. 

Bland herbs, with opposite entire leaves, regular flowers with not 
over 10 stamens, a commonly 1 -celled ovary with the ovules rising 
from the bottom of the cell or on a central column, and with 2 — 5 
styles or sessile stigmas, mostly separate to the base. (See Les- 
sons, p. 120, fig. 258, 259.) Seeds with a slender embryo on the 
outside of a mealy albumen, and usually curved into a ring around it. 
Calyx pert^istent. Petals sometimes minute or wanting. Divides 
into two great divisions or suborders, viz. the true Pink Fa^mily, 
and the Chickweed Family, to the latter of which many plants 
like them, but mostly single-seeded and without petals, are appended. 

I. PINK FAMILY proper. Sepals (5) united below into a 
tube or cup. Petals with slender claws which are enclosed in the 
calyx-tube, and commonly raised within it, with the 10 stamens, on 
a sort of stalk, often with a cleft scale or crown at the junction of 
the blade and claw. (Lessons, p. 101, fig. 200.) Pod mostly open- 
ing at the top, many-seeded. 



64 PINK FAMILY. 

* Calyx with a scaly cup or set of bracts at its base : styles 2. 

1. DIANTHUS. Calyx cylindrical, faintly many-striate. Petals without a crown. 

Seeds attached by the face: embryo in the albumen and nearly straight! 
* * jCalyx naked at base : seeds attached by the edge : embryo curved. 

2. LYCHNIS. Styles 5, rarely 4. Calyx not angled, but mostly 10-nerved. 

3. SILENE. Styles 3. Calyx not angled, mostly 10-nerved. 

4. VACCARIA. Styles 2. Calyx pyramidal, becoming 5-wing-angled. 

5. SAPONARIA. Styles 2. Calyx cylindrical or oblong, not angled, 5-toothed. 

Pod 4-valved at the top. 

6. GYP SOP HI LA. Styles 2. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, or thin and delicate 

below the sinuses. Pod 4-valved. Flowers small and panicled, resembling 
those of Sandwort, &c. 

11. CHICKWEED FAMILY, &c. Petals spreading, without 
claws, occasionally wanting. Sepals (4 or 5) separate or united 
only at base, or rarely higher up. Flowers small, compared with 
the Pink Family, and the plants usually low and spreading or tufted. 

* Without stipules, generally with petals : pod several-seeded. 

7. SAGINA. Styles and valves of the pod as many as the sepals and alternate 

with them (4 or 5). Petals entire or none. Small plants. 

8. CERASTIU^L Styles as many as the sepals and opposite them (5). Petals 

notched at the end or 2-cleft, rarely none. Pod mostly elongated, opening at 
the top by 10 teeth. 

9. STELLARIA. Styles fewer than the sepals (3 or sometimes 4) and opposite 

as many of them. Petals 2-cleft, or sometimes none. Pod globular or ovoid, 
splitting into twice as many valves as there are styles. 

10. ARENARIA. Styles (commonly only 3) fewer than the sepals and opposite as 

many of them. " Petals entire, rarely none. Pod globular or oblong, splitting 
into as many or tv/ice as many valves as there are styles. 

* * With scarious siijndes between the leaves, conspicuous and entire petals, and a 

many-seeded 3 - b-valved pod. 

11. SPERGULARIA. Styles usually 3. Leaves opposite. 

12. SPERGULA. Styles 5, as many as the sepals and alternate with them. 

Leaves in whorls. 

* * * Without petals : the fruit [utricle) 1-seeded and indehiscent. 

13. ANYCHIA. Sepals 5, nearly distinct. Stamens 2-5. Stigmas 2, sessile. 

Stipules and flowers minute. 

14. SCLERANTHUS. Sepals (5) united below into an indurated cup, narrowed at 

the throat where it bears 5 or 10 stamens, enclosing the small utricle. 
Styles 2. Stipules none. 

* * * * Without petals, but the 5 sepals white and petal-like inside: stipules obscure 

if any : fruit a 3-celled many- seeded pod. 

15. MOLLUGO. Stamens generally 3, on the receptacle. Stigmas 3. Pod 

3-valved, the partitions breaking away from the seed-bearing axis and ad- 
hering to the middle of the valves. 

1. DIANTHUS, PINK. ( Greek name, meaning Jove's own flower. ) All 
but the first species cultivated for ornament : fl. summer. 

* Flowers sessile and many in a close cluster, with long and narrow-pointed bracts 

under the calyx, except in the lust. 

D. Armeria, Deptford Pink of Europe, has got introduced into fields 
in a few ])laces ; a rather insignificant plant, somewhat hairy, narrow-leaved, 
with very small scentless flowers ; petals rose-color with whitish dots. (T; 

D. bartaatUS, Sweet William or Bunch Pink, of Europe, with tliin- 
nish oblong-lanceolate green leaves, and a very flat-topped cluster of various- 
colored flowers, the petals sharply toothed, abounds in all country gardens; the 
many double-flowered varieties are more choice. 2/ 

D. Carthusianbrum, Carthusians' Pink, from Eu., has linear leaves, 
slender stems, and a dense cluster of small flowers; bracts ovate or oblong, 
abruptly awn-tipped, brown, shorter than the calyx ; petals merely toothed, 
short, usually dark purple or crimson : now rather "scarce in gardens, y. 



PINK FAMILY. 65 

* * Floioers single at the ends of the branches : leaiiies narroio and often qrass-Uke, 
rather rigid, glabrous and glaucous, usually without any evident veins. 

D. Chinensis, China or Indian Pink, has lanceolate leaves, less rigid 
and preener than any of the following-, and linear acute scales or bracts as long 
as the calyx ; the large petals toothed or cut, of various colors, rod, purple, 
violet, &c/ The garden var. Heddewigii is a more glaucous and lai'ge-flowcrcd 
form, lately introduced. ® ij) 

D. Caryopliyllus, Clove Pink, the parent of all the sorts of C.vuna- 
TiON, &C-, has the stems almost woody below, very glaucous long-linear Icnves; 
the scales under the calyx very short and broad ; petals merely toothed, of 
various colors. Scarcely hard}' N. 2/ 

D. plumarius, Piieasant's-eye or Plumed Pink. A low, hardy spe- 
cies, making broad tnfts, with small very glaucous leaves, sending up flWer- 
stems in early summer, the white or pink or variegated petals cut into a fringe 
of slender lobes. 2/ 

D. SUperbus, is taller, less tufted, and later-flowered ; the large petals 
entirely dissected into delicate almost capillary divisions. 2/ 

2. LYCHNIS. (Greek name for lamp, the down of the Mullein Lychnis 
having been used for wicking. ) All from the Old World ; fl. summer. 

§ 1. Calyx with long leaf-like lobes: petals naked. (T) 

L. GithagO, Corn-Cockle. A weed in grain-fields, hairy, with long 
linear leaves, and loug-peduncled showy red-purple flowers ; m fruit the calyx- 
lobes falling oif ; the black seeds injurious to the grain. 

§ 2. Calijr without long leaf like lobes : petals crowned with a 2-cleft little scale or 
pair of teeth on the base of the blade or at the top of the claw. 2/ 

L. eoronaria, Mullein-Lychnis or Mullein Pink. Cult, in gar- 
dens; the flower crimson and like that of Corn-Cockle; but teeth of the 
calyx short and slender ; plant white-cottony ; leaves oval or oblong. @ 2/ 

L. Flos-Jovis, Jupiter's L. Less common in gardens, doAvny-hairy or 
cottony and Avhitish ; leaves lance-oblong ; flowers many and smaller, in a 
head-like long-peduncled cluster, reddish-purple ; petals obcordate. 

L. Chaleedoniea, Maltese-Cross or Scarlet L. Very common in 
country-gardens; tall, rather hairy and coarse, with lance-ovate partly clasping 
green leaves, and a very dense flat-topped cluster of many smallish flowers ; the 
bright scarlet or brick-red petals deeply 2-lobed. 

L. grandiflora, Large-flowered L. Cult from China ; smooth, with 
oblong green leaves ta])ering to both ends, and the branches bearing single or 
scattered short-])eduncled floAvers, whicli are 2' or 3' across ; the red or scarlet 
petals fringe- toothed at the end. 

L. Viscaria, Viscid L. Rather scarce in gardens ; smooth, but the slen- 
der stem glutinous tOAvards the top ; leaA'es linear ; floAvers man}- in a narrow 
raceme-like cluster, rather small ; calyx tubular or club-shaped ; petals pink- 
red, slightly notched : also a double-floAvered variety. 

Xi. i'ios-eucuii, Cuckoo L. Ragged Robin is the double-floAvered 
variety, in gardens ; slightly doAvny and glutinous, Avitli lanceolate leaves, and 
an open panicle of pink-red petals, these cleft into 4 narroAv -linear lobes. 

Xj. diurna, Day-bloom ing L. Double-flowered Ibrm also called Ragged 
Robin in the gardens ; smoothish or soft-hairy ; leaves oblong or lance-ovate, 
the upper ones pointed ; floAvers scattered or somcAvhat clustered on the 
branches, rose-red. 

li. vespertina, Evening-blooming L. A Aveed in some Avaste grounds, 
like the last, and more like the Night-flowering Catclilly ; but has 5 styles and 
a more ovate enlarging calyx ; the floAvers -.wc connnonly dicecious, Avhite, and 
open after sunset, the root biennial. But a full double-flowering variety in gar- 
dens is ])erenninl, day-flowering, and is a white sort of Ragged Robin. 

3. SILENE, CATCHFLY. (Both names refer to the sticky exudation on 
stems and calyx of several species, by Avhich small insects are often eanglit.) 
Besides the following, some other wild or cultivated species are met Avith, but 
not common. Fl. mostly all summer. 
5 



66 PINK FAMILY. 

i^ All over sticlcy-ham/ : naturalized from Europe. (T) 

S. noctifl6ra, Night-flowering C. Tall coarse Aveed in cult, or waste 
grounds ; lower leaves spatulate, upper lanceolate and pointed ; flowers single 
or in loose clusters terminating the branches, with awl-shaped calyx-teeth and 
white or pale rosy 2-parted petals, opening at nightfall or in cloudy weather. 

* * Smooth, a part of each of the upper joint of stem glutinous : flowers small. ® 
S. Armaria, Sweet-William C. In old gardens or running wild, from 

Europe ; stem about 1° high, branching into flat-topped cymes of many flowers, 
which are rather showy ; calyx club-shaped ; petals notched, bright pink, or a 
white variety, opening only in sunshine ; leaves lance-ovate, glaucous. 

S. antirrhina, Sleepy C. Wild in sandy or gravelly soil ; stem slen- 
der, 6' -20' high, rather simple; flowers very small, panicled ; calyx ovoid; 
petals rose-color, obcordate, opening only at midday in sunshine ; leaves lan- 
ceolate or linear. 

* * * Somewhat sticky-pubescent, at least the calyx, which is oblong, tubular, or 

club-shaped : ivild species, with red or pink showy flowers. 21 

S. Pennsylvaniea, Pennsylvanian C. or Wild Pink. In gravelly 
soil ; stems 4' - 8' high, bearing 2 or 3 pairs of lanceolate leaves and a cluster 
of short-stalked middle-sized flowers, in spring ; petals pink-red, wedge-shaped, 
slightly notched. 

S. Virginica, Virginian C. or Fire Pink. In open woods W. & S. ; 
1° - 2° high ; leaves spatulate or lanceolate ; flowers few, peduncled ; the pretty 
large bright crimson-red petals 2-cleft. 

S. regia, Royal C. Prairies, &c., from Ohio S. ; like the last, but 3'^ 
high, with lance-ovate leaves, numerous short-peduncled flowers in a narrow 
panicle, and narrower scarlet-red petals scarcely cleft. 

* * * * Not sticky : calyx inflated and bladdery : petals rather small, white. Jl 

S. Stellata, Starry Campion. Wild on wooded banks ; stem slender, 
2° -3° high ; leaves in Avhorls of 4, lance-ovate, pointed; flowers in a long and 
narrow panicle ; petals cut into a fringe. 

S. inflata, Bladder Campion. Wild in fields E., but nat. from Eu., 
glaucous or pale and very smooth, 1° high, with ovate-lanceolate or oblong 
leaves, and an open cyme of flowers ; the bladdery calyx veiny ; petals 2-cleft. 

4. VACCARIA, COW-HERB. (Name from Latin vacca, a cow.) ® 
V. vulgaris, Common C. In gardens or running wild near them, from 

Eu. ; smooth, l°-2° high, with pale lanceolate partly clasping leaves, and a 
loose open cyme of flowers ; petals pale red, naked, not notched ; fl. summer. 

5. SAPONARIA, SOAPWORT. (Latin and common names from the 
mucilaginous juice of the stem and i-oot forming a lather.) From Europe. 

S. oflB-Cinalis, Common S. or Bouncing Bet. A rather stout, lo-2° 
high, neai'ly smooth herb, in gardens, and running wild by roadsides ; leaves 
3 - 5-ribbed, the lower ovate or oval, upper lanceolate ; flowers rather large, 
clustered ; petals pale rose-color or almost white, notched at the end. The 
double-flowered is most common. 2/ 

6. GYPSOPHILA. (From Greek words meaning lover of gypsum or 
chalk, growing on calcareous rocks.) Plants with the small and often pan- 
icled flowers and foliage of Arenaria or Stellaria, but the sepals united into 
a cup as in the true Pink Family, usually by their thin white edges, however, 
so that to a casual glance they may appear distinct. Cult, in choicer gardens, 
from Eu. and the East, ornamental, especially for dressing cut flowers, &c. 
Fl. all summer. 

G. paniculata, Panicled G. Very smooth, pale, l°-2° high; with 
lance-linear leaves, and branches repeated forking into very loose and light 
cymes, bearing innumerable very small and delicate white flowers. 1L 

G. elegans, Elegant G. Less tall or low, loosely spreading ; with 
lanceolate leaves, much larger (^' broad) and fewer flowers, white or slightly 
rosy. ® 



PINK FAMILY. 67 

7. SAGINA, PEARL WORT. (Latin name, means rich nourishment, 
which, however, these small and insignificant plants can hardly be. ) There 
are four or five species in the country, none very common ; the most so is 

S. prociimbens. Springy places and damp shores, &c., N. ; a smooth 
little plant, tufted and spreading, I'-S' high, with almost thread-shaped leaves; 
the blunt sepals, short white petals, stamens, and styles 4 or rarely 5. 

8. CERASTIUM, MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. (Name in Greek 
refers to the horn-shaped pod of some species. The popular name is from the 
shape and soft hairiness of the leaves of the common species.) 

* Flowers inconspicuous, the deeply 1-cleft petals heinrj shorter or little longei' than 

the calux ; the pods becoming much longer and curving more or less. Flower- 
ing all summer, white. 

C. VUlgatum, Common M., from Penn. S., but scarce N., in grassy places. 
An insignificant soft-hairy weed; stems erect, 4' -9' high, slightly clammy; 
leaves ovate or obovate, small ; pedicels even in fruit and petals shorter than 
the calyx. (T) 

C. visc6sum, Clammy M. Common in grassy places ; stems spreading, 
6'- 15' long, clammy-hairy ; leaves oblong ; pedicels becoming longer than the 
calyx ; petals as long as the calyx. @ 2/ 

C. nutans, Nodding-fruited M. Common in moist or shady grounds, 
wild. Clammy-pubescent, erect, 6'- 18' high, becoming very loosely-flowered 
and branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; petals longer than calyx ; pods long, 
nodding on the slender flower-stalk and curved upwards. ® 

* * Flowers conspicuous, the snowy white petals 2 or 3 times the length of the calyx: 

pod shorter : plants forming matted tufts, y, 

C. arvense, Field M. Dry fields, &c. Downy but green ; leaves vary- 
ing from narrow-oblong to linear ; flowering stems 4' - 6' high, few-flowei-ed ; 
petals notched at the end. 

C. tomentbsum, Cottony M. Cult, from Eu. for borders, &c., its 
spreading shoots, crowded with oblong white-woolly leaves, making dense silvery 
mats ; petals deeply 2-cleft. 

9. STELLARIA, STARWORT-CHICKWEED. (Name from Latin 
Stella, a star.) Petals Avhite, but sometimes small or none. Fl. spring and 
summer. None cultivated ; but the first is a weed in every garden. 

* Stems weak and spreading, marked with pubescent lines : leaves broad. 

S. m^dia, Common S. or Chickaveed. In all damp cult, grounds; 
leaves ovate or oblong, the lower on haiiy petioles ; petals shorter than the 
calyx, 2-parted ; stamens 3-10. (T) 

S. pubera, Great S. Shaded rocks, wild from Penn. S. & W. ; leaves 
oblong or oval, sessile ; petals longer than the calyx, 2-cleft. 

* * Stems erect or spreading, and lohole plant smooth : leaves narrow, sessile. 11 

S. longifolia, Long-leaved S. or Stitciiwort. Common in damp 
grassy places N. ; stem weak, 8'- 18' high; leaves linear, Avidcly spreading; 
flowers numerous on slender spreading pedicels in a very loose cyme ; petals 
2-parted, longer than the calyx. 

S. bore^lis, Northern S. Wet grassy places N. ; stem 3' -10' high, 
forking repeatedly and with flowers in the forks of the leafy branches ; leaves 
broadly lanceolate or narrow-oblong ; petals shorter than the calyx, or none. 

10. ARENARIA, SANDWORT. (So named because several groAv in 
sand or sandy soil.) All the following are Avild, also some others less com- 
mon. Fl. spring and summer. 

* Petals inconspicuous, white. 
A. serpyllif61ia, Thyme-leaved S. An insignificant little Avecd, in 
sandy or gravelly Avaste places, 2' - 6' high ; stems erect, rouj^\hish, much 
branched ; leaves ovate, pointed ; petals scarcely longer than the 3 - 5-nervcd 
pointed sepals. (T) 



68 PINK FAMILY. 

A. diffusa, Spreading S. Shady j^roimds S. Plant soft-downy ; stems 
prostrate, 1° or more long; leaves lanceolate; peduncles lateral, 1-flowered; 
petals shorter than the sepals or none. 2/ 

* * Petals conspicuous, longer than the calyx, white. 2/ 

A. lateriflora, Side-flowering S. Gravelly shores and banks N. 
Plant minutely downy ; stem erect, 3' -10' high, sparingly branching ; pedun- 
cles few-flowered, soon becoming lateral by the farther growth of the leafy stem ; 
leaves oval or oblong. 

A. Striata. Rocky or shady banks N. Tufted, smooth, 4' -6' high ; stems 
crowded with slender almost bristle-form leaves ; flowers several in a terminal 
open cyme ; sepals sharp-pointed. 

A. squarrosa, Pine-barren S. In sand, coast of New Jersey and S. 
Densely tufted on a deep root, 3' - 5' high ; leaves much crowded, short, awl- 
shaped, smooth ; the flowering branches or few-flowered peduncles glandular ; 
sepals obtuse. 

A. Grosnlandica, Mountain S. On rocky summits of mountains and 
N. E. coast. Densely tufted, soft; leaves thread-form ; flowering stems 2' -4' 
high, few-flowered, the flowers large in proportion ; petals notched at the end. 

A. peploides, Sea Sandwort, in sands of sea-shore N., is large, with 
very fleshy ovate leaves, and axillary flowers. 

11. SPERGULARIA, SAND SPURREY. (Name from likeness to 
Spergnla.) A sort of Sandworts with scaly-membranaceous stipules, and 
reddish flowers, produced all summer : chiefly maritime. 2/^ 

S. rubra. The field form of this is common in sand or gravel, along roads 
and patlis, E., quite away from salt water ; smoothish, prostrate in tufts ; leaves 
thread-shaped ; pod and pink-red corolla hardly exceeding the calyx ; seeds 
rough, wingless, half-obovate. 

S. salina. Larger and more fleshy, only in brackish sands ; with short 
peduncles, pale corolla, pod longer than the calyx, and rough obovate-rounded 
(winged or wingless) seeds. 

S. media. Like the last, in salt marshes and sands, but Avith longer pedun- 
cles and smooth seeds. 

12. SPERGULA, SPURREY. (Latin spargere, to scatter, i. e. its seeds.) 
S. arvensis, Corn S. Stems 1° or so high; bearing several thread- 
shaped leaves in the whorls, and terminating in a panicle of Avhite flowers. 
A weed in grain-fields, cult, in Europe as a forage plant, sheep being fond of it : 
fl. summer. ® 

13. ANYCHIA, FORKED CHICKWEED. (Name of obscure mean- 
ing.) (1) 

A. diehotoma, a common little herb ; in shady places it is smooth and 
erect, 6' -10' high, with repeatedly forking long-jointed very slender stems, 
minute short-stalked greenish flowers in the forks, and oval or oblong leaves : in 
dry or parched soil it is spreading on the ground, short-jointed, narrower-leaved, 
often pubescent, the floAvers more clustered and nearly sessile : all summer. 

14. SCLERANTHUS, KNAWEL. (From Greek words meaning hard 
and Jlower, referring to the indurated tube of the calyx.) 

S. annuus, our only species, is nat. from Eu. in gravelly grounds, nround 
gardens, «S:c., a very pale little herb, 3' -5' high, very much branched and 
spreading, with short awl-shaped leaves, and greenish small flowers clustered or 
sessile in the forks, in late summer and autumn. 

15. MOLLUGO, CARPET -WEED. (An old Latin name for some soft 

plant.) (T) 

M. verticillata. A very common, small, prostrate and spreading little 
weed, in waste gravelly soil, gardens, &c., with spatulate leaves and 1-flowered 

Sedicels in clusters or whorls at the joints ; the sepals wliite inside ; stamens 3 : 
. all summer. 



PURSLANE FAMILY. 69 

21. PORTULACACE^, PURSLANP: FAMILY. 

Succulent-leaved herbs, with 2 sepals and 5 petals, the stamens 
sometimes many, sometimes few, and then one before each petal ; 
ovary 1-celled, becoming a pod, with many or few kidney-shaped 
seeds on a central placenta, or on slender seed-stalks from the base. 
Seeds as in the Pink Family. 

1. PORTULACA. Stamens more numerous than the petals. Style cleft into 

several slender divisions. Lower part of the ovary and many-seeded pod 
united witii the bottom of the calyx; the upper pari when mature falling off 
as a lifl. Flowers opening only once, in sunshine. 

2. TALINUM. Stamens rnoie numerous than the petals. Style 3-lobed at the 

summit. Calyx free from the ovary, deciduous. Pod 3-valved, many-seeded. 
Flowers opening only once, in sunshine. 

3. CALANDRINIA. Stamens numerous. Style 3-cleft at the summit. Calyx 

free from the ovary, persistent, enclosing the 3-valved many-seeded pod. 
Flowers opening only once, in sunshine. 

4. CLAYTONIA. btam'ens 5, one attached to the base of each petal. Style 

3-cleft at the summit. Calyx persistent, fiee from the few-seeded pod. 
Flowers usually opening for more than one day. 

1. PORTULACA, PURSLANE. (Old Latin name for Purslane.) Leafy 
and branching, low and spreading, Avith fleshy sessile leaves ; fl. all summer, 
(Lessons, p. 103, fig. 214.) (T) 

P. oleraeea, Common p. Very smooth, with prostrate stems, obovate or 
wedge-form leaves, and small sessile flowers opening only in bright sunshine 
and for a short time ; the petals pale yellow. The commonest garden weed, 
sometimes used as a pot-herb. 

P. pilosa, Hairy P. Wild far S., has linear terete leaves, Avith a tuft of 
beard-like hairs in the axils, and rather large pink flowers. 

P. grandiflora, Great-flowered P., is probably a variety of the last, 
from South America, commonly cult, for ornament ; the large very showy 
flowers brilliant purple, crimson, red, sometimes white or yellow, or with light 
centre, of many shades or variations. 

2. TALINUM. (Name unexplained.) One wild species in some places. 
T. teretifolium, Terete-leaved T. Low and smooth, with thick and 

fleshy root, short stems bearing crowded Hnear terete leaves, and a slender 
naked peduncle, many-flowered ; petals rose-purple. Serpentine rocks, Penn- 
sylvania, and rarer west and south : fl. all summer. 2/ 

3. CALANDRINIA. (Named for a Swiss botanist, Ca/a«c?n?»'.) Culti- 
vated for ornament in choice gardens : fl. all summer. 

C. discolor. Cult, as an annual, from Chili ; very glabrous, making a 
rosette of fleshy spatulate leaves at the root (these glaucous above and tinged 
with purple beneath), and sending up a naked flower-stem, bearing a raceme of 
large rose-purple flowers, 2' in diameter. 

C. Menziesii, Menziks' C. Loav, spreading, leafy-stemmed annual, from 
Oregon and California, with bright green and tender lance-spatulate leaves, and 
crimson flowers (nearly 1' broad) in a short leafy raceme. 

4. CJLAYTONIA, SPRING BEAUTY. (Named for John Clai/ion, an 
early botanist in Virginia.) Low, smooth herbs : ours producing only a pair 
of stem leaves and a short raceme of flowers. 

* Stem simple from a round tuber : leaves separate : fl. early spring. 2/ 
C, Virginica, Naruow-leavkd S. In moist woods, one of the jircttiest 

spring flowers ; ])ctals rose-color with ])ink veins ; leaves linear-lanceolate. 
C. Caroliniana, Broader-leaved S. In rich woods ; commonest N. 

and along the Alleghanies, smaller than the other, with oblong-spatulate or 

lance-oblonir leaves only 1' or 2' long. 



'70 MALLOW FAMILY. 

* * Stem-leaves united into one usually rounded blade or cup underneath the small 

and whitish flowers : fl. summer. (T) 

C. perfoliata occurs in some gardens, from Oregon and California; small, 
of no beauty ; root-leaves tufted, spatulate or lanceolate. 

22. MALVACE^, MALLOW FAMILY. 

Known by the moriadelphous numerous stamens, their tube con- 
nected with the base of the petals, kidney-shaped 1-celled antiiers 
(Lessons, p. 114, Hg. 238), the calyx valvate and the corolla con- 
volute in the bud. Herbs or >hrubs, wiih altc-inate palmately- veined 
and often lobed leaves, evident stipules, and regular Howers, the true 
sepals and the petals 5. There is commonly an involuci-e of several 
bracts, resembling an outer calyx. Seeds kidney-shaped: ti»e leafy 
cotyledons crumpled or doubled up, in some mucilaginous albumen. 
Innocent plants, mucilaginous, with a very tough fibrous bark. 

^ 1. Anthers all borne in a cluster at the top of the short tube of filaments. 
« Ovaries numerous and separate, crowded in a head, in fruit beconiiuf/ little l-seeded 
pods or aktnes. Involucre conspicuous as a soi-t (f outer cahjx. Herbs. 

1. MALOPE. Involucre of 3 ovate or hearMhaped leaves. Annuals. 

2. KITAIBKLIA. Involucre of 6 - 9 ovate and pointed leaves united at the base. 

Perennial. 

* * Ovaries several or many united in a ring around an axis, in fruit commonly 
falling away separately, each l-seeded. Ours are all herbs. 

•*- Stigmas running down the side of the slender styles. 

3. ALTH^A. Involucre of 6-9 bracts united at the base. Axis of the fruit not 

pr(;jecting nor enlarged. 

4. LAVATKRA. Involucre of 3 - 6 more united bracts. Axis of the fruit over- 

topping the carpels. 

5. MALVA. Involucre of only 3 separate bracts. Petals obcordate, otherwise 

eiitire. Carpels beakless.' 

6. CALLIRRH(JE. Involucre of 1 - 3 bracts or none. Petals wedge-shaped and 

truncate, denticulate or cut-fringed at the end. Carpels with a sort of beak 
at the summit. 

7. NAPiEA. Involucre none. Flowers dioecious! 

1- 1- Stigmas capitate or truncate at the apex of the styles. 

8. ANODA. Involucre none. Fruit depressed, very flat and star-shaped, the 

sides of the numeious carpels evanescent: seed nearly horizontal. 

9. SID A. hivolucre none. Fruic separating into 5 or more closed carpels, or 

each 2-valved at the apex: seed hanging. 

* * * Ovaries and cells (f the fruit 2 -several-seeded. 

10. ABUTILOX. Involucre none. Carpels each 3- several-seeded. 

11. MOD I OLA. Involucre of 3 bractlets. Carpels each 2-seeded, with a cross 

partiiion between the upper and lower seed. 

§ 2. Anthers borne along the outside of the tube of filnmenU. Ovary and fruit 3- 
stvercd-celkd : stig/nns capitate. Jnvolucrt j/iestnl. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. 

* Involucre of severed or many bracts. 

12. MALVA VISCUS. Branches of the style and stigmas 10, twice as many as the 

cells of the ovary. Petals not separating and spreading. Fruit berry-like: 
cells l-seeded. 

13. KO.S I'ELETZKYA. Branches of tlie style and stigmas 5. Pod 5-celled ; the 

cells sii!gle-.«eeded. 
.14. HIBISCUS. Branches of the style or stigmas and cells of the ovary 5. Pod 
6-celled, loculicidal; the cells many-seeded. 

* * Involucre of 3 large and heart-shaped leaf -like bracts. 
15. GOSSYPIU.M. Styles united into one: stigmas 3 -5, as many as the cells of 
the pod. Seeds numerous, bearing cotton. 



MALLOW FAMILY. 71 

1. MAIjOPE. (Ancient Greek name for some kind of Mallow.) Herbs, 
resemblin<^ Mallows, from the Mediterranean region ; cult, as garden annuals : 
fl. summer. 

M. trifida, Three-lobed M. Smooth, with rounded leaves, the upper 
ones 3-lobed ; the handsome flowers 2' or more broad, rose-color, veined with 
purple or rose-red, also a white var. @ 

M. malacoides is rarer, hairy, low, with oblong-ovate toothed leaves, 
long peduncles, and rose-colored flowers. % 

2. KITAIBELIA. (Named for Paul Kitaibel, a botanist of Hungary, 
Avhere the plant grows wild.) Fl. summer. The only species is 

K. vitlfolia, Vine-leaved K. Cult, in gardens ; a rough-hairy herb, 
2° - 3° high, rather clammy at the summit, with acutely 5-lobed and toothed 
leaves, involucre longer than the true calyx, and dull white corolla 1^' bi'oad 
when expanded. 2/ 

3. ALTHiEA. (From Greek word meaning to cure, used in medicine as an 
emollieur. ) Tall herbs (the Sliruhhtj Althcca belongs not to this genus, but to 
Hibiscus), natives only of the Old World : fl. summer and autumn. 

A. officinalis, Marsh-Mallow. Rarely cult., but has run wild on the 
coast E. ; a rather coarse downy plant, with ovate, sometimes a little heart- 
shaped or 3-lobed leaves, and clusters of short-peduncled flowers in their axils ; 
corolla 1' broad, rose-color. The thick root is used for its mucilage, and for 
making Marsh-Mallow paste. 2/ 

A. rosea, Hollyhock. Cult, from Syria, with tall and simple hairy 
stem, rugose rounded and heart-shaped angled or 5 - 7-lobed leaves, and large 
flowers on very short peduncles, forming a long spike ; corolla of all shades of 
rose, purple, white, or yellow, single or double, 3' - 4' broad. (2) 

4. LAVATERA. (Named for the brothers Zamier, of Zurich.) A sort 
of Mallow, sometimes cult, in gardens, from Europe : fl. all summer. 

L. trimestris, Three-month L. or Flowering Mallow. Smooth or 
smoothish, l°-2° high ; lower leaves round-kidney-shaped, crenate, upper heart- 
shaped, uppermost 3-lobed ; flowers 2' - 3' bi'oad, rose-color, rarely white ; in 
fruit a broad disk-shaped or umbrella-like expansion of the top of the axis com- 
pletely covers the carpels. Q 

L. Thuringiaea. German L. Rather downy, smaller ; leaves mostly 
3-lobed; flowers long-peduncled, l^'-2' broad, rose-color; in fruit the axis pro- 
jects much beyond the ring of carpels as a pointed cone. 2/ 

L. arborea. Tree Mallow. Not quite hardy N., has a stout stem 2° -6° 
high, woody below, rounded .5-9-lobed rather downy leaves, pale purple flow- 
ers 1^' broad, on short pedicels, in a terminal raceme or narrow panicle; the 
axis of the fruit (like that of MalloAv) not projecting beyond the carpels. '}l 

6. MALVA, MALLOW. (Latin alteration of an old Greek word, mean- 
ing so/? or c??<o//?V»^. ) All from Europe or the Orient, but several have I'un 
wild in flelds and along roadsides : fl. all summer and autumn. 

* Flowers small, ivhite or whitish, not conspicuous nor handsome. 

M. rotundifblia. Common or Round-leaved M. Weed in cult, 
grounds ; with procumbent stems from a strong deep root, rounded kidney- 
shaped crenate leaves on very long petioles, rather slender peduncles, and fruit 
not wrinkled. OI) 11 

M. erispa, Curled M. In country gardens, rarely in waste ]dacos ; with 
erect stem (4^-6° high) leafy to the top, rounded .')- 7-lobed or angle;l leaves 
very much crisped round the margin, flowers clustered and almost sessile in the 
axils, and fruit slightly wrinkled, (j^ 

* * Flowers larger, more or less showi/, 1^' — 2' //? diameter : the p}irph\ rose-color, 
or sotnetimes white petals much ereeedinjn the C(di/x : stem enet. 

M. Mauritikna, sometimes called Trkk Mallow. Cult. ; S° - '>° higli, 
with rounded 5-lobed smooth or smoothish leaves, and clusters in their axils of 



72 MALLOW FAMILY. 

flowers 1^' in diameter, the petals pale rose-color or white, striped with dark 
purple or violet veins. ® 

M. Sylvestris, High M. Gardens and roadsides ; 2° - 3° high, branch- 
ing, with rather sharply 5 - 7-lobed leaves, and purple-rose-colored flowers rather 
smaller, than in the last ; fruit wrinkled-veiny, @ 2/ 

M. Alcea. Gardens ; 2° - 4° high, hairy, with stem-leaves parted almost 
to the base into 3-5 divisions which are again 3 - 5-cleft or cut-toothed ; and 
showy flowers in clusters or terminal racemes ; corolla deep rose-color, l^'-2' 
broad ; fruit smooth, minutely Avrinkled-veiny. y. 

M. moseliata, Musk M. Gardens, and escaped to roadsides, l°-2° 
high, rather haiiy, with the herbage faintly musk-scented, leaves about thrice 
parted or cut into slender linear lobes, and short-peduncled flowers somewhat 
clustered or racemed ; corolla l^-' broad, rose-color or white ; fruit downy. 

6. CALLIRRHOE. (A Greek mythological name, applied to N. American 
plants.) Species chiefly farther W. and S., becoming rather common in 
choice gardens. Flowers crimson, mauve, or red-purple, very showy, pro- 
duced all summer. 

* Root thick, o/ien turnip-shaped, farinaceous : stems roughish-hairy or smoothish. % 

C. triangulata. Dry prairies from Wisconsin S. ; stems erect, 2° high; 
leaves triangular, halberd-shaped, or the lowest heart-shaped, the upper cut- 
lobed or 3 - 5-cleft ; flowers somewhat panicled and short-peduncled ; involucre 
as long as the calyx ; corolla 1 ^' or less in diameter ; carpels of the fruit even 
on the back, tipped with a short point. 

C. involucrata. Wild from plains of Nebraska S., and cult, for orna- 
ment; stems spreading on the ground, l°-3° long; stipules conspicuous; 
leaves rounded, 5-parted or cleft and cut-lobed, shorter than the axillary pedun- 
cles ; involucre shorter than the calyx ; coi'olla 2' or moi*e broad ; carpels of 
the fruit reticulated, tip])ed with a flat and inconspicuous beak. 

C. Papaver. Wild in rich woodlands from Georgia to Texas, and spar- 
ingly cult. ; stems short, ascending, few-leaved ; leaves -3 - 5-parted with lance- 
linear divisions, or the lowest rather heart-shaped and cleft into oblong lobes ; 
axillary peduncles very (often 1°) long; involucre of 1-3 bracts or none; 
corolla 2' or more broad ; carpels of the fruit wrinkled or reticulated and with 
a stout incurved beak. 

C. digitata. Wild in prairies of Arkansas and Texas ; 1° high ; leaves 
mostly from the root, 5 - 7-parted into long linear sometimes 2 - 3-cleft divis- 
peduncles long and slender ; involucre none; corolla 1^' -2' broad, the 
fringe-toothed at the end ; fruit nearly as in the last. 

* * Boot slender or tapering : herbage smooth. ® (D 

C. pedata. Wild in E. Texas ; not rare cult. ; stem erect, l°-5° high, 
leafy ; leaves rounded, 3 - 7-lobed or parted and the wedge-shaped divisions cleft 
or cut ; peduncles slender, longer than the leaves ; involucre none ; corolla about 
1^' broad, the petals minutely eroded at the end ; carpels of the fniit smooth 
and even on the back, and with a stout conspicuous beak. 

7. NAPJEA, GLADE-MALLOW. (From Greek name for ^ We or ^^^/w^i^A 
of the groves.) Only one species, 

N. dioiea. In valleys, chiefly in limestone districts of Penn., Virginia, 
and W. A rather coarse, roughish herb; stem 4° -7° high; leaves 9 - IT- 
parted and their lobes cut and toothed, the lowest often 1° in diameter ; flowers 
small, in panicled corymbs, in summer. 

8. ANODA. (Origin of the name obscure.) Low herbs from Mexico, 
Texas, &c., sparingly cult, for ornament. Stems, &c. hirsute : peduncles 
long and slender, 1-flowered. Fruit in the form of a many-rayed star, sup- 
ported by the spreading 5-rayed calyx : when ripe the rim of eacli carj^el falls 
away with the seed it embraces, the sides or partitions disappearing. (T) 

A. hastata has mostly halberd-shaped leaves, and blue or violet corolla 
only 1° - 1^° in diameter ; lobes of the calyx ovate, scarcely pointed. 



MALLOW FAMILY. 73 

A. orist^ta has mostly triangular or obscurely halberd-shaped and toothed 
leaves, and purple or rose-colored corolla 2' in diameter; lobes of the calyx 
triangular, taper-pointed. 

0. SIDA. ( Ancient name, of obscure meaning. ) Mostly rather small-flow- 
ered or weedy herbs, with 5-12 styles and carpels : fl. summer and autumn. 

* Peduncles axillary, l-Jlowered : corolla yellow. 
S. spindsa. So named from the little pointed projection or tubercle at the 
base of the petiole, but which can hardly be called a spine ; stems much branched, 
10' -20' high; leaves lance-ovate, serrate, minutely soft-downy; peduncles very 
short ; flower vexy small ; pod ovate, of 5 carpels, each splitting at top into 2 
points. A common weed S. of New York, fi) 

S. rhombitolia. But the leaves are hardly rhombic, usually lance-oblong, 
short-petioled, serrate, pale and whitish downy beneath; stems lo-3° high, 
much branched; peduncles rather long; flower small; fruit of 10 or 12 one- 
pointed carpels. A weed only S. (T) 

S. EUiottii. Nearly smooth, l°-4° high; leaves linear or lanceolate, 
serrate, short-petioled; flower 1' broad, on a short peduncle; fruit of 10-12 
nearly blunt carpels. Woodlands S. 2/ 

* Peduncles bearing a corymb of several white flowers from the upper axils. 
S. Napsea. Smooth; stem simple, 4' -7' high; leaves rounded, 5-cleft, the 
lobes toothed and taper-pointed ; corolla about 1' broad ; styles and cells of the 
pod 10. Wild in S. Penn. and Virg. Cult, in old gardens. 2/ 

10. ABUTILOlVr, INDIAN MALLOW. (Origin of name obscure.) 
Resembles Sida, but cells more than one-seeded ; flowers usually larger. 

A. Avieennse, Velvet-Leaf. Cult, soil and old gardens, 3° -5° high; 
leaves roundish heart-shaped, taper-pointed, soft-velvety ; peduncles shorter than 
petiole, 1-3-flowered; corolla orange-yellow; fruit of 12-1.5 united hairy 
carpels with spreading beaks. Fl. autumn. (I) 

A. Striatum, Striped Abutilon. Cult, in greenhouses, &c. from Bra- 
zil ; a tall shrub, very smooth, with rounded heart-shaped 3-lobed leaves, the 
lobes very taper-pointed, and pretty large solitary flowers hanging on a very 
long and slender peduncle ; corolla not spreading open, orange-colored, with 
deeper or brownish veining or stripes. 

11. MODIOLA. (The shape of the depressed fruit likened to the Roman 
measure modiolus.) Procumbent or spreading, small-flowered, weedy plants. 
M. niultifida. Virginia and S., in low grounds ; leaA^es 3 - 7-cleft and 

cut, or the earlier ones rounded and undivided ; flowers red, ^' broad ; fruit 
hairy at the top. ® 2/ 

12. MALVAViSCUS. (Name composed of Malva, Mallow, and viscus, 
birdlime, from the glutinous pulp of the berry-like fruit.) Shrubby plants, 
with showy scarlet flowers, of peculiar appearance, the petals not expanding, 
but remaining convolute around the loAvcr part of the slender projecting and 
soon twisted column, held together as it were by a little side-lobe near the 
base of the inner edge. 

M. arbor eus, the common West India species, cult, in some hot-houses, 
has heart-shaped leaves longer than broad, and yellowish fruit. 

M. Drummondii, of Texas, if housed in Avinter floAvcrs all summer in 
open ground, is soft-downy, with more rounded and somewhat 3-lobed loaves, 
and scarlet fruit. 

13. KOSTELETZSKYA. (Namcdfor a Bohemian botanist, Kostektzshj.) 
Like Hibiscus, only the cells of ovary and fruit 1-sceded. Fl. summer. 

K. Vir^iniea, Virginian K. In and near salt marshes, from Ncav York 
and New Jersey S. : roughish-hairy, 2° -5° high ; leaves heart-sliaped or nu)stly 
3-lobed, often halberd-shaped ; flowers somewhat racemed or panielod, rose- 
purple, l'-2' broad. 2/ 



74 MALLOW FAMILY. 

14. HIBISCUS, ROSE-MALLOW. (Ancient name, of obscure origin.) 
Flowers showy, usually large, in summer and autumn, 

* Tall shrubs or even trees, exotics. 

H. Syriaeus, Tree H. or Shruhby Alth^a, of gardens and grounds, 
common, native of the Levant : nearly smooth, with wedge-ovate and 3-lobed 
leaves, and sliort-peduncled flowers in their axils, in autumn, about 3' broad, 
purple, rose-color, white, &c., often double. 

H. Rosa-SinensiS. China H. or Rose of China. Cult, in conserva- 
tories, from East Indies (where the splendid corollas, Avhich stain ]>lack, arc used 
to black shoes) : very smooth, Avith bright green ovate and pointed somewhat 
toothed leaves, and very shoAvy flowers on slender peduncles, 4' or 5' broad, 
6carlet-i-ed (rarely rose-purple or even white), often double. 

* * Herbs, with, persistent and regular ^-lobed calyx, and a short pod. 
•1- Wild species, but sometimes cultivated, tall and large. 2/ 

H. COCCineus, Great Red H. or Rose-Mallow. Marshes from Caro- 
lina S. ; very smooth, 4° - 7° high, with leaves 5-parted or deeply cleft into 
long lanceolate and taper-pointed divisions, and bright-red corolla 6'- 11' broad, 
the petals narrowed l)elow. 

H. militaris, Halberd-leaved R. Low grounds from Pennsylvania 
and Illinois 8. ; smooth, 3° - 4^ high, with ovate or heart-shaped toothed or 
3-lobed leaves, some of them halberd-sh.iped, and slender-peduncled flowers, 
with inflated calyx, and flesh-colored corolla 4' - 5' broad. 

H. MoscheiltOS, Swamp R. Common in brackish marshes and up the 
larger rivers ; 3° - 7° high, soft-downy ; the ovate pointed and often 3-lobed 
leaves hoary beneath, generally smooth above ; peduncles slender ; corolla 4' - 6' 
broad, pale rose or white, with or without a darker centre ; pod smooth. 

H. grandifibrus, Large-fl. R. Swamps, from Illinois and Carolina S. ; 
like the last, but leaves soft-downy both sides, and pod velvety-hairy. 

H. aeuleaCUS, Prickly or Rough R. Swamps only S. ; rough with 
stitf bristles and bristly points, 2° - 6° high ; leaves 3 - 5-cleft and the divisions 
mostly toothed ; flowers short-peduncled ; leaves of the involucre often forked ; 
corolla yellow with a purple centre, 4' broad ; pod bristly. 

•<- -t- Exotic low species, in gardens or cultivated grounds. ® 

H. Trionum, Bladder Ketmia or Flower-of-an-hour. Rather 
hairy, l°-2" high, with the leaves toothed, or the upper 3-parted into lanceolate 
lobes, the middle lobe much longest; calyx inflated and bladdery; corolla about 
2- broad, sulphur-yellow with a blackish eye, open only in midday sunshine, 

* * * Herbs, with calyx splitting down one side, and generally failing off at once, 
and with long or narrow pyramidal or angled pod: natives of' East Indies. 

H. eseulentUS, Okra or Gumbo. Nearly smooth, with rounded heart- 
shaped .'vlobetl toothed leaves, greenish-yellow flowers on slender peduncle (invo- 
lucre falling early), and narrow pods 3' or 4' long, Avhich are very mucilaginous, 
and Avhen green cooked and eaten, or used to thicken soups : cult. S. Qj 

H. ManihOt. Smoothish, with leaves 5 - 7-parted into long narrow divis- 
ions ; the large and showy corolla pale yellow with a dark eye ; the leaves of 
the involucre hairy and soon falling off": introduced or cult. S. W. '21 

15. GOSSYPIUM, COTTON. (Name given by Pliny, from the Arabic.) 
Plants now difl^used over warm countries, most valuable for the wool on the 
seeds : the species much mixed up. 

G. herbaGeum, Common Cotton. Cult. S. Leaves with .5 short and 
roundish lobes ; petals pale yellow or turning rose-color, purple at base. \\) 

G. Barbadense, Barbadoes or Sea-Islaxd C. Cult, on the coast S. 
Inclining to be shrubby at base ; branches black-dotted ; leaves with 5 longer 
lance-ovate and taper-pointed lobes ; leaves of the involucre with very long and 
slender teeth ; petals yellowish or whitish with purple base. 

G. arboreum, Tree C. Cult. S., only for curiosity, has 5-7 nearly 
lanceolate and taper-pointed lobes to the leaves, leaves of involucre slightly 
toothed, and a purple corolla with a darker centre. 



CAMELLIA OR TEA FAMILY. 75 

23. STERCULIACE^, STERCULTA FAMILY. 

Cliiefly a tropical family, to which belongs the Theobroma or 
Chocolati:-tree; in common cultivation known here only by a 
single species of 

1. MAIISKNIA. (Name an anas^ram of Hermannia, a genus very like 
it.) Calyx, corolla, &e. as in the Mallow Family; but the stamens only 5, 
one before each petal ; the filaments monadelphous only at the base and en- 
lari^ed about the middle, and the anthers with 2 parallel cells. The edg'cs of 
the base of the petals rolled inwards, making- a hollow claw. Ovary 5-celled, 
with several ovules in each cell : styles .5, united at the base. 

M. Vertieillata. Cult, from Cape of Good Hope, in conseiwatories pro- 
ducing a succession of honey-yellow sweet-scented small blossoms, on slender 
peduncles, all winter and spring ; a sort of woody perennial, with slender and 
spreading or hanging roughish branches and small green irregularly pinnatifid 
leaves ; the specific name given because the leaves seem tO be whorled ; but this 
is because the stipules, which are cut into several linear divisions, imitate leaves. 

24. TILIACE^, LINDEN FAMILY. 

Chiefly a tiopical family, represented here only by an herbaceous 
CouCHORUS on our southernmost borders, and by the genus of fine 
trees which gives the name. 

1. TILIA, LINDEN, LIME-TREE, BASSWOOD. (The old Latin 
name.) Sepals 5, valvate in the bud, as in the MalloAV Family, but decidu- 
ous. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous ; 
their filaments cohering in 5 clusters, sometimes with a petal-like body in each 
cluster; anthers 2-celled. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary, having 2 ovules in 
each cell, in fruit becoming a rather woody globular 1 - 2-seeded little nut. 
Style 1 : stigma 5-toothed. Embryo with a slender radicle and leaf-like lobed 
cotyledons folded up in the albumen. Trees with mucilaginous shoots, fibrous 
inner bark [hast], soft white wood, alternate roundish and serrate leaves more 
or less heart-shaped and commonly oblique at the base, deciduous stipules, 
and a cyme of small, dull cream-colored, honey-bearing flowers, borne in early 
summer on a nodding axillary peduncle which is united to a long and narrow 
leaf-like bract. 
* A petal-like scale before each petal, to the base of which the stamens are joined. 

T. Americana, American Linden or Common Basswood. A hand- 
some and large forest-tree, Avith leaves of rather firm texture and smooth or 
smoothish both sides, or in one variety thinner and more downy but not white 
beneath. 

T. heterophylla, White Linden. Along the Alleghany region from 
Penn. and Kentucky S. ; has larger leaves silvery white with a fine down under- 
neath. 

* * No scales with the stamens. Natives of Europe. 

T. Europsea, European L., embraces both the Small-leaved variety, 
which is commonly planted about cities, and the Large-leaved or Dutch L., 
with leaves as large and firm as those of our wild Basswood. 

25. CAMELLTACEiE, CAMELLIA or TEA FAMILY. 

Trees or sln-ubs, wiih alternate and simple feather-veine<l leaves, 
and no stipules ; the flowers lar^jc; and showy, mostly axillary, reg- 
ular, with both sepnls and petals imbric^^ted in the bud ; the very 
numerous stamens with filaments more or less united at the ba^^e 
with each other and with the base of the corolla: anthers 2-c('lled : 
ovary and thick or woody pod 5-celled, with one or more seeds in 



76 CAMELLIA OR TEA FAMILY. 

each cell. The petals themselves are commonly more or less 
united at their base ; they are 5 or sometimes 6 or even more in 
number in natural flowers, and in cultivated plants apt to be in- 
creased by doubling. 

« Exotics, from China, Japan, (f r. : some of the inner stamens entirely separate : 
conimonlij there is a gradation from bracts to sepals and petals. 

1. CAMELLIA. Numerous separate inner stamens within the ring or cup formed 

by the united bases of the very numerous outer stamens. Style 3 - o-cleft. 
Seeds large, usually single in each cell of the thick, and woody pod. Leaves 
evergreen, serrate. 

2. THEA. Separate interior stamens only as many as the petals (5 or 6): other- 

wise nearly like Camellia: flowers Jess showy; bracts under the calyx incon- 
spicuous. " 

* * Natives of Southeastern Slates : stamens all united at the base. 

3. GORDONIA. Stamens in 5 clusters, one attached to the base of each petal. 

Style columnar: stigma 5-rayed. Seeds several, more or less winged. Leaves 
coriaceous or thickish. 

4. STUARTl A. Stamens uniformly united by a short ring at the base of the fila- 

ments. Seeds 2 in each cell, wingless. Leaves thin and deciduous. 

1. CAMELLIA. (Named for G. Camellus or Kamel, a missionary to China 
in the 17th century.) 

C. Japoniea, Japan Camellia, with oval or oblong pointed and shining 
leaves, and terminal or nearly terminal flowers, simple or double, red, white, or 
variegated, of very many varieties, is the well-known and gnly common species ; 
fl. through the winter, hardy only S. 

2. THEA, TEA-PLANT. (The Chinese name.) Genus too slightly dif- 
ferent from CameUia. Shrubs, natives of China and Japan, sparingly cult 
for ornament. 

T. viridis, Greej? or Common T. Leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate, 
much longer than wide; the white flowers (1' or more broad) nodding on short 
stalks in th^ir axi's. 

T. Boh^a, BoHEA T. Leaves smaller and broader in proportion ; proba- 
bly a mere variety of the other, 

3. GORDONIA. (Named for Dr. Gordon and another Scotchman of the 
same nunc.) 

G. Lasianthus, Loblolly Bay. A handsome shrub or small tree, in 
swamps near the coast from Virginia S., with evergreen and smooth lance- 
oblong leaves tapering to the base and minutely serrate, and showy white flow- 
ers 2' -3' across, in spring and summer, on a slender peduncle;" the stamens 
short, on a .5-lobed cup. 

G. pubescens, also called Fkanklinia, after Dr. Franklin. Grows only 
in Georgia and Florida ; a tall, ornamental shrub or small tree, with thinner 
and deciduous leaves whitish downy beneath, as are the sepals and (wdiite) 
pe.a s, and longer style and fllameni;s, the latter in 5 distinct parcels one on the 
base of each petal. 

4. STUAHTIA. (Named for John Stum-t, the Lord Bute at the time of the 
American ReA'olution.) Ornamental shrubs, with thin leaves and handsome 
white flowers 2' or 3' across, in late spring or early summer, wdld in shady 
woods of Southern States. 

S. Virglnica, grows in the loAV country from.Virginia S. ; shrub 8° - 12° 
high, with linely serrate leaves soft-downy underneath, pure white petals, purple 
stamens, ono style, and a roundish pod. 

S. pentagyna, belongs to the mountains S. of Virginia, and in cult, is 
hardy N. ; has smoother leaves. and rather larger very handsome flowers, their 
petals jagged-edged and tinged with cream-color, the sepals often reddish out- 
side, 5 separate styles, and a 5-angled pointed pod. 



GERANIUM FAMILY. 77 

26. LINAGES, FLAX FAMILY. 

A small family, represented here only by the main genus, 

1. LINXJM, FLAX. (The classical Greek and Latin name.) Flowers (see 
Lessons, p. 89, fig-. 174, 175, and p. 93, fig. 191) usually opening- for only 
one day, and in sunshine, regular and symmetrical ; the persistent sepals, 
deciduous petals, slightly monadelphous stamens, and mostly the styles .5, but 
the latter are sometimes fewer, occasionally partly united : ovary and pod 
with as many 2-seeded cells as there are styles, or mostly twice as many and 
one-seeded, each cell being divided more or less by a false partition. Seeds 
with a mucilaginous coat and a large straight oily embryo. Leaves simple, 
nearly sessile, and entire. Fl. all summer. 

* Wi/d species, annuals or scarcely perennials, loith small y ell oio flowers. 

L. Virginianum, the commonest Wild Flax, in dry -woods, 2° high, 
with spreading or recurving terete branches at the summit of the stem ; the 
leaves oblong or lanceolate, only the lower spatulate and opposite ; flowers 
scattered ; styles separate ; pod little larger than a pin's head. 

L. striatum, also common, mostly in boggy grounds, like the first ; but 
has the branches shorter, scattered along the stem, and sharply 4-angled with 
intermediate grooves (whence the name) ; most of the stem-leaves oi)posite and 
oblong ; flowers more crowded. 

L. sulcatum, much less common, in dry soil, also has grooved (upright) 
branches, but the leaves are linear and scattered ; flowers and pods twice as 
large ; sepals sharp-pointed, 3-nerved and with rough glandular margins ; styles 
united half-way up. 

* * Cuitivated, hardy, herbaceous, with .5 styles and largish handsome flowers. 

L. USitatissimum, Common Flax. Cult, from Old World, and inclined 
to run Avild in fields ; with narrow lanceolate leaves, corymbose rich blue flow- 
ers, and pointed sepals. (T) 

L. perenne, Perennial Flax. Cult, from Eu. in some varieties, for 
ornament, wild beyond the Mississippi ; less tall than the foregoing, narrower- 
leaved ; sepals blunt ; petals sky-blue, sometimes pale, at least towards the 
base. 2/ 

L. grandifl6rum, Large-fl. Red Flax. Cult, as an annual, from 
North Africa ; 1° high, with linear or lanceolate leaves, and showy crimson-red 
flowers. (T) '21 

* -* * Cultivated in conservatories, shrubby, with 3 styles and large flowers. 

L. trigynum, of India, has rather large elliptical leaves, and a succession 
of large and shoAvy bright-yellow flowers. 

27. GERANIACE.^, GERANIUM FAMILY. 

As now received a large and multifarious order, not to be char- 
acterized as a whole in any short and ta^y way, including as it does 
Geraniums, Nasturtiums, Wood-Sorrels, Balsams, &c., which have 
to be separately described. 

§1. Flowers regular and symmetrical: sepals persistent. Herbs. 

1. OXALIS. Sepals and petals 5, the former imbricaf"ed, the latter convolute in 

the bud. Stamens 10, monadelphous at b:ipe, the niternate ones shorter. 
Styles 5, peparnte on a 5-celled ovary, wliich hocomes a nionibran:iceous 
sevenil-seeded pod. Juice sour and watery. Lenvos commonly of tlu'ce 
obcordnte or two-lobed leaflets, which droop at nightfall. Flowers usuidly 
open only in simshine. 

2. LIMNAN THKS. Sepals and petals 5, the former vnlvnte, the l;itter convolute 

in the bud. Glands on the receptacle 5. St.-imens 10, separati^ at the base. 
Style 1, live-lobed at the apex, rising from the centre of a th^eply f.vo-li bed 
ovary, which in fruit becomes 5 sepanite tluckisli and wrinkiod akoncs. 
Leaves pinnate ; the leaflets cut or cleft. 



78 GERANIUM FAMILY. 

3. FLCERKEA. Sepnls, small petals, stigmas, and lobes of the ovary 3 ; and 

stamens 6 : otherwise like Limiiuiithes. 

4. GKWANIU.M. Sepals and petals 5, the former imbricated, the latter commonly 

coiivohue in the bud. Glands on the receptacle 5, alternate with the petals. 
Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base, the alternate filamenrs shorter, but 
usually bearni>r an hers. Style 5-clefr. Ovary 5-celled, o-lobed, the lobes 
sepaiating when lipe into 5 two-ovuled but one-seeded carpels or little pods, 
Avhich remiun hanging by their long naked recurving styles as these split off, 
from below upwads, from a long central beak or axis. (Lessons, p. 125, 
fiif. 277, 278.) Leaves with stipules Herbage scented. 

5. ERODiUM. Stamens with anthers only 5. Styles when they split off from 

tlie beak bearded inside, often twisting spirally': otherwise as" Geranium. 

§ 2. Flotoers someichat irregular^ Geranium-like. Shrubby or fieshy-slemmed. 

6. PELARGONIUM. Sepals and petals 5 ; tlie base of one sepal extends down- 

ward on one side the pedicel forming a narrow tube or adherent spur, and 
the two petals on that side of the flower differ from the rest more or le>s in 
size or shape. Stamens with anthers fewer than lU, commonly 7. Pistil, &c. 
as in Geranium. Herbage scented. Leaves wi:h stipules. 

§ 3. Flowers very irregular^ spurred^ also unsymmetrical. Tender herbs. 

7. TKOP.EOLU.M. Sepals 5, united at the base, and in the upper side of the 

flower extended into a long descending spur. Petals 5, or sometimes fewer, 
usuady with claws : the two upper more or less different from the others 
and iiiserted at the mouth of the spur. Stamens 8, imequil or dissimilar ; 
filaments u-ually tui-ned downwards and curving. Ovary of 3 lobes sur- 
rounding the ba'se of a single style, in fruit becoming 3 thick and fleshy 
closed separate carpels, each containinij a single large seed. Herbs, climbing 
by their long leafstalks ; the watery juice with the pungent odor and taste 
of Cress. Leaves alternate : stipules none or raiimte. Peduncles axillary, 
one-flowered. 

8. DIPATIENS. Sepals and petals similarly colored, the parts belonging to each 

not readily distinguished. There are 3 small outer pieces, plainly sepals, on 
oiie side of the flower : rhen, on the other side, a large hanging sac contracted 
at the bottom into a spur or little tail; within are two small unequally 2-lobed 
petals, one each side of the sac. Stamens 5, short, conniving or lightly 
cohering around and covering tiie 5-celled ovary, wliich i?i fruit becomes a 
several-seeded pod : this bursts ehistically. flying in pieces at the touch, 
scattering the seeds, separating into 5 twisting valves and a thickish axis. 
Style none. Seeds rather large. Erect, branching, succulent-stemmed herbs, 
with simple leaves and no stipules. 

1. OXALIS, WOOD-SORREL. (Name from Greek Avords meaning sour- 
salt, from the oxalates or " salt-of-sorrel " contained in the juice.) 

* Native species, Jioioering through the summer : leaflets broadlg ohcordate. 

O. Stricta, Yellow W. Extremely common in w^aste or cultivated soil 
and open woodlands ; stems 3'- 12' high, leafy ; slender peduncles bearing an 
umbel of 2 - 6 small yellow flowers, followed by slender pods. ® 2/ 

O. Acetoseiia, True W. Common in mossy w^oods N. ; the leafstalks 
and 1-flowered scapes 2' -4' high from a creeping scaly-toothed rootstock ; 
flower rather large, Avhite with delicate reddish veins. 2/ 

O. violasea, Violet W. Common S., rarer N., in rocky or sandy soil ; 
leafstalks and slender scape from a scaly bulb, the flowers several in an umbel, 
middle-sized, violet. 2/ 

* * Cultivated in conservatories, from Cape of Good Hope. 

O, Bowiei, a stemless species, Avith a small bulb on a spindle-shaped root; 
leafstalks and fcAv-floAvered scapes 6'- 10' high; broad obcordate leaflets almost 
2' long ; petals deep rose-color, 1' long. 

O. speeiosa is more hairy ; leaflets obovate and scarcely notched, com- 
monly crimson underneath, only I'long; scapes short, l-floA\^ered ; petals 1^' 
long, pink-red Avith a yelloAvish base. 

O. flava, from a strong bulb sends up to the surface a short scaly stem, 
bearing thick flattish leafstalks and short 1-floAvered scapes ; the leaflets 6-10 
and linear ; petals nearly 1' long, yelloAV, often edged with reddish. 



GERANIUM fa:mily. 79 

O. versicolor, the commoner and prettiest species, from small hnlhs sends 
tip slender stems, 2' - 3' lii.uh, bearing- at summit leaves of 3 almost linear loaf- 
lets notclied at the end, and slender 1 -flowered peduncles ; petals I' lon;j:, ■wliite 
or tinued with rose, with- bright pink-red margins underneath, so tliat the blos- 
som is red when rolled up in the bud or closed in shade, but wliitc above when 
it opens in sunshine. 

* * *- Cultivated from South America for the edible tubers. 

O. crenata, the Oca of Peru, rather common in France, bears abundance 
of potato-like tubers as large as pullet's-eggs ; stem leafy, 2° high ; leaflets 
obcordate ; peduncles several-flowered ; petals yellow, rather large, crenate or 
several-notched at the end. 

2. LIMNANTHES. (Name from Greek words for marsh flower: but in 
fact the plant flourishes in merely moist soil.) 

L. Douglasii. Cult, for ornament from California ; a low and spreading, 
mostly smooth, and slightly succulent garden annual, with leaves of 5-7 oblong 
or lanceolate and often 3 - .'i-cleft leaflets, and rather neat flowers (in summer), 
solitary on slender axillary peduncles ; the petals Avhite with a yellow base, 
wedge-oblong, notched at the end, twice the length of the calyx, about ^' long. 

3. FLCERKEA, FALSE MERMAID. (Named for Flcerke, a German 
botanist.) ® 

F. proserpinacoides, in marshes and wet alluvial soil ; a small and in- 
significant plant, with the 3-5 leaflets lanceolate and entire, or rarely 2-3- 
cleft ; the axillary andpeduncled flower inconspicuous (in spring and summer), 
the oblong petals shorter than the calyx and entire. 

4. GERAWIITM, CRANE SBILL. (From old Greek name for the Crane, 
alluding probably to the long beak in fruit.) The following are wild species 
of the country : the so-called Geraniums of cultivation belong to Pelargonium. 
Sepals usually slender-pointed. Fl. spring and summer. 

G. maculatum, Wild or Spotted Cranesbill. Common in wood- 
lands and open grounds ; stem erect from a stout root or rootstock, about 2° 
high, hairy, branching and terminating in long peduncles bearing a pair of 
flowers ; leaves palmately parted into 5-7 wedge-shaped divisions cut and cleft 
at the end, sometimes whitish-blotched ; petals wedge-obovate, light purple, 
^' long, bearded on the short claw. 2/ 

G. Carolinianum, Carolina C. In open and mostly barren soil ; 
stems erect or soon diffusely branched from the base, only 6'- 18' high ; leaves 
palmately parted into 5 much cleft and cut divisions ; peduncles and pedicels 
short ; flowers barely half as large as in the foregoing, the pale rose-colored pet- 
als notched at the end. (T) @ 

G. Robertianum, Herb Robert. Common N. in shady rocky places ; 
very strong-scented, loosely hairy, difl^usely spreading ; leaves finely cut, being 
divided into 3 twice-pinnatifid divisions ; flowers small ; petals pink or red 
purple. (D 

5. ERODIUM, STORKSBILL. (From Greek name for a Heron.) 

E. eieutarium, Common S. Nat. from En., in sterile soil, but not com- 
mon, except in Texas and California, where it greatly abounds ; low, hairy and 
rather viscid ; the leaves mostly from the root, pinnate, and the leaflets finely 
once or twice pinnatifid ; peduncle bearing an umbel of several small })inkish 
flowers, in summer. (T) @ 

6. PELARGONIUM, the GERANIUM, so-called, of house and sum- 
mer-garden culture. (Name from Greek wonl for the Stork, from the beak of 
the fruit, which is like that of Geranium.) All are ])erennials, and most of the 
common ones more or less shrubby, natives of the Cajie of (lood ITojie ; in 
cultivation so mixed up by crossing tliat students will hardly be able to make 
out the species. The following arc the types or originals of the commonest 
sorts. 



80 GERANIUM FAMILY. 

§ 1 . Leaves peltate and fleshy, the 5 lobes entire : stems trailing. 
P. peltatum, Ivy-leaved P. Generally smooth, the leaf fixed towards 
the middle, with or without a darkish zone ; flowers pink or varying to white. 

§ 2. Leaves round and crenate, very obscurely many-lobed and with a deep narrow 
sinus: petals all of one color [scarlet, pink, or varying to white), the tivo 
tipper a little narrower than the others : stems erect, shrubby and succulent. 
The two species greatly mixed. 

P. ZOnale, Horse-shoe P. So called from the dark horse-shoe mark or 
zone, which however is not always present ; smoothish ; petals narrowish. 

P. inquinans, Staining or Scaklet P. In the unmixed state is soft- 
downy and clammy, the leaves without the zone ; petals broadly obovate, origi- 
nally intense scarlet. 

§ 3. Leaves rounded, moderately if at all lobed : branches scarcely succulent: pet- 
als never scarlet, the two upper more or less larger than the three lower. 

* Leaves sweet-scented, velvety or sqfl-downy : flowers small : stems or branches 

herbaceous or half herbaceous, spreading or straggling. 

P. capitatum, Rose-scented P. Softly hairy, with the rose-scented 
leaves moderately lobed, the lobes short and broad ; peduncle bearing many 
sessile flowers in a head ; petals rose-purple, barely ^' long. 

P. tomentosum, Peppermint P. Densely soft-hairy ; branches long 
and thickish ; leaves rather large, round-heart-shaped and with 5-7 open lobes, 
velvety-hairy both sides ; flowers on long pedicels in panicled umbels, insignifi- 
cant ; petals white, the 3 lower a little longer than the calyx. 

P. odoratissimuni, Xut:\ieg-scented P. Branches slender and strag- 
gling, from a very short scaly stem or base ; leaves I'ounded and crenate, soft- 
velvety, small ; flowers on short pedicels, very small ; petals white, scarcely- 
exceeding the calyx. 

* * Leaves not sweet-scent-2d : flowers large, pinJc, purple, white, ^■'C, the two 

upper petals longer and broader than the three lower and streaked or spotted: 
shrubby and erect. {All much mixed.) 

P. CUCuliatum, Cowled P. Soft-hairy, the rounded kidney-shaped leaves 
cupped, soft-downy. 

P. corda^um, Heart-leaved P. Like the last or less hairy, Avith flat 
ovate-heart-shaped leaves, 

P. angulosum, Maple-leaved P. Harsher-hairy; the leaves rigid, in- 
clined to be lobed, truncate or even wedge-shaped at the base (scarcely ever 
heart-shaped), sharply toothed. 

§ 4. Leaves decidedly lobed or cut, in some species compound or decompound, 
* Smooth and pale or glaucous, rounded, palmatety 5 - 1-clefl. 

P. grandifloruin, Great-flowered P. Shrubby ; peduncles bearing 
about 3 large flowers, Avith white petals 1^' long, the two' upper larger and ele- 
gantly veined or variegated Avith pink or rose-color. 

* * Silhj-hoary, pinnatehj veined and somewhat pinnatifid. 

P. tricolor, Three-colored P. Low, rather shrubby ; the long-petioled 
small leaves lanco-ob'.ong ; peduncles bearing 2 or 3 showy floAvers ; the three 
loAA-er petals AA'hitc, the two upper crimson, Avith a dark spot at their base, and 
rather smaller, ^' long : not common. 

* * * Soft-hoary or velvety, palmatety Z-paHed, small: no obvious stipules. 
P. exstipulatum, Penny-Poyal P. Loav, rather shrubby ; leaves with 
the SAA'oet scsnt of Penny-Royal or Bergamot, ^' AA'ide, the lobes AA^edge-shaped 
and cut-toothod ; floAvers small and insigniflcant, AA'hite. 

* * * * Hairy, roughish, or downy : leaves more or less pinnatifid or pinnately 

compound or the mairi lobes or divisions pinnatifid, balsamic or strong- 
scented : stipules present. 
P. quereifoliurQ, Oak-leaa'ed P. Shrubby, hairy and glandular; 
leaves deeply siuuate-pinnatifid, Avith AA-aA-y-toothed blunt lobes (the loAvest 



RUE FAMILY. 81 

ones largest, making a triangular-heart-shaped outline), often dark-colored 
along the middle, unpleasantly scented ; petals purple or pink, the two upper 
(1' long) much longest. 

P. graveolens, Heavy-scented P. Shrubby and hairy like the last ; 
leaves palmately 5 - 7-lobed or parted and the oblong lobes sinuate-pinnatifid ; 
petals shorter. 

P. Radula, Rough P. Shrubby, rough and hairy above with short bris- 
tles ; the balsamic or mint-scented leaves palmately parted and the divisions 
pinnately parted or again cut into narrow linear lobes, with revolutc margins ; 
peduncles short, bearing few small flowers ; petals rose-color striped or veined 
with pink or purple. 

P. fulgidum, Brilliant P. Shrubby and succulent-stemmed, downy ; 
leaves mostly 3-parted, with the lateral divisions wedge-shaped and 3-lobed, the 
middle one oblong and cut-pinnatifid ; calyx broad in the throat ; petals 
obovate, scarlet, often Avith dark lines, ^' long. 

P. triste, Sad or Night-scented P. Stem succulent and very short 
from a tuberous rootstock, or none ; leaves pinnately decompound, hairy ; pet- 
als dull brownish-yellow with darker spots, sweet-scented at night. 

7. TROPiEOLUM, NASTURTIUM or INDIAN CRESS. (Name 
from a Greek word for a trophy, the foliage of the common sort likened to a 
group of shields.) Cult, from South America, chiefly Peru, for ornament, 
and the pickled fruits used as a substitute for capers, having a similar flavor 
and pungency : fl. all summer, showy, 

T. majus, Common N. Climbing high, also low and scarcely climbing ; 
leaves roundish and about 6-angled, peltate towards the middle ; petals much 
longer than calyx, varying from orange to scarlet and crimson, pointless, entire 
or a little jagged at the end, and the 3 lower and longer-clawed ones fringed at 
the base : also a full double variety. {T) 

T. rainus, Smaller N. Smaller ; petals paler yellow and with a pointed 
tip. Now less common than the preceding, but mixed with it. ® 

T. tuberosum, Tuberous N. Less common ; leaves Avith 5 rather 
deep lobes ; petals entire, orange, scarcely longer than the heavy-spurred orange- 
red calyx ; tubers edible. 2/ 

T. peregrinum, Canary-bird Flower. Climbing high ; leaves deeply 
5 - 7-lobed and cut ; spur hooked or curved ; petals light yellow, the 2 upper 
lobed, the 3 lower small and fringed. ® 

8. IMPATIENS, TOUCH-ME-NOT, JEWEL -WEED, BALSAM. 

(Name from the sudden bursting of the pod when touched.) Ours are all 

tender and succulent-stemmed annuals : fl. all summer. 

I. paUida, Pale T. Wet ground and moist shady places, commonest N., 
l°-4° high, branched; leaves alternate, oval; floAvers panicled, pale yelloAf 
dotted with broAvnish-red (rarely spotless), the sac broader than long and tipped 
with a short incurved spur. 

I. flllva, Spotted T. Commoner S. ; has smaller orange-colored floAvers 
spotted Avith reddish-broAvn, sac longer than broad and tapering into an inflexed 
spur (spots and spur rarely Avanting). 

I. Balsaraina, Garden Balsam-, from India. Low, Avith croAvdcd lan- 
ceolate leaves, the lower opposite, a cluster of lax-ge and shoAvy short-spurred 
floAvcrs in their axils, on short stalks, of very various shades (from Avhitc to red 
and purple) ; the finer sorts full double. 

28. RUTACEiS, RUE FAMILY. 

Known by the transparent dots or glands (resembling punctures) 
in the simple or compound leaves, containing a pungent or acrid 
bitter-aromatic volatile oil ; and stamens only as many or twice as 
many (or in Orange and Lemon more numerous), in-^^erted on the 
base of a receptacle (or a glandular disk surrounding it) which 



82 KUE FAMILY. 

sometimes elevates more or less the single compound pistil or the 
2-5 more or less separate carpels. Leaves either opposite or alter- 
nate, in ours mostly alternate, without stipules. Flowers only in 
No. 2 irregular. Many species are medicinal. 

§ 1. Perennial^ strong -scented, hardy {exotic) herbs: flowers perfect : stamens 8 or 
10: uoary A.-b-lubed, i-b-ctlltd: seed^ stveral. 

1. RUT A. Sepnls and petals 4 or 5, short, the latter roundish and arching. Sta- 

mens twice as many as the petals. Style 1. Tod globular and many-seeded. 
Leaves decompound, 

2. DlCrAMNUS. Sepals and petals 5; the latter long and lanceolate, on short 

chiws, the lower one declining, the others ascending. Stamens lU; the long 
fihiinents declining and curved, partly glandular. Styles 5, nearly separate. 
Ovary a little elevated, deeply 5-loL)ed, in iVuit becoming 5 flattened rough- 
glandular 2 - 3-seeded pods, each splitting when ripe into 2 valves, which 
divide into an outer and an inner layer. Leaves pinnate. 

§ 2. Shrubs or trees, hnrdy, with polygamous, dioscious, or sometimes perfect, small 
(greenish or ichitish) Jiuwers : stamens ^ or b, as many as the pttab : seeds 
single or in pairs. 

* Indigenous : leaves jnnnate or of 3 leaflets, deciduous. 

3. ZANTHOXYLUM. Flowers dioecious. Pistils 2 -5 ; their styles slightly co- 

hering j the ovaries separate, ripening into rather fleshy at length dry and 
2-valved little pods. Seed black, smooth and shining. Prickly trees or 
shrubs: leaves pinnate. 

4. PTKLKA. Flowers polygamous. Pistil a 2-celled ovary tipped with a short 

stvle, forming a 2-celled 2-seedeJ and rounded wing-frui't or samara, in shape 
like that of the Elm. Not prickly: leaflets 3. 

* * Exotic : leaves simple and entire, evergreen. 

6. SKDIMIA. Flowers polj-gamous or perfect. Ovary 2 - 5-celled, with a single 

ovule from the top of each cell, in fruit becoming a red berry or drupe. 

(j 3. Shrubs or trees, exotic, not hardy, with sweet-scented foliage and perfect flowers^ 
having numerous (20 - 60) stamens. 

6. CITRUS. Petals 4-8, usually 5. thickish. Filaments irregularly united more 
or less. Ovary many-celled, encircled at the base by a conspicuous disk (see 
Lessons, p. lJ.b, fig. 281), in fruit becoming a thick-rinded many-seeded large 
berry. Branches usually spiny. Leaves evergreen, apparently simple, but 
with a joint between tne blade and the (commonly winged or margined) 
petiole, showing that the leaf is a compound one reduced to the end-leaflet. 

1. RUTA, RUE. (The ancient name.) Natives of the Old World. '2Ji 
R. graveolens, Common Rue. Cult, in country gardens ; a bushy herb, 

woody or almost shrubby at the base, with bluish-green and strongly dotted 
oblong or obovate small leaflets, the terminal one broader and notched at the 
end, and corymbs of greenish-yellow flowers, produced all summer ; the earliest 
blossom has the parts in fives, the rest in fours. Plant very acrid, sometimes 
even blistering the skin. 

2. DICTAMNUS, FRAXINELLA. (Ancient Greek name.) Native of 
Southern Europe. J/ 

D. Fraxinella. Cult, for ornament ; herb with an almost woody base, 
viscid-glandular, and with a strong aromatic scent ; the leaves likened to those 
of Ash on a smaller scale (whence the common name) of 9-13 ovate and ser- 
rate leaflets ; the large flowers in a terminal raceme, in summer, in one variety 
pale purple with redder veins, another white. 

3. ZANTHOXYLUM, PRICKLY ASH. (Name composed of two 
Greek words, meaning yellow wood. ) Bark, leaves, and little fleshy pods very 
pungent and aromatic. 

Z. Americanum, Northern P. or Topthache-tree. Rocky woods 
and banks N. ; a prickly shrub or small tree, Avith leaves downy when young, 
of 9-11 ovate or oblong leafliets ; the greenish flowers in axillary clusters, in 



QUASSIA FAMILY. 83 

spring, preceding the leaves, either the sepals or petals wanting ; pistils 3-5 
with slender styles ; the little pods about the size and shape of pepper-corns, 
lemon-scented, raised from the receptacle on thickish stalks, 

Z. Carolinianum, Southern P. Sandy coast S. ; a small tree, the 
bark armed with warty and the leafstalks with very slender prickles, smooth, 
with 7-9 ovate or lance-ovate leaflets, and whitish flowers in a terminal cyme^ 
in early summer, later than the leaves, with the petals and sepals both present, 
3 or 2 short-styled pistils, and pods not stalked. 

4. PTELEA, HOP-TREE. (The ancient Greek name for the Elm, from 
the resemblance in the winged fruit.) 

P. trifoliata, Three-leaved H. Rocky woods from Penn. S. & W, ; 
a tall shrub or small tree, with ovate pointed leaflets, and a terminal cyme of 
small greenish-white unpleasantly scented flowers, in early summer ; the orbic- 
ular winged fruit bitter, used as a substitute for hops. 

5. SKIMMIA. {Skimmi is the name in Japan, from which country the 
common species was recently introduced into ornamental cultivation.) 

S. Japonica, a low quite hardy shrub, smooth, with oblong and entire 
bright-green evergreen leaves crowded on the end of the bi'anches, which in 
spring are terminated with close panicle or cluster of small and white sweet- 
scented flowei's, of no beauty, but followed by bright red berries which last over 
winter. 

.6. CITRUS, CITRON, ORANGE, &c. (Ancient name for C7f7-on.) Na- 
tives of India, &c., cultivated with us only for ornament. Flowers white, 
very sweet-scented, rather showy. The species or varieties are much con- 
fused or mixed. 

C. vulgaris, Bitter Orange, with broadly winged petiole ; fruit with a 
thin roughish rind and acrid bitter pulp. 

C. Aurantium, Sweet Orange, v/ith a very narrow wing or slight 
margin to the petiole ; fruit globose, with a smooth and thin separable rind 
and a sweet pulp. 

Var. myrtifblia. Myrtle-leaved or Chinese Orange, dwarf, with 
small leaves (!'- 1^' long) and small fruit, depressed or sunken at the apex. 

C. Limoniuni, Lemon, with a narrow wing or margin to the petiole, 
oblong and acute toothed leaves, petals commonly purplish outside, and fruit 
ovoid-oblong, with adherent rind and a very acid pulp. 

C. Limetta, Lime, with Avingless petiole, roundish or oval serrate leaves, 
and globular fruit with a firm rind and sweetish pulp. 

C. Medica, Citron (named from the country, Media), with wingless 
petiole, oblong or oval acute leaves, petals purplish outside, and a large oblong 
sweet-scented fruit Avith a very thick roughish adherent rind, and slightly acid 
pulp. 

29. SIMARUBACE.^, QUASSIA FAMILY. 

May be regarded as Rutacese without transparent dots in the 
leaves ; here represented by a single tree, the 

1. AILANTHUS, CHINESE SUMACH or TREE-OF-HEAVEN. 

(Ailanfo, a native name.) Flowers polygamous, small, greenish, in terminal 
branched panicles, with 5 short sepals and 5 petals, 10 stamens in the storile 
flowers and few or none in the fertile ; the latter Avith 2 to 5 ovaries (their 
styles lateral, united or soon separate), which in fruit become linear-oblong 
thin and membranaceous veiny samaras or keys, like those of Ash on a 
smaller scale, but 1-seeded in the middle. 

A. glandulbsus, the only species known here, from China, is a common 
shade-tree, tall, of rapid groAvth, with hard wood, very loni; pinnate leaves, and 
many obliquely lanceolate entire or sparingly sinuate leaflets ; flowers in eiu'lj 
summer, the staminate very ill-scented. 



84 CASHEW FAMILY. 

30. MELIACE^, MELIA FAMILY. 

Trees, chiefly with pinnately compound dotless leaves, stamens 
twice as many as the petals and united up to or beyond the anthers 
into a tube, and a several-celled ovary with a single style ; almost 
all tropical, — represented in Florida and farther south by Swiete- 
NiA Mahogaxi, the ]^Iahog ant-tree, and by an exotic shade- 
tree at the South, viz. 

1. MELIA. (Old Greek name of the Ash, transferred to a widely different 
tree.) Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Petals 5 or 6, linear-spatulate. Filaments united 
into a cylindrical tube with a 10- 12-cleft mouth, enclosing as many anthers. 
Fruit a globose berry-like drupe, with a bony 5-celled stone, and a single seed 
in each cell. Elowers in large compound panicles. 

M. Azedarach, PRiDE-or-IyDiA or Chi>-a-tree. A favorite shade- 
tree at the S., .30° -40° high, with tn-ice pinnate smooth leaves, ovate and 
pointed toothed leaflets, of a deep green color, and numerous fragrant hlac-col- 
ored flowers, in spring, succeeded by the yellowish fruits. 

31. ANACARDIACE^, CASHEW FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs, with resinous or acid, sometimes poisonous, often 
colored or milky juice ; alternate leaves without stipules ; small 
flowers with sepals, petals, and stamens 5 ; and a 1-celled 1-ovuled 
ovary bearing 3 styles or stigmas, — represented by the genus 

1. RHUS, SUMACH. (Ancient name.) Flowers polygamous or dioe- 
cious, sometimes perfect, whitish or greenish, in terminal or axillary panicles. 
Stamens inserted under the edge or betv\-een the lobes of a flattened disk in 
the bottom of the calyx. Fruit a small dry or berry-like drupe, the solitary 
seed on a curved stalk rising from the bottom of the cell. (The astringent 
leaves of some species are used for dyeing and tanning, those of R. coria- 
EiA in S. Europe for morocco leather. The juice of some Japanese species 
yield their famous lacquer ; the fruit of another a sort of wax. ) 

§ 1. Cultivated from. Europe, with simple entire leaves : not poisonous. 

R. Cotinus, Smoke-tree or Venetian Sumach. Shrub 5° - 9° high, 
gmooth, with obovate leaves on slender petioles, loose panicles of flowers in early 
gummer, followed rai'ely by little half-heart-shaped fruits : usually most of the 
flowers are abortive, while their pedicels lengthen, branch, and bear long plumy 
hairs, making large and light, feathery or cloud-like bunches, either greenish or 
tinged with red, which are very ornamental. The same or one very like it is 
wild in Alabama. 

§ 2. Native species, vAth compound leaves of 3-31 leaflets. 
* Poisonous to the touch for most people, the juice resinous : flowers in slender axil- 
lary panicles, in summer : fruit smooth, white or dun-color. 

R. Toxicodendron, Poison Ivy or Poison Oak. Common in low 
grounds, climbing by rootlets over rocks, &c., or ascending trees ; leaflets 3, 
rhombic-ovate, often sinuate or cut-lobed, rather downy beneath. A vile pest. 

R. venenata, Poison Sumach, P. Elder, or P. Dogwood. In swampy 
ground; shrub 6° -18° high, smooth, with pinnate leaves of 7-13 obovate 
entire leaflets, and very slender panicles. More virulent than the foregoing. 
* * Not poisonous : fruit red and beset with reddish hairs, very acid. 

-*- Leaves pinnate : flowers whitish, in large and very compact terminal panicles, 
in early summer, succeeded by a compact mass of crimson fruit. 

R. typhina, Staghorn Sumach. Shrub or tree, on hillsides, &c., 10°- 
30° high, with resinous-milky juice, brownish-yellow wood, velvety-hairy 



VINE FAMILY. 85 

branches and stalks, and large leaves of 11 -31 lance-oblong pointed and serrate 
leaflets. Worthy to be planted for ornament. 

R. glabra, Smooth S. Shrub 20-12° high, in rocky places, like the 
last, but smooth, the leaflets whitened beneath. — Var. laciniata, in Penn., 
has the leaflets cut into narrow irregular lobes : planted for ornament. 

R. eopallina, Dwarf S. Shrub 10t-5° high, in rocky or sandy ground, 
spreading by subterranean shoots; with downy stalks or branches, petioles 
winged or broadly margined between the 9-21 oblong or lance-ovate oblique 
leaflets, which are thickish and shining above ; juice resinous. 

t- -»- Leaves of 3 cut-lobed leaflets: flowers light yellow, in spring before the leaves 
appear, dioecious, in small scaiy-hracted and catkin-like spikes. 

R. aromatica, Fragrant S. A straggling bush in rocky places, from 
Vermont W. & S., with the small rhombic-ovate leaflets pubescent when young, 
aromatic-scented. 

32. VITACEiE, VINE FAMILY. 

Woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with watery and often acid 
juice, alternate leaves, deciduous stipules, and small greenish flow- 
ers in a cyme or thyrsus ; with a minutely 4 - 5-toothed or almost 
obsolete calyx ; petals valvate in the bud and very deciduous ; the 
stamens as many as the petals and opposite them ; a 2-celled ovary 
with a pair of ovules rising from the base of each cell, becoming 
a berry containing 1-4 bony seeds. Tendrils and flower-clusters 
opposite the leaves. 

1. VITIS. Calyx verj'- short, a fleshy disk connecting it with the base of the 

ovary and bearing the petals and stamens. 

2. AMPELOPSIS Calyx minutely 5-toothed; no disk. Petals expanding 

before they fall. Leaflets 5. 

1. VITIS, GRAPE-VINE. ( The classical Latin name. ) Fl. in late spring. 

§ 1. True Grapes. Petals and stamens 5, the farmer lightly cohering at the 
top and thrown off' without expanding : the base of the very short and trun- 
cate calyx filed with the disk, which rises into 5 thick lobes or glands between^ 
the stamens : leaves simple, rounded and heart-shaped, usually 3 - b-lobed. 
* Flowers all perfect, somewhat fragrant : exotic. 

V. vinifera, European Grape. Cult, from immemorial time, from the 
East, furnishing the principal grapes of our greenhouses, &c. ; some varieties 
nearly hardy N. : leaves green, cottony only when very young. 

* * Flowers more or less polygamous {some plants inclined to produce only stami- 

nate flowers), exhaling a fragrance like that of Mignonette : native species. 
-»- Bark of stem early separating in loose strips : panicles compound and loose. 

V. Labriisca, Northern Fox-Grape, the original of the Catawba, 
IsABKLLA, and furnishing most of the American table and wine grapes ; com- 
mon in moist grounds N. & W. : leaves and young shoots very cottony, even 
the adult leaves retaining the cottony wool underneath, the lobes separated by 
roundish sinuses ; fruit large, with a tough musky pulp when wild, dark 
purple or amber-color, in compact clusters. 

V. sestivalis, Summkr Grape. Common N. & S. ; leaves green above, 
and with loose cobwebby down underneath, the lobes with roundis>h open 
sinuses ; clusters slender ; fruit smaller and earlier than in the foregoing, black 
with a bloom, pleasant. Original of the Clinton Grape, &c. 

V. cordifdlia. Winter or Frost Grape. Common on banks of streams : 
leaves never cottony, green both sides, thin, heart-shn]XMi, little lobod, but coarse- 
ly and sharply toothed ; clusters loose ; fruit small, bluish or black with a 
bloom, very sour, ripe after frosts. Var. ripXkia, the common form along 
river-banks W. has broader and more cut or lobed leaves. 



86 BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 

-»- H- Bark of stem close and smooth, pale. 
V. VUlpina, Muscadine, Bullace, or Fox-Grape of the South. River- 
banks from Maryland and Kentucky S. : leaves rather small, round in outline, 
seldom and slightly lobed, glossy and mostly smooth hoth sides, the margin cut 
into coarse and broad teeth; clusters small; fruit large, ^'-^' in diameter, 
purple, thick-skinned, musky, or pleasant-flavored, ripe in early autumn : the 
original of the Scuppernong Grape, &c. 

§ 2. Cissus. Petals and stamens 4 or 5, the former opening regukirly : disk 
thick and broad, 4 - 5-lobed : Jlowers mostly perfect : berries not larger than 
peas, not eatable. 
* Wild species S. Sf W., smooth, usually with 5 stamens and petals. 
V. indivisa, a species with simple leaves like those of a true Grape, heart- 
shaped or ovate, pointed, coarsely-toothed, but not lobed ; flower-clusters small 
and loose ; style slender. 

V. bipinnata, a bushy or low-climbing plant, with few tendrils, and de- 
compound leaves, the small leaflets cut-toothed. 

* * Exotic species, with mostly 4 stamens and petals. 
V. heterophylla, from Japan, a form Avith the leaves blotched or varie- 

fated with white (small, thin, variously 3-5-lobed), and small blue berries, is 
ardy in gardens ; cult, for the variegated foliage. 

V. discolor, from Java, cult, in hothouses, for its splendid foliage ; leaves 
lance-oblong with a heart-shaped base, crimson underneath, velvety-lustrous 
and dark-gi-een shaded with purple or violet, or often mottled with white, on the 
upper surface, the shoots reddish. 

2. AMPBLOPSIS, VIRGINIA-CREEPER. ( Name from Greek words, 
meaning like the Vine : indeed, it is hardly distinct enough from the second 
section of Vitis.) 

A. quinquefblia, the only genuine species : in all low grounds, climbing 
extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by the tendrils, the latter specially 
fitted for ascending walls and trunks, to which they attach themselves firmly by 
sucker-like disks at the tip of their branches (Lessons, p. 38, figs. 62, 63) ; leaf- 
lets 5, digitate, lance-oblong, cut-toothed, changing to crimson in autumn ; 
flowers cymose, in summer ; berries small, black or bluish. 

33. RHAMNACE^, BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 

Shrubs or trees, of bitterish and astringent properties, with simple 
chiefly alternate leaves and small flowers ; well marked by the sta- 
mens of the number of the valvate sepals (4 or 5) and alternate 
with them, i. e. opposite the petals, inserted on a disk which lines 
the calyx-tube and often unites it with the base of the ovary, this 
havino: a single erect ovule in each of the (2 - 5) cells. Bi-aiiches 
often thorny : stipules minute or none : flowers often apetalous or 
polygamous. Petals commonly hooded or involute around the sta- 
men before it. (Lessons, p. 126, fig. 282, 283.) 

« Calyx free from^ the ovary. 

1. BEIRCHEMIA. Twining climbers, with straight-veined leaves. Petals 5, with- 

out claws, rather longer than the stamens. Disk thick, nearly filling the bot- 
tom of the caiyx. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a 2-celled small stone-fruit, with 
purple and thin pulp. 

2. RHAMNUS. Erect shrubs or trees, with loosely-veined leaves. Petals 4 or 5, 

with short claws.' Stamens short. Ovary 2-4-celled, becoming a black 
berry-like fruit, containing 2-4 cartilaginous seed-like niitlets, which are 
grooved on the back, as is the contained seed. Cotyledons tbiiaceous. 

3. FRANGULA. Like Rhamnus, but with straight-veined leaves ; the nutlets 

not grooved but convex on the back: cotyledons thick. 



STAFF-TREE FAMILY. 87 

* * Calyx with the disk coherent with the base of the ovary and fruit. 
4. CEANO THUS. Erect or depressed shrubs or uiidershrubs. Petals 5, hood- 
sluiped, spreading, their claws and the filaments slender. Ovary 3-celled, 
when ripe becoming a cartilaginous or crustaceous 3-seeded pod. 

1. BERCHEMIA, SUPPLE-JACK. (Probably named for some botanist 
of the name of Berchem. ) 

B. VOlubilis. Common in low grounds S., climbing high trees, smooth, 
with very tougli and lithe stems (whence the popular name), small oblong- 
ovate and simply parallel-veined leaves, and greenish white flowers in small 
panicles terminating the bi'anchlets, in early summer. 

2. RHAMNUS, BUCKTHORN. (The ancient name.) Flowers green- 
ish, axillary, mostly in small clusters, commonly polygamous or dioecious, in 
early summer. Berry-like fruit mawkish. 

* Flowers with petals, the parts in fours: leaves minutelij serrate. 

E-. catharticus, Common Buckthorn. Cult, from Eu., for hedges, 
run wild in a few places ; forms a small tree, with thorny branchlets, ovate or 
oblong leaves, and 3 - 4-seedcd fruit. 

R. laneeolatUS, Narrow-leaved B. Wild from Penn. S. & W. ; shrub 
noi thorny, with lanceolate or oblong leaves, and 2-seeded fruit. 

* * Flowers without petals : stamens and lobes of the calyx .5. 

R. alnifolius, Alder-leaved B. Wild in cold swamps N. ; a low shrub, 
witk oval acute serrate leaves, and 3-seeded berry-like fruit. 

3. PRANGULA, ALDER-BUCKTHORN. (From /mm/o, to break, the 
stems brittle. ) Flowers greenish, generally perfect, and the parts in fives. 

JP. Caroliniana. Wild in wet grounds, from New Jersey and Kentucky 
S. ; a thornless shrub or low tree, with oblong and almost entire rather large 
leaves ; floAvers solitary or in small clusters in the axils, in early summer ; the 
3-seeded fruit black. 

4. CEANOTHUS. (An ancient name, of unknown meaning, applied to 
these N. American plants.) Flowers in little umbels or fascicles, usually 
clustered in dense bunches or panicles, handsome, the calyx and even the 
pedicels colored like the petals and stamens. Ours are low undershrubby 
plants, with Avhite flowers. In and beyond the Rocky Mountains, especially 
in California, are many species, some of them tall shrubs or small trees, 
loaded with showy blossoms. 

C. Amerie^nus, New-Jersey Tea or Red-root. Wild in dry grounds, 
lo_2o hjoji from a dark red root; leaves ovate or oblong ovate, finely serrate, 
downy beneath, 3-ribbed and veiny, deciduous (used as a substitute for tea in 
early times, the use lately revived) ; flowers crowded in a dense slender-pedun- 
cled cluster, in summer. 

C. OValis. Wild on rocks N. from Vermont to Wisconsin : lower than the 
preceding and smoother, witli smaller narrow-oval or lance-oblong leaves, and 
larger flowers on a shorter peduncle, in spring. 

C. microphyllus, Small-leaved C. Dry barrens 8. : low and spread- 
ing, much branched ; leaves evergreen, very small, obovate, 3-ribbed ; flower- 
clusters small and simple, in spring. 

34. CELASTRACE^, STAFF-TREE FAMILY. 

Shrubs, sometimes twining, with simple leaves, minute Mnd decid- 
uous stipules or none, and small flowers with sejjals and petals 
both imbricated in the hud, and stamens of tlie number of the latter, 
alternate with I hem, and in-erted on a disk wliich tills the botloin 
of the calyx and often covers the 2-o-celled few-ovuled ovarv ; the 
seeds usually iurnished with or enclosed in a tleshy or pulpy aril. 



88 SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 

Represented both as to native and cultivated plants by two 
genera : 

1. CELASTRUS. Flowers polygamous or dioecious. Petals and stamens 5, on the 

edge of a concave disk which lines the bottom of the calyx. Filaments and 
style rather slender. Pod globular, berry-like, but dry. Leaves alternate. 

2. EUONYMUS. Flowers perfect, flat; the calyx-lobes and petals (4 or 5) widely 

spreading. Stamens mostly with short filaments or almost sessile anthers, 
borne on the surface of a flat disk which more or less conceals or covers 
the ovary. Pod 3-5-lobed, generally bright-colored. Leaves opposite: 
branchlets 4-sided. 

1. CELASTRUS, STAFF-TREE. (Old Greek name, of obscure mean- 
ing and application.) 

C. scandens, Climbing Bitter-sweet or Wax-work. A t^vining 

high-climbing shrub, smooth, with thin ovate-oblong and pointed finely serrate 
leaves, racemes of greenish-white flowers (in early summer) terminating the 
branches, the petals serrate or crenate- toothed, and orange-colored berry-lile 
pods in autumn, which open and display the seeds enclosed in their scaret 
pulpy aril : wild in low grounds, and planted for the showy fruit. 

2. EUONYMUS, SPINDLE-TREE. (Old Greek name, means o/^oorf 
repute. ) Shrubs not twining, with dull-colored inconspicuous flowers, in small 
cymes on axillary peduncles, produced in early summer ; the pods in autumn 
ornamental, especially when they open and display the seeds enveloped in 
their scarlet pulpy aril. 

* Leaves deciduous, finely serrate : style short or nearly none. 
■t- North American species : anthers sessile or nearly so. 

E. atropurptireus, Burning-bush or Spindle-tree. Tall shrub, wild 
from New York W. & S., and commonly planted ; with oval or oblong petioled 
leaves, flowers with rounded dark duU-pui-ple petals (generally 4), and smooth 
deeply 4-lobed red fruit, hanging on slender peduncles. 

E. Americanus, American Strawberry-bush. Low shrub, wild 
from New York W. & S., and sometimes cult. ; with thickish ovate or knee- 
ovate almost sessile leaves, usually 5 greenish-purple rounded petals, and rough- 
warty somewhat 3-lobed fruit, crimson when ripe. Var. obovXtus, with 
thinner and dull obovate or oblong leaves, has long and spreading or trailing 
and rooting branches. 

•1- -t- Exotic : anthers raised on evident filaments. 

E. Europseus, European Spindle-tree. Occasionally planted, but 
inferior to the foregoing ; a rather low shrub, with lance-ovatc or oblong short- 
petioled leaves, about 3-flowered peduncles, 4 greenish oblong petals, and a 
smooth 4-lobed red fruit, the aril orange-color. 

* * Leaves evergreen, serrulate : filaments and style rather slender. 
E. Japonicus, Japan S. Planted S. under the name of Chinese Box, 
there hardy, but is a greenhouse plant N. ; has obovate shining and bright 
green leaves (also a form with white or yellowish variegation), several-flowered 
peduncles, 4 obovate whitish petals, and smooth globular pods. 

35. SAPINDACE^, SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 

Trees, shrubs, or one or two herbaceous climbers, mostly with 
compound or lobed leaves, and unsymmetrical flowers, the stamens 
sometimes twice as many as the petals or lobes of the calyx, but 
commonly rather fewer, when of equal number alternate with the 
petals ; these imbricated in the bud, inserted on a disk in the bottom 
of the calyx and often coherent with it : ovary 2 — 3-celle.d, sometimes 
2 - 3-lobed, with 1-3 (or in Staphylea several) ovules in each celL 
The common plants belong to the three following suborders. 



SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 89 

I. BLADDER-NUT FAMILY; has perfect and regular 
flowers, stamens as many as the petals, several bony seeds with 
a straight embryo in scanty albumen, and opposite compound leaves 
both stipulate and stipellate. 

1. STAPHVLEA. Erect sepals, petals, and stamens 5; the latter borne on the 

margin of a fleshy disk which lines the bottom of the calyx. Styles 3, slen- 
der, separate or lightly cohering: ovary strongly 3-lobed, in fruit becoming 
a bladdery 3-lobed 3-celled and several-seeded large pod. Shrubs, with pin- 
nately compound leaves of 3 or 6 leaflets. 

IL SOAPBERRY FAMILY proper ; has flowers often 
polygamous or dioecious, and more or less irregular or unsymmetri- 
cal, only 1 or 2 ovules, ripening but a single seed in each cell of 
the ovary, the embryo coiled or curved, without albumen. No 
stipules. 

* Leaves alternate. Pod bladdery-inflated, except in No. 4. 

2. CARDIOSPERMUM. Herbs, with twice ternate and cut-toothed leaves, climb- 

ing by hook-like tendrils in the flower-clusters. Sepals 4, the inner pair 
larger. Petals 4, each with an appendage on the inner face, that of the two 
upper large and petal-like, of the two lower crest-like and with a deflexed 
spur or process, raised on a claw. Disk irregular, enlarged into two glands, 
one before each lower petal. Stamens 8, turned towards the upper side oi 
the flower away from the glands, the filaments next to them shorter. Styles 
or stigmas 3, short: ovary triangular, 3-celled, with a single ovule rising from 
the middle of each cell. Fruit a large and thin bladdery 3-Iobed pod: seeds 
bony, globose, with a scale-like heart-shaped aril adherent to the base. 

3. KCELREUTERIA. Small tree, with pinnate leaves. Sepals 5. Petals 3 or 4 

(the place of the others vacant), each with a small 2-parted scale-like appen- 
dage attached to its claw. Disk enlarging into a lobe before each petal. 
Stamens 5-8. declined: filaments hairy. Style single, slender: ovary trian- 
gular, 3-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Pod bladdery, 3-lobed, 
3-celled. 

4. SAPINDUS. Trees, with abruptly pinnate leaves. Sepals and petals each 5, 

or rarely 4; the latter commonly with a little scale or appendage adhering to 
the short claw. Si;amens mostly 8, equal. Style single: ovary 3-lobed, 
3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit mostly a globular and fleshy 
1-celled berry (the other cells abortive), filled with a large globular seed, its 
coat cru.staceous : cotyledons thick and fleshy. 
* * Leaves opposite, ofb-9 digitate leajlets. Pod leathery, not inflated. 
6. ^SCULUS. Trees or shrubs. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, 
more or less unequal, on claws enclosed in the calyx, not appendaged. Sta- 
mens 7, rarely 6 or 8: filaments slender, often imequal. Style single, as 
also the minute stigma: ovary 3-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. 
Fruit a leathery pod, splitting at maturity into 3 valves, ripening 1 -3 very 
large, chestnut-like, hard-coated seeds: the kernel of these consists of the very 
thick cotyledons firmly joined together, and a small incurved radicle. 

III. MAPLE FAMILY ; has flowers generally polygamous 
or dioecious, and sometimes apetalous, a mostly 2-lobecl and 2-celled 
ovary, with a pair of ovules in each cell, ripening a single seed 
in each cell of the winged fruit. Embryo with long and thin coty- 
ledons, coiled or crumpled. (See Lessons, p. 5, fig. 1-3, &c.) 
Leaves opposite : no stipules. 

6. ACER. Trees, or a few only shrubs, with palmately-lobed or even parted l^^aves. 

Calyx mostly 5-cleft. Petals as many or none, and stamens 3-8 or rarely 
more, borne on the edge of the disk. Styles or stigmas 2, slender. Fruit 
a pair of samaras or key-fruits, united at the base or inner lace and winged 
frntn the back. Occasionally the ovary is S-eelled and the fruit 3-wingecl. 

7. NEGUNDO. Trees, with [)innate leaves of 3-7 leaflets, and dia^cious very 

small flowers, without petals or disk; the calyx minute: stamens 4 or 6. 
Fruit, &c. of Acer. 



»W SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 

1. STAPHYLEA, BLADDER-NUT. (Name from a Greek word for a 

bunch of grapes, little applicable. ) 

S. trifolia, American B. Shrub 8° -10° high, with greenish striped 
branches, 3 ovate pointed serrate leaflets, deciduous stipules, and hanging 
raceme-like clusters of white flowers at the end of the branchlets of the season, 
in spring, followed by the large bladdery pods. Low ground, common N. & W. 

S. pinnclta, European B., occasionally planted, is very similar, but has 
five leaflets. 

2. CARDIOSPERMUM, BALLOON- VINE, HEART-SEED. (The 
latter is a translation of the Greek name.) 

C. Halieacabum, the common species, wild in the S. W. States, is cult, 
in gardens, for the curious inflated pods ; it is a delicate herb, c.imbing over 
low plants or spreading on the ground, with small white flowers, in summer. 

3. KCELREUTERIA. (Named for Koelreuter, a German botanist.) 

K. panieulata, a small tree from China, planted in ornamental grounds ; 
has pinnate leaves of numerous thin and coarsely toothed or cut leaflets, and a 
terminal ample branched panicle of small yellow flowers, in summer, followed 
by the bladdery pods. 

4. SAPINDUS, SOAPBERRY, (^a/^o/ntfus, i. e. Indian soap, the berries 
used as a substitute for soap. ) 

S. marginatUS, wild S. & W. : a small tree, with 8-20 broadly lanceolate 
falcate leaflets on a wingless but often margined common staik, and small white 
flowers in panicles, in summer, the whitish berries as large as bullets. 

6. -^SCULUS, HORSE-CHESTNUT, BUCKEtE. (Ancient name 
of an Oak or other mast-bearing tree, applied to these trees on account of 
their large chestnut-like seeds. These, although loaded with farinaceous 
nourishment, are usually rendered uneatable, and even poisonous, by a bitter 
narcotic principle.) Flowers in a terminal crowded panicle, in late spring or 
early summer. 

§ 1. True Hokse-Chestnuts : natives of Asia, with broad and spreading 
petals on short claws, and fruit more or less beset with prickhj points. 

j^. Hippocastanum, Common H. Tall fine tree, with 7 leaflets, and 
large flowers of 5 petals, white, and spotted Avith some purple and yellowish ; 
stamens 7, d2clined : of late there is a double-flowered variety. 

^. rubiciinda, Red H. Less tall, flowering even as a shrub, with 
brighter green leaves of 5 - 7 leaflets, flowers Avith 4 rose-red petals not so 
spreading, and mostly 8 stamens less declined. Probably a hybrid between 
Horse-Chestnut and some red Buckeye. 

§ 2. Californian, with 4 broad spreading petals on rather slender claws. 

TF i- Californica, Californian H. Low tree, of 5 slender-staked leaf- 
lets, and a long very compact racerae-Iike panicle of small white or rosy-tinged 
flowers ; stamens 5-7, slender ; fruit large, with some rough points. 

§ 3. Buckeyes : of Atlantic U. S., with 4 erect and smaller petals on slender clawi. 

,7F!- parvifldra, Small Buckeye. Wi'd in the upper country S., and 
planted N. ; shrub 3° - 9° high, with 5-7 leaflets soft downy underneath, slen- 
der raceme-like panicle 1° long, and capillary stamens very much longer than 
the narrow white petals ; floAvering N. as late as midsummer ; fruit smooth ; 
seeds small, almost eatable. 

]^. glabra, Fetid or Ohio Buckeye. W. of the Allecrhanies ; tall 
tree, with 5 nearly smooth leaflets, a short panicle, petals moderately longer 
than tli3 somewhat uniform pale yellow petals, and fruit prickly roughened like 
that of Horse-Chestnut. 

7F, . flava, Ykllow or Sweet Buckeye. W. & S. ; tree or shrub, with 
5-7 smooth or smoothish leaflets, a short dense panicle, oblong calyx, and 



SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 91 

Stamens not exceeding the connivent light yellow petals, these of two dissimilar 
pairs, the longer pair with very small blade ; fruit smooth. 

Var. purpurascens, Purplish B., has both calyx and corolla tinged 
with purple or reddish, and leaflets generally downy underneath. 

TFI . Pavia, Ked Buckeye. S. & W. ; shrub or low tree, like the last, 
but leaves generally smooth ; the longer and tubular calyx and the petals bright 
red : showy in cultivation. 

6. ACER, MAPLE. (The classical Latin name.) Mostly fine trees. 

* Flowers in late spring or early summer, appearing more or less later than the 

leaves, in usualltj drooping racemes or corymbs, commonly terminating a 
2 - A-leaved shoot of the season, greenish or yellowish, with petals : stamens 
more than 5, generally 8. 

1- European Maples, planted for ornament and shade. 

A. Pseudo-Platanus, Sycamore M. A fine tree, with spreading 
branches, ample .5-lobed leaves whitish and rather downy beneath, on long 
reddish petioles, the lobes toothed, long racemes, and moderately spreading 
wings to the pubescent, fruit. 

A. platanoides, Norway M., here so called. A handsome, round- 
headed tree, with thin and broad smooth leaves, bright green both sides, their 
5 short lobes set Avith 2-5 coarse and taper-pointed teeth, a small corymb of 
flowers, and flat smooth fruit with wings 2' long, diverging in a straight line. 
Juice milky • leaves holding green later than the others. 

•«- •»- Oregon and Californian Maples, beginning to be planted East. 

A. circin^tum, Round-leaved or Vine M. Tall, spreading shrub with 
thin and rounded moderately 7 - 9-lobed leaves, their lobes serrate, small corymbs 
of purplish flowers, jfnd wings of fruit diverging in a straight line. 

A. macrophj^llum, Large-leaved M. Small timber-tree, with thick- 
ish leaves 6' - 12' across and deeply 5 - 7-lobed, the lobes with one or two sinuate 
lobes or coarse teeth, many yellowish flowers in a compact raceme, and hairy 
fruit with ascending wings. 

-»-•»-•*- Native Striped and Mountain Maples. 

A. spicatum, Mountain M. Tall shrub, common N., with slightly 3- 
lobed and coarsely toothed leaves downy beneath, and upright dense racemes of 
small flowers, followed by small fruits with diverging narrow wings. The latest- 
flowering species. 

A. Pennsylvanicum, Striped M., also called Moose-w^ood and 
Striped Dogavood. Small tree, common N., with light-green bark striped 
with darker lines, large thin leaves finely sharply serrate all round, and at the 
end with 3 short and very taper-pointed lobes, slender hanging racemes of rather 
large green flowers, and fruit with diverging wings. 

* * Sugar Maples. Flowers appearing with the leaves in spring, in umbel- 

like clusters, on long drooping pedicels, greenish-yellow, without petals : sta- 
mens 7 or 8. 

A. saceharinum, Rock or Sugar M. Large tree, common especially 
N., valuable for timber and for the sugar of its sap ; with rather deeply 3-5- 
lobed leaves pale or whitish beneath, the sinuses open and rounded, and the lobes 
with one or two sinuate coarse teeth ; calyx bell-shaped and hairy-fringed ; 
winirs of fruit ascending, barely 1' long. 

Var. nigrum, Black Sugar M., a form with leaves green or greener 
and more or less downy beneath, even when old, the sinus at the base apt to be 
deep and narrow. 

* * * Soft Maples. Flowers in earliest spring, much preceding the leaves, in 

iimhel-like clusteis from separate lateral buds : pedicels at ^/fVs^/ short, the 
fruiting ones lengthening and drooping: stamens 3-6 : Jruit ripe a ) id f ail- 
ing in early summer. 

A. dasyc^rpum, White or Silver M. A handsome tree in low 
grounds, with long and spreading or drooping branches, soft white wood, very 



92 POLYGALA FAMILY, 

deeply 5-lobed leaves silvery-white and wlien young downy beneath, the narrow 
lobes coarsely cut and toothed ; flowers greenish, in earliest spring, without 
petals ; fruit woolly when young, but soon smooth, 2' - 3' long including the 
great diverging wings. 

A. rubrum, Red or Swamp M. Rather small tree, in wet grounds, 
with soft white wood, reddish twigs, moderately 3 - 5-lobed leaves whitish be- 
neath, the middle lobe longest, all in*egularly serrate ; flowers scarlet, crimson, 
or sometimes yellowish (later than in the foregoing species) ; fruit smooth, with 
the slightly spreading wings 1 ' or less in length, often reddish. 

7. NEGIJNDO, ASH-LEAVED MAPLE, BOX-ELDER. (Obscure 

or unmeaning name.) 

]Sr. aceroides. A handsome, rather small tree, common from Penn. S. 
& W., with light green twigs, and drooping clusters of small greenish flowers, 
in spring, rather earlier than the leaves, the fertile ones in drooping racemes, 
the oblong fruits half the length of the very veiny wing ; leaflets ovate, pointed, 
coarsely toothed, very veiny. A variety with white-variegated leaves is lately 
cult, for ornament. 

38. POLYGALACE^, POLYGALA FAMILY. 

Bitter, some of them medicinal plants, represented mainly, and 
here wholly, by the genus 

1. POLYGALA, MILKWORT. (Name from Greek words, meaning mucA 
mi/k ; but the plants have no milky juice at all ; they are thought to have 
been so named from a notion that in pasturage they increased the milk of 
cows.) Flowers remarkably irregular, in outward appearance as if papiliona- 
ceous like those of the next family, but really of a quite different structure. 
Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals ; three of them small, viz. two on the lower, and 
one on the upper, side of the blossom ; and one on each side called wings which 
are larger, colored, and would be taken for petals. Within these, on the 
lower side, are three petals united into one body, the middle one keel-shaped 
and often bearing a crest or appendage. Stamens 8 or sometimes 6 ; their 
filaments united below into a split sheath, separating above usually in two 
equal sets, concealed in the hooded middle petal : anthers 1-celled, opening by 
a hole at the top. Style curved and commonly enlarged above or variously 
irregular. Ovary 2 -celled, with a single ovule hanging from the top of each 
cell, becoming a small flattish 2-seeded pod. Seed with an appendage at the 
attachment [caruncle] : embryo straight, with flat cotyledons in a little albu- 
men. Leaves simple, entire, without stipules. Our native species are nu- 
merous, mostly with small or even minute flowers, and are rather difficult to 
study. The following are the commonest. 

§ 1. Native species, low herbs, mostly smooth. 

* Flowers yellow, some turning green in drying, in dense spikes or heads : leaves 
alternate. Growing in low or wet places in pine-barrens, S. E. Fl. summer. 

-t- Numerous short spikes or heads in a corymb. 

P. cyni6sa. Stem l°-3° high, branching at top into a compound corymb 
of spikes ; leaves linear, acute, the uppermost small ; no caruncle to the seed. 
From North Carolina S. 

P. ramosa. Stem 6' - 12' high, more branched ; lowest leaves obovate or 
spatulate, upper ones lanceolate ; a caruncle at base of seed. Delaware and S. 
•*- -t- Short and thick spike or head single : root-leaves clustered. 

P. lutea, Yellow Bachelor's-Button of S. Stem 5' - 12' high ; lower 
leaves spatulate or obovate, upper lanceolate ; flowers bright orange. 

P. nana. Stems 2' -4' high, in a cluster from the spatulate or linear root^ 
leaves ; flowers lighter yellow. 

* * Flowers purple or rose-color, in a single dense spike terminating the stem or 

branches : no subterranean flowers. FL all summer, ® 



POLYGALA FAMILY. 93 

H- Leaves all altei'nate, narrow. 

P. incarn^ta. From Penn. W. & S. ; stem slender, 6'- 12' high ; leaves 
minute and awi-shaped ; the three united petals extended below into a long and 
slender tube, the crest of the middle one conspicuous. 

P. sanguinea. Sandy damp ground : stem 4' - 8' high, leafy to the top ; 
leaves oblong-linear; flowers bright rose-purple (sometimes pale or even white), 
in a thick globular at length oblong head or spike, without pedicels. 

P. fastigiata. Pine-barrens from New Jersey S. ; slender, 4' - 10' high, 
with smaller narrow-linear leaves, and oblong dense spike of smaller rose-purple 
flowers, on pedicels as long as the pod ; bracts falling off". 

P. Nuttallii. Sandy soil, from coast of Mass. S. ; lower than the fore- 
going ; flowers rather looser in more cylindrical spikes, greenish-purple ; awl- 
shaped bracts remaining on the axis after the flowers or fruits have fallen. 
-1- -t- Leaves all or all the lower ones in whorls of four. 

P. cruciata. Low grounds : stems 3' - 10' high, 4-angled, and with spread- 
ing branches ; leaves linear or spatulate, mostly in fours ; spike thick and short, 
nearly sessile, its axis rough with persistent bracts where the flowers have fallen ; 
wings of the flower broad-ovate or heart-shaped, bristly-pointed. 

P. brevif61ia. Sandy bogs from Rhode Island S. : difi^ers from the last 
only in more slender stems, narrower leaves, those on the branches alternate, 
the spike stalked, and wings of the flower lance-ovate and nearly pointless. 

* * * Flowers [all summer) greenish-white or scarcely tinned with purple, very 

small, in slender spikes, none subterranean : leaves linear, the lower in 
whorls of four or Jive. (T) 

P. Verticilll^ta. Very common in dry sterile soil; stem 5'- 10' high, 
much branched ; all the leaves of the main stem whorled. 

P. amblgua. In similar places and very like the last, chiefly S. & W., 
more slender ; only the lowest leaves Avhorled ; flowers more scattered and often 
purplish-tinged, in long-peduncled spikes. 

* * * * Flowers white, small {in late spring) in a close spike terminating simple 

tufted stems which rise from a perennial root, none subterranean : leaves 
numerous, all alternate. Ij. 
P. Senega, Seneca Snakeroot. A medicinal plant, commoner W., 
5'- 12' high, with lanceolate or oblong, or even lance-ovate short leaves, cylin- 
drical spike, round-obovate wings, and small crest. 

P. alba. Common only far W. & S. W. ; more slender than the last, with 
narrow-linear leaves, more tapering long-peduncled spike, and oval wings. 

***** Flowers rose-purple in a raceme, or single, largish : leaves alternate. 

P. grandifldra. Dry soil S. ; pubescent, with branching stems 1° high, 
lanceolate leaves, crestless flowers scattered in a loose raceme (in late summer), 
bright purple turning greenish. % 

P. pol^gama. Sandy barrens, with tufted and very leafy stems 5' - 8' 
high, linear-oblong or oblanceolate leaves, and many-floAvercd racemes of hand- 
some rose-purple flowers, their crest conspicuous ; also on short underground 
runners are some whitish very fertile flowers with no evident corolla. Fl. all 
summer. (D 

P. paueifdlia, Fringed Polygala, sometimes called Flowering Win- 
tergreen. Light soil in woods, chiefly N. : a delicate little plant, with stems 
3' -4' high, rising from long and slender runners or subterranean shoots, on 
which are concealed inconspicuous fertile flowers ; leaves few and crowded at 
the summit, ovate, petioled, some of them with a slcndcr-pcdunclcd showy 
flower from the axil, of delicate rose-red color (rarely a white variety), almost an 
inch long, with a conspicuous fringed crest and only 6 stamens ; in spring. 1!. 

§ 2. Shrubby species of the conservatory, from the Cape of Good Hope. 

P. oppositif61ia, with opposite sessile heart-shaped and mucromite leaves, 
of a pale hue, and large and showy purple flowers, with a tufted crest. 

P. rayrtifdlia, has crowded alternate oblong or obovate leaves, on short 
petioles, and showy purple flowers I ' long, with a'tuftcd crest. 



94 PULSE FAMILY. 

37. LEGUMINOS^, PULSE FAMILY. 

Distinguished by the papilionaceous corolla (Lessons, p. 105, fig. 
217, 218), usually accompanied by 10 monadelphous or diadelphous 
or rarely distinct stamens (Lessons, p. 112, fig. 227, 228), and the 
legume (Lessons, p. 131, fig. 303, 304). These characters are com- 
bined in the proper Pulse Family. In the two other great divisions 
the corolla becomes less papilionaceous or wholly regular. Alternate 
leaves, chiefly compound, entire leaflets, and stipules are almost uni- 
versal in I his great order. 

I. PULSE FAMILY proper. Flower (always on the plan 
of 5, and stamens not exceeding 10) truly papilionaceous, i. e. the 
standard outside of and in the bud enwrapping the other petals, or 
only the standard present in Amorpha. (For the terms used to 
denote the parts of this sort of corolla see Lessons, p. 105.) Sepals 
united more or less into a tube or cup. Leaves never twice com- 
pound. 

A. Stamens monadtlphous or diadelphous. 

§ 1. Herbs, shrubs, or one a small tree, never twining, trailing, nor tendril-hearing, 
witli Ituves siinplt or of '6 or mure digitate leajitls, monadtlphous stamens, and 
the alternate Jice anthers differing in size and shaj^e from (he other fve: pod 
.usually stveral-seeded. 

1. LUPINUS. Leaves of several leaflets, in one species simple : stipules adherent 

to the base of the petiole. Flowers in a long thick raceme. Calyx deeply 
2-lippeJ. Corolla of peculiar shape, the sides of the rounded standard being 
rolled backwards, and tlie wings lightly cohering over and enclosing the nar- 
row and incurved scythe-shaped or sickle-shaped keel. Pod flat. Mostly 
herbs. 

2. CROTALARIA. Leaves in our species simple, and with foliaceous stipules 

free from the petiole but running down on the stem. Calyx 5-lobed. Keel 
scythe-shaped, pointed. Stamens wirh the tube of filaments split down on 
the upper side. Pod niflated. Ours herbs. 

3. GENlSfA. Leaves simple and entire: stipules very minute or none. Calyx 

5-cleft. Keel oblong, nearly straight, blunt, turned down when the flower 
opens. Pod mostly liat. Low shrubt)y plants. 

4. CYllSUS. Leaves of one or three leaflets, or the green branches sometimes 

leafless: stipules minute or wanting. Calyx 2-lipped or 5-toothed. Keel 
straight or somewhat curved, blunt, soon turned down. Style incurved or 
even coiled up after the flower opens. Pod flat. Seeds with a fleshy or 
scale-like appendage (strophiole) at the scar. Low shrubby plants. 

5. LABUKMU.M. Leaves of three leaflets: stipules inconspicnous or wanting. 

Calyx with 2 short lips, the upper lip notched. Keel incurved, not pointed. 
Ovary and flat pod somewhat stalked in the calyx. Seeds naked at tlie scar. 
Trees or shrubs, with golden yellow flowers in fong hanging racemes. 

§ 2. Herbs, never twining nor tendril-bearing, with leaves of 3 leaflets {rarely more 
but then digitate), their margins commimly more or less toothed {which is 
remarkable, in this family): stipules conspicuous and united with the base of the 
petiole (Lessons, p. 69, flg. 1-jtj): stamens diadelphous: pod 1 -few-seeded, 
never divided across into joints. 

* Leaves pinnately Z-foliolate, as is seen by the end leaflet being jointed with the com- 
mon petiole above the side leajlets. 

6. TRIGONELLA. Herbage odorous. Flowers (in the common cult, species) 

single and nearly sessile in the axil of the leaves. Pod elongated, oblong or 
linear, tapering into a lung-pointed apex. 

7. MEDICAGO. Flowers small, in spikes, heads, &c. Corolla short, not united 

with the tube of stamens. Pod curved or colled up, at least kidney-shaped. 

8. MELILorUS. Herbage sweet-scented. Flowers small, in slender racemes. 

Corolla as in Aledicago. Pod small, but exceeding the calyx, globular, 
wrinkled, closed,^ 1-2-seeded. 



PULSE FAMILY. ,95 

♦ * Leaves mostly digitate or palmatehj Z-foUolate, all {with, one exception) borne 

direct/y on the apex of the common petiule. 

0. TRIFOLIUM. Flowers in heads, spikes, or head-like umbels. Calyx with 
slender or bristle form teeth or lobes. Corolla slowly witliering or becoming 
dry and permanent after flowering; the claws of all the petals (except some- 
times the standard) more or less united below with the tube of stamens or 
also witli each other. Pod small and thin single - few-seeded, generally in- 
cluded in the calyx or the persistent corolla. 

4 3. Herbs or woody plants, sometimes twining, never tendril bearing^ with the leaves 
not d/gitate, or even digitdttly S-Jhliolale (except in Psoralen), and the lenjitls 
not toothed. {For Cicer see tht next section.) Stipules except in No. 15, 20, 
and 27, not united with the petiole. 

« Flowers (small, in spikes or heads) indistinctly or imperfectly papilionaceous. Pod 
very small and usually remaining closed, only 1 - 2-setded. Calyx b-toothed, 
persistent. Leaves odd-pinnate, mostly dotted with dark spots or glands. 

•*- Petals 5, on very slender claws : stamens monadelphous in a split tube. 

10. PETALOSTEMON. Herbs, with crowded leaves. Four petals similar, spread- 

ing, borne on the top of the tube of the stamens; the fifth (answering to the 
standard) rising from the bottom of the calyx, and heart-shaped or oblong. 
Stamens only 5. 

11. DALE A. Herbs, as to our species. Flowers as in the last, but rather more 

papilionaceous, four of the petals borne on the middle of the tube of 10 
stamens. 

•1- ■*- Petal only one ! Stamens monadelphous only at the very base. 

12. AMORPHA. Shrubs, with leaves of many leaflets. Standard (the other pet- 

als wliolly wanting) wrapped around tlie 10 filaments and style. Flowers 
violet or purple, in single or clustered terminal spikes. 

# * Flowers (large andshowy, in racemes) incompletely papilionaceous from the wings 

or the keel also being small and inconspicuous. Pod several-seeded. 

80. ERYTHRINA. See p. 108. 

* * * Flowers obviously papilionaceous, all the parts conspicuously present. Stamens 

mostly diudelphous. 

■»- Ovary l-ovuled, becoming a 1-seeded indehiscent ahene-like fruit. Herbs. 

13. PSORALEA. Leaves of 3 or 5 leaflets, often glandular-dotted. Flowe(rs (never 

yellow) in spikes or racemes, often 2 or 3 under each bract. Pod ovate, 
thick, included or partly so in the 5-cleft persistent calyx, often wrinkled. 

14. ONOBRYCHIS. Leaves odd-pinnate, of numerous leaflets. Flowers racemed, 

rose-purple. Pod flattish, wrinkled and spiny-roughened or crested. 

15. STYLUSANTHES. Leaves pinnately S-foliofate. Flowers yellow, in heads 

or short spikes, leafy-bracted. Calyx with a slender stalk-like tube, and 
4 lobes in the upper lip, one for the lower. Stamens monadelphons: 5 longer 
anthers fixed by their base, 5 alternate ones by their middle. Pod Hat, retic- 
ulated, sometimes raised on a stalk-like empty lower joint. Stipules united 
with the petiole. 

16. LESL'EDEZA. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Stipules small and free, or fall- 

ing early. Flowers purple, rose-color, or white, in spikes, clusters, or pani- 
cles, or scattered. Stamens diadelphous: anthers uniform. Pod flat and 
thin, ovate or orbicular, reticulated, sometimes raised on a stalk-like empty 
lower joint. 

•I- •»— Ovary with at least 2 ovules. 

++ Pod separating into 2 or more small and closed 1-seeded joints in a row. 

17. DESMODIUM. Leaflets 3 (rarely only 1), stipellate. Pod of very flat joints 

(Lessons, p. 131, fig. 304), uf^ually roughish and adhesive by minute hooked 
pubescence. Herbs, with small purple, whitish, or purplish flowers, in racemes, 
which are often panicled. 

18. iESCHYNOMENE. Leaflets several, odd-pinnate, small. Pod of very flat 

joints. Herbs, with small yellow flowers (sometimes purplish extenJally), 
few or several on axillary peduncles. 

19. COHONILLA. Leaflets several, odd-pinnate, small. Pod of thickish oblong 

or linear joints. Herbs or shrubs, with flowers iu head-like umbels raised on 
slender axillary peduncles. 



96' PULSE FAMILY. 

•M. ++ Pod indehiscent, very thick, 1 - ^-seeded. Calyx with a long, thread-shaped 
or stalk- like tube. Leaves abruptly pinnate : stipules united with the petiole 
at base. 

20. ARACHIS. Annual. Leaflets 4, straight-veined. Flowers small, yellow, in 

axillary heads or spikes. Calyx with one narrow lobe making a lower lip, 
the tipper lip broad and 4-toothed. Keel incurved and pointed. Stamens 
monadelphous, 5 anthers longer and fixed by near their base, the alternate 
ones short and fixed by their middle. Uvary'^at the bottom of the very long 
and stalk-like tube of the calyx, containing 2 or 3 ovules: when the long style 
and the calyx with the rest of the flower falls away, the forming pod is pro- 
truded on a rigid defiexed stalk which then appears, and is pushed into the 
soil where it ripens into the oblong, reticulated, thick, coriaceous fruit, which 
contains the 1-3 large and edible seeds; the embryo compo.-ed of a pair 
of very thick and fleshy cotyledons and an extremely short nearly straight 
radicle. 
.»-►+++> Pod continuous, i. e. not in joints, at length opening, 2 - several-seeded. 

a* Leaves abimptly pinnate : plants not twining. ( Flowers in ours yellow. ) 

21. SESBANIA. Herbs, with many pairs of leaflets, and minute or early deciduous 

stipules. Flowers in axillary racemes, or sometimes solitary. Calyx short, 
5-toothed. Standard roundeS, spreading: keel and style incurved. 'Pod usu- 
ally intercepted internally with cellular matter or membrane between the 
seeds. 

22. CARAGANA. Shrubs, with mostly fascicled leaves of several pairs of leaflets, 

and a little spiny tip in place of an end leaflet: stipules raitmte or spiny. 
Flowers solitary or 2-3 together on short peduncles. Calyx bell-shaped or 
short-tubular, 5-toothed. Standard nearly erect with the sides turned back: 
the blunt keel and the style nearly straight. Pod linear, several-seeded. 

b. Leaves odd-pinnate : stems not twining. 

1. Anthers tipped with a little gland or blunt point. 

23. INDIGOFERA. Herbs, or sometimes shrubby, when pubescent the close- 

pressed hairs are fixed by the middle. Flowers rose-color, purple, or white, 
in axillary racemes or spikes, mostly small. Calyx 5-cleft. Standard round- 
ish, ofren'persistent after the rest of the petals have fallen: keel with a pro- 
jection or spur on each side. Pod oblong, linear, or of various shapes, com- 
monly with membranous partitions between the seeds. 

2. Anthers blunt and pointless. 

24. TEPHROSIA. Herbs, with obliquely parallel-veined leaflets often silky be- 

neath, and white or purple flowers (2 or more in a cluster) in racemes; the 
peduncles terminal or opposite the leaves. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Stand- 
ard rounded, silky outside. Style incurved,"^ rigid: stigma with a tuft of 
hairs. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded. 

25. ROBIN! A. Trees or shrubs, with netted-veined leaflets furnished with stipels, 

and often with sharp spines or prickles for stipules. Flowers large and 
showy, white or rose-color, in axillary racemes. Base of the leafstalk hollow 
and covering the axillary bud of the next vear. Calvx 5-toothed, the two 
upper teeth partly united. Standard large, turned back: keel incurved, 
blunt. Ovary stalked in the calyx. Pod broadly linear, flat, several-seeded, 
margined on the seed-bearing edge, the valves thin. 

26. COLUTEA. Shrubs, not prickly, and no stipels to the leaflets: the flowers 

rather large, yellow or reddisli,'in short axillary racemes. Calyx 5-toothed. 
Standard rounded, spreading: keel strongly incurved, blunt, on long united 
claws. Style incurved, bearded down one "side. Pod raised out of the calyx 
on a stalk of its own, thin and bladdery-inflated, flattish on the seed-bearing 
side, several-seeded. 

27. ASTRAGALUS. Herbs, without stipels, and with white, purple, or yellowish 

rather small flowers in spikes, heads, or racemes : peduncles axillary. Co- 
rolla narrow: standard erect, mostly oblong. Style and stigma smooth and 
beardless. Pod commonly turgid or inflated and 'within more or le.ss divided 
lengthwise by intrusion of the back or a false partition from it. 

(SwAiNSONA, SuTHEKLAM)iA, and Clianthus, plants from Australia, 
New Zealand, and South Africa, with showy flowers and bladdery-inflated 
pods (like Colutea), are sometimes cult, in conservatories, but are not com- 
ipon enough to find a place here.) 



PULSE FAMILY. 97 

C. Leaves odd-pinnate : stems twining : stipels obscure r stipules small. 

28. WISTARIA. Woody, high-climbing, with numerous leaflets, and large showy 

bluish flowers, in hanging terminal dense racemes. Calyx with 2 short teeth 
on the upper and longer ones on the lower side. Standard large, roundish, 
turned back : keel merely incurved, blunt. Pod knobby, several-seeded. 

29. APIOS. Herbs, twining over bushes, with 5-7 leaflets, and sweet-scented 

chocolate-purple flowers, in dense and short racemes: peduncles axillary. 
Calyx with 2 upper A^ery short teeth, and one longer lower one, the side teeth 
nearly wanting. Standard very broad, turned back: keel long and scythe- 
shaped, strongly incurved, or "at length coiled. Pod linear, flat, almost 
straight, several-seeded. 

d* Leaves ofS leaflets (plnnately Z-foliolate) or rarely one, commonly stipellate. 
1. Shrubby, or from a woody base : wings and sometimes keel small and inconspicuous. 

30. ERYTHRINA. Stem, branches, and even the leafstalks usually prickly. 

Flowers large and showy, usually red, in racemes. Calyx without teeth. 
Standard elongated: wings often wanting or so small as to be concealed in 
the calyx; keel much shorter than the standard, sometimes very small. 
Pod stalked in the calyx, linear, knobby, usually opening only down the 
seed-bearing suture. . Seeds scarlet. 

2. Herbs, mostly itoiners, with wings and keel in ordinary proportion. 
== Floioers not yellow: seeds or at least the ovules several: leaflets stipellate. 

31. PHASEOLUS. Keel of the corolla coiling into a ring or spiral, usually with 

a tapering blunt apex: standard rounded, turned back or spreading. Style 
coiled with the keel, bearded down the inner side: stigma oblique or lateral. 
Pod linear or scimetar-shaped. Flowers usually clustered on the knotty 
joints of the raceme. Stipules striate, persistent. 

32. DOLICHOS. Keel of the corolla narrow and bent inwards at a right angle, 

but not coiling. Style bearded under the terminal stigma. Stipules small. 
Otherwise nearly as Phaseolus, 

33. GALACTIA. Keel straightish, blunt, as long as the wings: standard turned 

back. Style naked. Calyx of 4 pointed lobes, upper one broadest. Pod flat- 
tened, mostly linear. Flowers clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme: 
flower-buds taper-pointed. Stipules and bracts small or deciduous. 

34. A]\1PHICARPJ<1A. Keel and very similar wings nearly straight, blunt: the 

erect standard partly folded around them. Style naked. Calyx tubular, 
4-toothed. Flowers small; those in loose racemes above often sterile, their 
pods when formed scimetar-shaped and few-seeded ; those at or near the 
ground or on creeping branches very small and without manifest corolla, but 
very fertile, making small and fleshy, obovate or pear-shaped, mostl}'' sub- 
terranean pods, ripening one or two large seeds. Bracts rounded and per- 
sistent, striate, as are the stipules. 

35. CENTROSEMA. Keel broad, incurved, nearly equalling the wings: standard 

large and rounded, spreading, and with a spur-like projection behind. Calyx 
short, 5-cleft. Style bearded only at the tip around the stigma. Pod long, 
linear, with thickened edges bordered by a raised line on each side. Flowers 
showy. Stipules, bracts, and bractlets striate, persistent. 

36. CLITORIA. Keel small, shorter than the wings, incurved, acute: standard 

much larger than the rest of the flower, notched at the end, erect. Calyx 
tubular, 5-toothed. Style bearded down the inner side. Pod oblong-linear, 
flattish, not bordered. "Flowers large and showy, 1 -3 on a peduncle. Stip- 
ules, bracts, and bractlets persistent, striate. 

37. HARDENBFRGIA. Keel small, much shorter than the wings, incurved, 

blunt : standard large in proportion, rounded, spreading. Calyx short, 
5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth united. Style short, naked. Pod linear, not 
bordered. Flowers rather small, in racemes. Stipules and bi'acts small, 
striate, mostly deciduous. Leaflets mnstlv single. 

38. KENNED YA. Keel incurved, blunt or acute, mostly equalling or exceeding 

the wings: standard broad, sprealing. Calyx 5-lobed: 2 upper lobes partly 
united. Style naked. Pod linear, not bordered. Flowers showy, red, single 
or few on the peduncle. Bracts and stipules striate. 

= — Flowers yellow {sometimes pzirple-tinged outside): ovides only 2 : pod 1 - 2-seeded. 

39. RHYNCHOSIA. Keel of the corolla incurved at the apex: standard spreading. 

Calyx 4-5-parted or lobed. Pod short and flat. Flowers small. Leaves 
mostly soft-downy and resiuous-dotted, sometimes of a single leaflet. 

7 



98 PULSE FAMILY. 

fj 4. Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common petiole terminated by a tendril, 
by tchich the plant cU7?ibs or supports itstlf, or in many low sptcies the tendril 
reduced to a mere bristle or tip, or in Cicer, lohivh has toothed leaflets, an odd 
leaflet coiamordy tnkts its place: peduncles axillary : stamens almost always 
diddelphovs. Coiy/edons ve?y thick, so that they remain underground in germi- 
nation, as ill the Pea. 

« Leaflets entire or sometimes toothed at the apex: radicle bent on the cotyledons: 
style inflexed: pod flat or flaitish. 

40. PISUM. Lobes of the calyx leafy. Style rigid, dilated above and the margins 

reflexed and joined together so that it becomes flattened laterally, bearded 
down the inner edge. Pod several-seeded: seeds globose. Flowers large. 
Leaflets only 1-3 pairs. 

41. LATHYRUS. Lobes of the calyx not leafy. Style flattened above on the 

back and front, bearded down one face. Pod several-seeded. Seeds some- 
times flattish. LeaHets few or several pairs. 

42. VICI A. Style slender, bearded or hairy only at the apex or all round the upper 

part. Pod 2 - several-seeded. Seeds globular or flattish. Leaflets few or 
many pairs. 

43. LENSr Lobes of the calyx slender. Style flattish on the back, and minutely 

bearded down the inner face. Pod 1 - "2-seeded. Seeds flattened, lenticular. 
Flowers small. 
* * Leaflets toothed all round, and usually an odd one at the end in place of a ten- 
dril : style incurved, naked : radicle of the embryo almost straight. 

44. CICER. Calyx 5-parted. Pod turgid oblong, not flattened, 2-seeded. Seeds 

large, irregularly rounded-obovate, pointed. Peduncle mostly 1-flowered. 

B. Stamens separate to the base. {Plants not twining nor climbing.) 
§ 1. Leaves simple or of 3 digitate leaflets. 

45. CHORTZEMA. Somewhat shrubby, w^ith simple and spiny-toothed leaves, 

scarcely any stipules, and orange or copper-red flowers. Standard rounded 
kidney-shaped: keel straight, much shorter than the wings. Pod ovoid, 
turgid, several-seeded. 

46. BAPTISIA. Herbs, with simple entire sessile leaves and no stipules, or mostly 

of 3 leaflets with deciduous or persistent stipules. Flowers yellow, blue, or 
■white. Standard erect, with the sides turned back, about equalled by the 
oblong and straightish wings and keel. Pod inflated, coriaceous, stalked in 
the calyx, many-seeded. 

47. THERMOPSIS. ' Pod scarcely stalked, linear, flat. Otherwise as Baptisia. 

§ 2. Leaves odd-pinnate. 

48. CLADRASTIS. Trees, with large leaflets, no obvious stipules, and hanging 

terminal panicles of white flowers. Standard turned back: the nearly sep- 
arate straightish keel-petals and wings oblong, obtuse. Pod short-stalked in 
the calyx, linear, very flat, thin, marginless, 4 - 6-seeded. Base of the petioles 
hollow and covering the axillary leaf-buds of the next year. 

49. SOPHORA. Trees, shrubs, or herbs, w^ith numerous leaflets, and mostly 

white or yellow flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Keel-petals and 
wings oblong, obtuse, usually longer than the broad standard. Pod com- 
monly stalked in the calyx, terete, several-seeded, fleshy or almost woody, 
hardly ever opening, but constricted across into mostly 1-seeded portions. 

II. BRASILETTO FAMILY. Flowers more or less irregu- 
lar, but not papilionaceous : when they seem to be so the petal 
answering to the standard will be found to be within instead, of out- 
side of the other petals. Stamens 10 or fewer, separate. The 
leaves are sometimes twice pinnate, which is not the case in the 
true Pulse Family. Embryo of the seed straight, the radicle not 
turned against the edge of the cotyledons. 

§ 1. Leaves simple and entire. Corolla appearing as if pajnlionaceous. 
60. CERCIS. Trees, with rounded heart-shaped leaves, minute early deciduous 
stipules, and small but handsome red-purple flowers in umbel-like clusters on 
old wood, earlier than the leaves, rather acid to the taste. Calyx short, 



PULSE FAMILY. 99 

5-toothed. Petals 5, the one answering to the standard smaller than the 
wing-petals and covered by them ; the keel-petals larger, conniving but dis- 
tinct. Stamens 10, declining with the style. Pod linear-oblong, flat, thin, 
several-seeded, one edge wing-margined. 

§ 2. Leaves simply abruptly pinnate. Calyx and corolla almost regular. 

51. CASSIA. Flowers commonly yellow. Calyx of 5 nearly separate sepals. 

Petals 5, spreading, unequal (the lower larger) or almost equal. Stamens 10 
or 5, some of the upper anthers often imperfect or smaller, their cells opening 
by a hole or chink at the apex. Pod many-seeded. 

§ 3. Leaves, or at least some of them, twice-pinnate. 

52. C^SALPINIA. Trees or shrubs, chiefly tropical, with mostly showy red or 

j'^ellow perfect flowers. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, broad, spreading, 
more or less unequal. Stamens 10, declining, along with the thread-shaped 
style. Pod flat. 
63. GYMNOCLADUS. Tall, thornless tree, with large compound leaves, no stip- 
ules, and dioecious or polygamous whitish regular flowers, in corymb-like 
clusters or short racemes terminating the branches of the season. Calyx 
tubular below, and with 5 spreading lobes, the throat bearing 5 oblong petals 
and 10 short stamens, those of the fertile flowers generally imperfect. Pod 
oblong, flat, very hard, tardily opening, with a little pulp or sweetish matter 
inside, containing few or several large and thick hard seeds (over 4' in diam- 
eter); the fleshy cotyledons remaining underground in germination. 

54. GLEDITSCHIA. Thorny trees, with abruptly twice pinnate or some of them 

once pinnate leaves, the leaflets often crenate-toothed, inconspicuous stipules, 
and small greenish polygamous flowers in narrow racemes. Calyx 3- 5-cleft, 
the lobes and the 8-5 nearly similar petals narrow and spreading. Stamens 
3 - 10. Pod flat, very tardily opening, often with some sweetish matter around 
the 1 - several flat seeds. Cotyledons thin. 

III. MIMOSA FAMILY. Flowers perfectly regular, small, 
crowded in heads or spikes ; both calyx and corolla valvate in the 
bud ; and the 4 or 5 sepals usually and petals frequently united 
more or less below into a tube or cup. Stamens 4, 5, or more, 
often very many, usually more conspicuous than the corolla and 
brightly colored, the long capillary filaments inserted on the recep- 
tacle or base of the corolla. Embryo of the seed straight. Leaves 
almost always twice pinnate and with small leaflets, or apparently 
simple and parallel-veined when they have phyllodia in place of 
true leaves. The foliage and the pods only show the leguminous 
character. 

§ 1. Stamens once or tioice as many as the petals, 4-10. Ours herbs or nearly so, 
with rose-colored or whitish flowers, and leaves of many small leaflets. 

55. MIMOSA. Calyx commonly minute or inconspicuous. Corolla of 4 or 5 more 

or less united petals. Pod Hat, oblong or linear: when ripe the valves fall out 
of a persistent slender margin or frame and also usually break up into one- 
seeded joints. 

56. SCHRANKIA. Calyx minute. Corolla funnel-form, the 5 petals being united 

up to the middle. Stamens 10. Pod rough-prickly all over, long and nar- 
row, splitting lengthwise when ripe into 4 parts. 

57. DESMANTHUS. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 

6 or 10. Pod flat, sm'ooth, linear or oblong, 2-valved, no persistent margin. 

§ 2. Stamens numerous, or more than 10. Ours all shrubs or trees. 

58. ALBIZZIA. Flowers flesh-color, rose-color, or nearly white; the long stamens 

monadelphous at the base. Corolla funnel-form, the 5 petals united beyond 
the middle. Pod flat and thin, broadly linear, not opening elastically. 
Leaves twice pinnate. 

59. ACACIA. Flowers yellow or straw-color: the stamens separate and very 

numerous. Corolla of 4 or 5 separate or partly united small petals. i*od 
various. 



100 PULSE FAMILY. 

1. LUPilSTXTS, LUPINE. (Old Latin name, from lupus, a wolf, because 
Lupines were thought to destroy the fertility of the soil.) 

* Wild species of Atlantic States, in sandy soil : Ji. in spring. If. 

L. perennis, Wild L. Somewhat hairy ; with erect stem 1°-1^° high, 
7-11 spatulate oblong or oblanceolate green leaflets, and a long raceme of 
showy purplish-blue (rarely pale) flowers, in late spring. 

L. vili6sus, One-leaved L. Silky-downy, with short spreading or 
ascending stems, oblong or lance-oblong simple leaves, and a dense raceme of 
blue, purple, or rose-colored flowers. Near the coast, from North Carolina S. 
* * Cultivated for ornament : Ji. summer. 

L. polyp hyllus, Many- leaved L., is the principal hardy perennial 
species of the gardens, from Oregon and California, 3° - 4° high, rather hairy, 
with .13-15 lanceolate or oblanceolate leaflets, and a very long dense raceme 
of blue, sometimes purple, variegated, or even white floAvers, in June. 2/ 

L. mutabilis, cult, as an annual, from South America, is tall, very smooth 
throughout, with about 9 narrow-oblong blunt leaflets, and very large sweet- 
scented violet-purple flowers (or a white variety), with yellow and a little red 
on the standard. 

li. densifldrus, of California (where there are many fine Lupines), l°-2° 
high, is well marked by the numerous Avhite flowers forming distinct and sep- 
arate whorls in the long raceme. ® 

L. albus, of Eu., which the ancients cultivated as pulse, has the several 
obovate-oblong leaflets smooth above, but hairy beneath, white flowers alternate 
in the raceme, and large smooth pods. (I) 

L. hirsutUS, cult, in old gardens, from Eu., is clothed with soft white 
hairs ; the leaflets spatulate-oblong ; flowers in loose whorls in the raceme, blue, 
with rose-color and white varieties ; pods very hairy. (I) 

L. luteus, the old Yellow L. of the gardens, from Eu., silky-hairy, 
rather low ; with yellow flowers in whorls crowded in a dense spike. (T) 

2. CROTALARIA, KATTLEBOX. (Erom Greek word for a rattle, the 
seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pod.) Native, in sandy soil : fl. yel- 
low, in summer. 

C. sagittalis. Low, 3' - 6' high, branching, beset with rusty-colored 
spreading hairs, with nearly sessile oval or lance-oblong leaves, and 2 or 3 flowers 
on the peduncle. (T) 

C. OValis. Spreading, rough with appressed hairs ; leaves short-petioled, 
oval, oblong, or lanceolate ; peduncle with 3-6 scattered flowers. 2/ 

3. GENISTA, WO AD-WAXEN, WHIN. (Celtic word: little hush.) 

G. tinetoria, Dyer's W. or Green-weed. Nat. from Eu. in sterile 
soil E., especially in Mass. : low and undershrubby, not thorny, with lanceolate 
leaves, and bright yellow rather small flowers somewhat racemed at the end of 
the striate-angled green branches, in early summer. 

4. CYTISUS. (Ancient Greek name, after an island where it grows.) 
The following are the only species generally cultivated. 

C. (or Sarothamnus) scoparius, Scotch Broom. Shrub, from 
Europe, 3° - 5° high, smooth, with long and tough erect angled and green 
branches, bearing small leaves, the lower short-petioled and with 3 obovate 
leaflets, the upper of a single sessile leaflet, and in the axils large and showy 
golden yellow flowers on slender pedicels ; calyx with 2 short and broad lips ; 
style and stamens slender, held in the keel, but disengaged and suddenly start- 
ing upward when touched (as when bees alight on the deflexed keel), the style 
coiling spirally ; pod hairy on the edges. Hardy in gardens N. ; running wild 
in Virginia : fl. early summer. 

Irish Broom, so called, but is from Portugal, is another species, not hardy 
here. Spanish Broom is Spartium junceum, of another genus. 

C. Canariensis, from the Canary Islands, is cultivated in conservatories; 
a shrub with croAvded slender branches, soft-hoary leaves of 3 very small obovate 
leaflets, and small yelloAv sweet-scented floAvers, produced all winter. 



PULSE FAMILY. 101 

5. LABXJRNUM. (Ancient Latin name. Genus separated from Cytisus 
from the diiferent appearance, and the seeds destitute of strophiole or append- 
age at the scar.) 

L. vulgare, Common Laburnum, Golden-Chain, or Bean-Trefoil- 

Tree of Europe. Planted for ornament, a low tree, Avith smooth green bark, 
slender-petioled leaves of 3 oblong leaflets (2' -3' long), and pretty large showy 
golden-yellow flowers hanging in long racemes, in late spring ; pods with one 
thicker edge. 

6. TRIGONELLA. (Old name, from Greek word for triangular, from the 
shape of the corolla or the seeds.) Low herbs. T. c^rulea is the plant 
used in Switzerland for imparting the flavor like that of Melilot to certain 
kinds of cheese. ) 

T. Foenuni-Grseeuni, Fenugreek. Occasionally cult, in gardens, in 
Europe a forage and popular medicinal plant, strong-scented ; Avith wedge- 
oblong leaflets, one or two nearly sessile small floAvers in the axils, yellowish or 
whitish corolla, and a linear long-pointed and somewhat curved pod 2' -4' long, 
with veiny sides. ® 

7. MEDIC AGO, MEDICK. (The old name of Lucerne, because it came 
to the Greeks from Media.) All natives of the Old World : a few have run 
wild here. Fl. all summer. 

* Flowers violet-purple or bluish. 21 
M. sativa, Lucerne or Spanish Trefoil. Cultivated for green fodder, 
especially S. : stems erect, l°-2° high, from a long deep root; leaflets obovate- 
oblong ; racemes oblong ; pod several-seeded, linear, coiled about 2 turns. 
* * Flowers yellow. (T) (2) 

M. lupulina, Black Medick, Nonesuch. A weed or pasture plant, in 
dry or sandy fields, &c. : Ioav, spreading, downy, with wedge-obovate leaflets, 
roundish or at length oblong heads or spikes of small flowers, and little kidney- 
shaped 1-seeded pods turning black when ripe. 

M. maeulata, Spotted M. Waste sandy places, S. & E. : spreading or 
trailing ; Avith broadly inversely heart-shaped leaflets marked Avith a dark spot, 
3 - 5-flowered peduncles, and a flat pod compactly coiled three or more turns, 
its thickish edge beset with a double row of curved prickles. 

M. dentieulata, like the last, but rarer, with pod of looser coils, sharp 
edge, and mostly shorter prickles. 

M. scutellata, Snail Medick, Beehive. Cult, occasionally in gardens 
for its curious pods, which are pretty large, coiled up like a snail-shell, in many- 
turns, smooth and even. 

8. MELILOTUS, MELILOT, SWEET CLOVER. (From Greek 
Avords for honeji/ and Lotus, i. e. Sweet Lotus: foliage SAveet-scented, especially 
in drying.) NatiA^es of the Old World ; somewhat cult, in gardens, &c., and 
running wild in Avaste or cultivated ground : fl. all summer. ® (2) 

M. alba, White M., Bokhara or Tree Clover. Tall, 3° - 6° high, 
branching, Avith obovate or oblong leaflets truncately notched at the end, and 
loose racemes of Avhite floAvers. Has been cult, for gi'ccn fodder. 

M. ofB-Cinalis, Yellow M. Less tall, 2° - 3° high, Avith merely blunt 
leaflets and yellow floAvers. 

9. TRIPOLIUM, CLOVER, TREFOIL. (Latin name: three leaflets.) 

* Low, insignificant weeds, not. from Europe in dry waste fields, ^'C. (T) 
-»- Flowers yellow, in round heads, produced through, late summer and autumn, 
reflexed and turning chestnut-brown, dry and papery irith age. 

T. agrarium, Yelloav Hop-C. Smoothish, 6'-12' high, Avith obovate^ 
oblong Icallots all nearly sessile on the end of the jiotiolc ; heads rather l:u-gc. 

T. procumbsns/Low Hop-C. Smaller, spreading, rather doAvny, the 
wedge-obovate leaflets notched at the end, the middle one at a little distance 
from the others. 



102 PULSE FAMILY. 

+- ■«- Flowers flesh-color or whitish with a purplish spot, in a very soji silky head. 

T. arvense, Rabbit-foot or Stone C. Erect, silky-downy, especially 
the oblong or at length cylindrical grayish heads or spikes, the corollas almost 
concealed by the plumose-silky calyx ; leaflets narrow. 

* * Larger, rose-red-flowered Clovers, cult, from Europe for fodder, or running 

wild : heads thick and dense : corolla tubular, withering away after flower- 
ing : flowers sweet-scented, in summer. 2/ 

T. pratense, Red C. Stems ascending ; leaflets obovate or oval, often 
notched at the end and with a pale spot on the face ; head closely surrounded 
by the uppermost leaves. 

T. raedium, Zigzag C, with a zigzag stem, more oblong entire and 
spotless leaves, and head usually stalked, is rare, but has run wild E., and 
passes into the last. 

* * * Low, wild Clovers, or one cult, from Europe, with spreading or running 

stems, and mostly pale or ivhite flowers [remaining and turning brownish in 
fading) on pedicels, in round umbels or heads, on slender naked peduncles : 
fl. spring and summer. 

T. reflexum, Buffalo C. Wild S. and especially TV. : somewhat 
downy, with ascending stems 6' -12' high, obovate-oblong finely-toothed leaf- 
lets, heads and rose-red and Avhitish flowers fully as large as in Red Clover, 
calyx-teeth hairy, and pods 3 - .5-seeded. @ © 

T. Stoloniferum, Running Buffalo C. Prairies and oak-openings 
W. : like the last, or a variety of it, but some of the stems forming runners, 
leaflets broadly obovate or inversely heart-shaped, flowers barely tinged with 
purple, and pods 2-seeded. (i) 2/ 

T. Carolinianum, Carolina C. Fields and pastures S. : a little downy, 
spreading in tufts 5' - 10' high, with small inversely heart-shaped leaflets, broad 
stipules, and small heads, the purplish corolla hai'dly longer than the lanceolate 
calyx-teeth. 2/ 

T. repens, White C. Fields, &c. everywhere, invaluable for pasturage : 
smooth, with creeping stems, inversely heart-shaped leaflets, long and slender 
petioles and peduncles, narrow stipules, loose umbel-like heads, and white 
corolla much longer than the slender calyx-teeth. 2/ 

10. PETALOSTEMON, PRAIRIE CLOVER. (Name composed of 
the Greek words for petal and stamen combined. ) In prairies, pine-barrens, &c. 
W. and S. : flowers never yellow. 2/ 

* Heads crowded in a corymb, leafy-bracted : fl. late in autumn. 

P. eorymb6sus. In southern pine-barrens ; 2° high, with leaves of 3 - 7 
filiform leaflets, and white flowers, the slender teeth of calyx becoming plumose. 

* * Heads or mostly spikes single terminating stems : fl. summer. 

P. violaeeus. Prairies W. : smoothish or pubescent, 1° - 2° high, with 
mostly 5 narrow-linear leaflets, a short spike even Avhen old, rose-purple flowers, 
and hoary calyx. 

P. carneus. Dry barrens S. : smooth, with branching stems, 5-7 linear 
leaflets, long-peduncled short spikes, flesh-color or pale rose flowers, and gla- 
brous calyx. 

P. candidus. Prairies W. & S. : smooth, 2° - 3° high, with 7-9 lan- 
ceolate or linear-oblong leaflets, long-peduncled spikes, with awn-pointed bracts, 
and white flowers. 

There are besides one or two rarer species W., and several more far W. & S. 

11. DALE A. (Named for an English botanist, Thomas Dale.) There are 
many species S. W. beyond the Mississippi. 

D. alopecuroides. Alluvial river banks W. & S. ; with erect stem 
l°-2° high, smooth leaves of many linear-oblong leaflets, and whitish small 
flowers in a dense silky spike, in summer, (i) 



PULSE FAMILY. 103 

12. AMOKPHA, FALSE INDIGO. (Name, amorphous, wanting the 
ordinary form, from the absence of four of the petals.) There are usually 
little stipels to the leaflets. El. summer. 

A. fruticosa, Common A. Eiver-banks from Penn. S. & W. ; a tall or 
middle-sized shrub, smoothish, with petioled leaves of 1.5 - 2.5 oval or obloiig leaf- 
lets, violet or purple tiowers in early summer, and mostly 2-seetled pods. 

A. herbacea (but it is not an herb) of low pine-barrens S., 2° -4° high, 
often downy, has the leaflets more rigid, dotted, and crowded, villous caiyx- 
teeth, later blue or white flowers, and 1 -seeded pods. 

A. canescens, called Lead-Plant ; in prairies and on rocky banks W. 
and S. W. ; l°-3° high, hoary wi'ch soft down, with sessile leaves of 29 -.51 
elliptical leaflets, smoothish above when old, violet-purple flowers in late summer, 
and 1 -seeded pods. 

13. PSORAIiE A. ( Greek word for scurf ij, from the roughish dots or gland3 
on the leaves, calyx, &c.) Wild S. & W. : fl. early summer, violet, bluish, 
or almost white. 2/ 

* Leaves pinnatehj 3-foIiolate, i. e. the side-leaflets a little below the apex of the 
common petiole, or the uppermost of a single leaflet. 

P. Onobryehis. River-banks, Ohio to Illinois and S. : 3° - 5° high, 
nearly smooth, with lance-ovate taper-pointed leaflets 3' long, small flowers in 
short-peduncled racemes 3' - 6' long ; pods rough and wrinkled. 

P. melilotoides. Dry places, W. & S. : l°-2° high, somewhat pubes- 
cent, slender, with lanceolate or lance-oblong leaflets, oblong spikes on long 
peduncles, and strongly wrinkled pods. 

* * Leaves digitate, of 3-7 leaflets. 

P. Lupinellus. Dry pine-barrens S. : smooth and slender, with 5-7 very 
narrow or thread-shaped leaflets, small flowers in loose racemes, and obliquely 
wrinkled pods. 

P. floriblinda. Prairies from Illinois S. W. : bushy-branched and slen- 
der, 2° - 4° high, somewhat hoary when young, with 3-5 linear or obovate- 
oblong much dotted leaflets, small flowers in short panicled racemes, and glan- 
dular-roughened pods. 

P. canescens. Dry barrens S. E. Bushy-branched, 2° high, hoary- 
pubescent, Avitli 3 (or upper leaves of single) obovate leaflets, loose racemes of 
few flowers, and a smooth pod. 

P. argophylla. Prairies N. "W., mostly across the Mississippi, widely 
branched, 1^-3° high, silvery white all over with silky hairs, with 3-5 broad- 
lanceolate leaflets and spikes of rather few largish flowers. 

P. esculenta, Pomme Blanche of the N. W. Voyageurs ; the turnip- 
shaped or tuberous mealy root furnishing a desirable food to the Indians N. W. : 
low and stout, 5'- 15' high, roughish hairy, with 5 lance-oblong or obovate 
leaflets, a dense oblong spike of pretty large (^' long) flowers, and a hairy 
pointed pod. 

14. ONOBRYCHIS, SAINFOIN. (Name from Greek, means Asses- 
food.) 

O. sativa, Common S. Sparingly cult, from Europe as a fodder plant, 
but not quite hardy N. ; herb l°-^°high, with numerous oblong small leaf- 
lets, brown and thin pointed stipules, and spikes of light pink flowers on long 
axillary peduncles, in summer, the little semicircular pod bordered with short 
prickles or teeth. 2/ 

15. STYLOS ANTHES, PENCIL-FLOWER. (Name from Greek 
words for column and floiver, the calyx being raised on its stalk-like base. 
The application of the popular name is not obvious. ) 

S. el^tior, of pine-barrens from New Jersey and Illinois S., is an incon- 
spicuous low herb, in tufts ; the wiry stems downy on one side ; leaflets lan- 
ceolate, with strong straight veins ; flowers orange-yellow, small, in littlo 
clusters or heads, in late summer. ^ 



104 PULSE FAMILY. 

16. LESPEDEZA, BUSH-CLOVER. (Named for Lesjoec/e^, a Spanish 
Governor of Florida. ) All grow in sandy or sterile soil ; fl. late summer 
and autumn. 2/ 

* Native species : stipules and bracts minute. 

1- Flowers in close spikes or heads on upright (2° -4° high) simple rigid stems: 
corolla cream-color or ivhite with a purple spot, about the length of the silky- 
downy calyx. 

L. capitclta. Leaflets oblong or sometimes linear, silky beneath, thickish ; 
peduncles and petioles short ; flowers in short spikes or heads ; calyx much 
longer than the pod. 

L. hirta. Leaflets roundish or oval, hairy or downy ; petioles and pedun- 
cles slender ; spikes becoming rather long and loose. 

-(- -*- Flowers violet-purple, scattered or in open panicles or clusters, slender-pedun- 
cled,^ also usually some more fertile ones, mostly without petals, in small 
sessile clusters. 

L. violacea. The commonest, and very variable, bvishy -branching, erect 
or spreading, with leaflets varying from oval to linear, and minutely whitish- 
downy beneath, or sometimes siiky ; the ordinaiy flowers loosely panicled. 

L. prociimbens. Soft-downy, except the upper surface of the oval or 
oblong leaflets, slender and trailing ; peduncles slender and few-flowered. 

L. repens. Smooth, except some minute and scattered close-pressed hairs, 
very slender, prostrate ; leaflets obovate or oval {^' long). 

* * Naturalized in States, from China or Japan : stipules ovate or lance-ovate, 

striate, longer than the very short petiole. 

Ii. striata. Introduced (moi'e than 25 years ago) in some unknown way 
into the Southern Atlantic States, now rapidly spreading and occupying old 
fields and waste places, to the great benefit of the country, being greedily fed 
upon by cattle ; it is low and spreading, 3'- 10' high, much branched, almost 
smooth, with oblong or wedge-oblong leaflets 4' - 2' -0^S> ^^^ 1 ~ 3 small pur- 
plish flowers almost sessile in the axils. 

17. DSSMODIUM, TICK-TREFOIL. (Name from Greek, means feownrf 
together, from the connected joints of the pod.) 21 We have many native 
species, common in open woods and copses ; fl. late summer : the following 
are the more common. 

§ 1 . Native species : the little joints of the pod adhere to clothing or to the coats of 
animals : flowers sometimes turning greenish in withering. 

* Pod raised far above the calyx on a slender stalk of its own, straightish on the 

upper margin, divided from below into not more than A joints : flowers in 
one long-stalked naked terminal raceme or panicle : plants smooth, l°-3° 
high : stipules bristle-form. 

D. nudiflorurQ. Flower-stalk and leaf-bearing stem rising separately 
from a common root ; the leaves all crowded on the summit of the latter, and 
with broadly ovate bluntish leaflets, pale beneath. 

D. acuminatuni. Flower-stalk terminating the stem, which bears a 
cluster of leaves ; the large leaflets (4' - 5' long) round-ovate with a tapering 
point, or the end one blunter, green both sides. 

* * Pod little if at all raised above the calyx. 

■♦- Stems erect, 3° - 6° high : stipules large, ovate or lance-ovate and pointed, 

striate, persistent, the bracts similar but deciduous : floicers large for the 

genus : racemes panicled : pods of 4-7 rhombic-oblong joints, each joint 

about ^' long. 

D. CUSpidatum. Very smooth, with a straight stem, lance-ovate and 

taper-pointed leaflets (3' -5' long) longer than the common petiole, and pod 

with smoothish joints. 

D. caneseens. Hairy, with branching stems, pale leaves ; the ovate 
bluntish leaflets about the length of the common petiole, reticulated beneath and 
both sides roughish with fine close pubescence ; joints of pod very adhesive. 



PULSE FAMILY. 105 

••- -1- Stems erect, 2° - 6° high : stipules and bracts mostly awl-shaped, small and 
inconspicuous or early deciduous : racemes panicled. 

•«• Common petiole slender : jiowers smallish : joints of pod 3-5, unequal-sided. 

D. viridiflorum. Stem and lower surface of the broad ovate blunt leaf- 
lets clothed Avith white and soft-velvety down. Pine-barrens, from New Jersey S. 

D. Isevigatum. Stem and the thickish ovate and bluntish leaflets smooth 
or nearly so. From New Jersey S. 

D. Dillenii. Stem and the oblong or oblong-ovate bluntish thin leaflets 
finely pubescent ; the latter 2' - 3' long. 

D. panieulatuni. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; leaflets lanceolate 
or lance-oblong, tapering to a blunt point, 3'- 5' long; panicle loose. 

D. Strietum. Slender stems smooth below, above and the narrow panicle 
rough-glandular; leaflets linear, blunt, reticulated, very smooth, l'-2' long. 
From New Jersey S. 

++ t-+ Common petiole very short. 

D. Canadense. Stem hairy, 3° - 6'^ high, leafy up to the panicle ; leaf- 
lets lance-oblong, blunt, 2' - 3' long ; racemes dense, the pink-purple flowers 
larger than in any other, fully ^' long ; bracts large, conspicuous before flower- 
ing. Chiefly N. & W. - 

D. sessilifoliuni. Stem pubescent, 2° -4° high; the long panicle naked; 
common petiole hardly any ; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, blunt, reticulated^ 
rough above, downy beneath ; flowers small. Penn. to 111. & S. 

•t- -I- -i- Stems ascending or spreading, l°-3° long: stipules and bracts awl- 
shaped and deciduous : panicle naked, loose : Jiowers small : pod of 2 or 3 
small oval or roundish joints. 

ID. rigidum. The largest of this section, with rough-pubescent stems 
sometimes erect ; leaflets ovate-oblong, blunt, thickish, roughish and reticulated, 
1' - 2^' long, longer than the common petiole. 

D. eiliare. More or less hairy, slender, very leafy ; common petiole very 
short ; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, 5-' - 1 ' long. 

D. Marilandicum. Smooth or nearly so, slender ; leaflets ovate or 
roundish, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the slender petiole : other- 
wise like the preceding. 

^_ H_ H_ +_ Stems reclining or prostrate : racemes axillary and terminal. 

D. lineatura. Smoothish ; stem striate-angled ; stipules awl-shaped, 
deciduous ; leaflets orbicular, 1' or less in length, much longer than the common 
petiole ; flowers and 2 or 3 rounded joints of the pod small. Pine-barrens from 
Maryland S. 

D. rotundifoliuni. Soft-hairy ; stems running 3° - 5° along the ground ; 
leaflets orbicular, about 3' long ; stipules ovate, striate, taper-pointed, persist- 
ent ; flowers and the 3-5 rhombic-oval joints of the pod rather large. 

§ 2. Exotic, conservatory species. 
"D. g;^rans, of East Indies, one of the most extraordinary plants known, 
is readily grown as a tender annua! : the smooth leaves are remarkable for their 
movements ; the end leaflet slowly changing position with the light ; the lateral 
ones, very much smaller, moving pretty rapidly up and down, in elliptical 
sweeps, through the day when the temperature is about 80° Fahr. 

18. JESCHYNOMENE, SENSITIVE JOINT -VETCH. (From 

Greek Avord meaning asfiamed, the leaflets of some species being more or less 
sensitive to the touch in the manner of the common Sensitive Phmt.) Sta- 
mens commonly in two sets of 5 each. Pod resembling that of Desmodium. 
Fl. summer. 

-3S. hispida. Stem rough-bristly, 2° -4° high ; leaflets very many, broadly 
linear; joints of the bristly pod 6-10, nearly square. Low grounds from 
Penn. S. (T) 

JE. viseidula. Stems clammy-pubescent, slender, spreading on the ground ; 
leaflets 7-9, obovate ; joints of the bristly pod 2 or 3, half-orbicular. Sandy 
shores S. ® 



106 PULSE FAMILY. 

19. CORONILLA. (Latin, diminutive of corona, a crown.) Cult, from 
Europe for ornament. 2/ 

C. varia, Purple Coronilla. Hardy herb, spreading from underground 
running shoots, smooth, 2° high, with 15-21 obovate-oval or oblong small 
leaflets, and head-like umbels of handsome pink-purple and white or Avhite and 
lilac flowers, all summer. 

C. glauoa, Yellow Sweet-scented C. Green-house shrubby plant, 
with .5-9 glaucous obovate or obcordate leaflets, the terminal largest, and head- 
like umbels of sweet-scented yellow flowers ; the claws of the petals not 
lengthened. 

20. ARACHIS, PEANUT, GROUND-NUT. (Meaning of name obscure.) 
A. hypogasa, the only common species, originally from South America, 

cult. S. : the nut-like pods familiar, the oily fleshy seeds being largely eaten by 
children, either raw or roasted. (T) 

21. SSSB ANIA. (Arabic name Sesban, a little altered. ) Fl. late summer. 
S. macroearpa, wild in swamps S., is tall, smooth, with linear-oblong 

leaflets, few flowers on a peduncle shorter than the leaves, the corolla yellow 
with some reddish or purple, followed by linear narrow hanging pods 8' - 12' 
long, containing many seeds. (T) 

S. vesicaria (or Glottidium EloridXnum), in low grounds S., resem- 
bles the preceding in foliage and small yellow flowers, but has a broadly oblong 
turgid pod, only 1' or 2' long, pointed, raised above the calyx on a slender stalk 
of its own, only 2-seeded, the seeds remaining enclosed in the bladdery white 
lining of the pod when the outer valves have fallen. ® 

S, grandifldra (or AgXti grandiflora), a shrub or tree-like plant of 
India, run wild in Florida, occasionally cult, for ornament S., has very large 
flowers, 3' -4' long, white or red, and slender hanging pods 1° or so long. 

22. CAR AG ANA, PEA-TREE. (Tartar name.) Natives of Siberia 
and China : planted for ornament, but uncommon, scarcely hardy N. 

C arborescens. Siberian p. Shrub or low tree, with spiny stipules, 
4-6 pairs of oval-oblong downy leaflets, a soft tip to the common petiole, and 
solitary yellow flowers, in spring. 

C. frutescens, has soft stipules, and only 2 pairs of obovate leaflets 
crowded at the summit of the petiole, which is tipped with a spiny point. 

C. ChamlagU, Chinese P., a low or spreading shrub, has 2 rather dis- 
tant pairs of smooth oval or obovate leaflets, the stipules and tip of the petiole 
spiny. 

23. INDIGOFERA, INDIGO-PLANT. (Name mesins producer of in- 
digo.) Ours are tail perennials, sometimes with woody base, and numerous 
small flowers in racemes, of S. States, in dry soil : fl. summer. 

I. Caroliniana. Wild from North Carolina S. : smoothish, with 10-15 
obovate or oblong pale leaflets, racemes longer than the leaves, flowers soon 
brownish, and oblong veiny pods only 2-seeded. 

I. tinctbria. This and the next furnish the indigo of commerce, were 
cult, for that purpose S., and have run wild in waste places : Avoody at base, 
with 7-15 oval leaflets, racemes shorter than the leaves, the deflexed knobby 
terete, pods curved and several-seeded. 

I. Anil differs mainly in its flattish and even pods thickened at both edges. 

24. TEPHROSIA, HOARY PEA. (From Greek word meaning /ioar3/.) 
Native plants, of dry, sandy or barren soil, chiefly S. : fl. summer. 

* Stem very leafy up to the terminal and sessile dense raceme or panicle. 

T. Virginikna. Called Catgut, from the very tough, long and slender 
roots; white silky-downy, with erect and simple stem 1° - 2° high, 17-29 
linear-oblong leaflets, pretty large and numerous flowers yellowish-white with 
purple, and downy pods. Common N. & S. 



PULSE FAMILY. 107 

» * Stems branching, often spreading or decumbent : leaves scattered : racemes op- 
posite the leaves, long-peduncled : flowers fewer and smaller: pubescence 
mostly yellowish or rusty. 

T. spicata. From Delaware S. : 1° - 2° high, loosely soft-hairy, with 
9-15 wedge-oblong or obovate leaflets, and 6-10 rather large scattered white 
and purple flowei's in the raceme or spike. 

T. hispidula. From Virginia S. : low, closely pubescent or smoothish, 
with 11-15 oblong small leaflets, the lowest pair above the base of the petiole, 
and 2-4 small reddish-purple flowers. 

T. Chrysoph^lla. From Georgia S. & W. : nearly prostrate, with 5-7 
wedge-obovate leaflets, smooth above and yellowish silky beneath, the lowest 
pair close to the stem ; flowers as in the last. 

25. ROBINIA, LOCUST-TREE. (Dedicated to two early French bota- 
nists, Robin.) Natives of Atlantic, Middle, and Southern States, planted, and 
the common Locust running wild N. Fl. late spring and early summer. 

R. Pseudacaeia, Common L. or False Acacia. Tree of valuable 
timber, with naked branchlets, slender and loose hanging racemes of fragrant 
white flowers, and smooth pods. 

R. viseosa, Clammy L. Smaller tree, with clammy branches and stalks, 
very short prickles, short and dense racemes of faintly rose-colored scentless 
flowers, and rough clammy pods. 

R. hispida, Bristly L. or Rose-Acacia. Ornamental shrub, with 
branches and stalks bristly, broad leaflets tipped with a long bristle, large and 
showy bright rose-colored flowers in close or loose racemes, and clammy-bristly 
pods. 

26. COLUTEA, BLADDER-SENNA. (Derivation of name obscure : 
the English name refers to the bladdery pods and to the leaves having been 
used as a substitute for those of Senna. ) 

C. arborescens, Common B. European shrub, planted in gardens, with 
7-11 oval and rather truncate leaflets, a raceme of 5-10 yellow flowers, in 
summer, succeeded by the large very thin-walled closed pods. 

C. eruenta, Oriental B., with obovate notched leaflets, fewer flowers 
saffron-colored or reddish, and pods opening by a little slit before they are ripe, 
is scarcely hardy N. 

27. ASTRAGALUS, MILK- VETCH. (Old Greek name of the ankle- 
bone and of some leguminous plant; application and meaning uncertain.) 
Very many native species west of the Mississippi. 

A. Canadensis. River-banks, the only widely common species ; rather 
coarse, l°-4° high, slightly pubescent, with leaves of numerous leaflets, long 
dense spikes of greenish cream-colored flowers, in summer, followed by small 
and coriaceous ovoid pods, completely divided by a longitudinal partition. ^ 

A. Cobperi. Gravelly shores N. & W. : resembles the foregoing, but 
smoother, l°-2° high, with small white flowers in a short spike, and inllated 
ovoid pods about 1' long, thin-Avalled, and not divided internally ; fl. in early 
summer. 2/ 

A. gibber. Pine-barrens S. : nearly smooth, 2° high, Avith very many 
oblong-linear small leaflets, loosely many-flowered spikes of white flowers, in 
spring, succeeded by oblong curved and flattish 2-cclled pods. 21 

A. earyocarpus, Ground Plum of the Western voyagenrs, so called from 
the fruit, which is of the size and shape of a small plum, and fleshy, but becom- 
ing dry and corky, very thick-walled, 2-celled ; the plant low, smoothish, with 
many small narrow oblong leaflets, and short racemes or spikes of violet-})urple 
or nearly white flowers, in spring : common along the Upper Mississippi and 
W. and S. on the plains. 2/ 

A. vill6sus. Pine-barrens S. : low and spreading, loosely hoary-hairy, 
with about 13 oblong leaflets notched at the end, a short and dense raceme or 
spike of small yellowish flowers, in spring, and an oblong 3-angled curved and 
soft-hairy pod, its cavity not divided, "ij. 



108 PULSE FAMILY. 

28. WISTAIIIA. (Named for Pro/. TT/star of Philadelphia.) Very orna- 
mental woody twiners : fl. spring. 

W. fruteseens, American W. Wild along streams W. and S., and 

cult, for ornament; soft-downy when young, Avith 9-15 lance-ovate leaflets, 
a dense raceme of showy blue-purple flowers, the calyx narrowish, wing-petals 
each with one short and one very long appendage at the base of the blade, and 
a smooth ovary. 

W. Sinensis, Chinese W. Cult, from China or Japan, barely hardy in 
New Enghmd, faster growing (sometimes 20° in a season) and higher climbing 
than the other, Avith longer and more pendent racemes, wing-petals appendaged 
on one side only, and a downy ovary. Often flowering tAvice in the season. 

29. APIOS, GROUND-NUT, WILD BEAN. (Name from Greek word 
for pear, from the shape of the tubers.) IJ. 

A. tuberosa. Wild in Ioav grounds ; subterranean shoots bearing strings 
of edible farinaceous tubers l'-2' long; stems slender, rather hairy ; leaflets 
ovate-lanceolate ; floAvers broAvnish-pui-ple, violet-scented, croAvded in short and 
thick racemes, in late summer and autumn. 

30. ERYTHRINA. (From Greek word for red, Avhich is the usual color 
of the flowers.) 

E. herbacea. Wild in sandy soil near the coast S. ; sending up herba- 
ceous stems 2° - 4° high from a thick Avoody root or base, some leafy, the leaf- 
lets broadly triangular-ovate ; others nearly leafless, terminating in a long erect 
raceme of narroAv scarlet floAvers, of Avhich the straight and folded lanceolate 
standard (2' long) is the only conspicuous pai't ; seeds scarlet : fl. spring. 

E. Crista-galli. Cult, in conservatories, from Brazil ; Avith a tree-like 
trunk, oval or oblong leaflets, and loose racemes of crimson large floAvers, the 
keel as Avell as the broad spreading standard conspicuous, the rudimentary wings 
hidden in the calyx. 

31. PHASEOLUS, BEAN, KIDNEY BEAN. (An ancient name of 
the Bean.) Fl. summer and autumn. 

* Native species, small-flowered. 

P. perennis. From Connecticut and Illinois S. in woody places ; slender 
stems climbing high ; leaflets roundish-ovate, short-pointed ; racemes long and 
loose, often panicled ; floAvers small, purple ; pods drooping, scimitar-shaped, 
fcAA'-seeded. % 

P. diversifolius. Sandy shores, &c. : spreading on the ground, with 
rough hairy stems, ovate entire or commonly 3-lobed or angled leaflets, pedun- 
cles twice the length of the leaves, bearing a small cluster of purplish or at length 
greenish floAvers, and linear nearly terete straight pods. (T) 

P. helvolus. Sandy soil, from Ncav Jersey and Illinois S. : more slen- 
der than the preceding, sometimes tAvining a little, Avith the ovate or oblong 
leaflets entire or obscurely angled, peduncles several times surpassing the leaves, 
floAvers pale purple, and pods narroAver. 2/ 

P. pauetflorus. River-banks W. & S. : spreading over the ground, also 
twining more or less, slender, pubescent, Avith small oblong-lanceolate or linear 
leaflets, feAv and small purplish floAvers on a short peduncle, the keel merely 
incurved, and the straight flat pod only 1 ' long. (I) 

* * Exotic species, cultivated mainly for food, all with ovate pointed leaflets, (i) 

P. vulgaris, Common Kidney, String, and Pole Bean. TAvining, 
with racemes of Avhite or sometimes dull purplish or variegated floAvers shorter 
than the leaf, linear straight pods, and tumid seeds. Many varieties, among 
which may be reckoned the next. 

P. nanus, Davarf or Field Bean ; low and bushy, not tAvining ; seeds 
Tery tumid. 

P. lunatus, Lima Bean, Sieva B., &c. Twining, Avith racemes of 
small greenish-Avhite floAvers shorter than the leaf, and broad and curved or 
scimitar-shaped pods, containing fcAV large and flat seeds. 



PULSE FAMILY. 109 

P. multifl6rus, Spanish Bean, Scarlet Runner when red-flowered ; 
twining high, Avith the showy flowers bright scarlet, or white, or mixed, in 
peduncled racemes surpassing the leaves ; pods broadly linear, straight or 
a little curved ; seeds large, tumid, white or colored. 

* * * Exotic species, cultivated in greenhouses for ornament. 2/ 
P. Caracalla, Snail-Flower. Stem twining extensively, rather woody 
below, from a tuberous root ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, taper-pointed ; racemes 
longer than the leaf ; flowers showy, 2' long, white and purple, the standard as 
well as the very long-snouted keel spirally coiled, giving somewhat the appear- 
ance of a snail-shell. 

32. DOLICHOS, BLACK BEAN, &c. (Old Greek name of a Bean, 
meaning elongated, perhaps from the tall-climbing stems.) 

D. Lablab, Egyptian or Black Bean, cult, from India, for ornament 
and sometimes for food, is a smooth twiner, with elongated racemes of showy 
violet, purple, or white flowers, 1' long, and thick and broadly oblong pointed 
pods ; seeds black or tawny with a white scar. (T) 

D. Sinensis, China Bean, var. melanophthalmus, Black-eyed 
Bean, Avith long peduncles bearing only 2 or 3 (white or pale) flowers at the 
end, the beans (which are good) white with a black circle round the scar, is 
occasionally met Avith. 

33. GALACTIA, MILK-PEA. (Erom a Greek word for milky, which 
these plants are not. ) There are several other species in the Southern At- 
lantic States ; a rare one has pinnate leaves. Fl. summer. 2/ 

G. glabella. Sandy soil from New Jersey S. : prostrate, nearly smooth, 
with rather rigid ovate-oblong leaflets, their upper surface shining, a few rather 
large rose-purple flowers on a peduncle not exceeding the leaves, and a 4 - 6- 
seeded at length smoothish pod. 

G. mollis. Sandy barrens, from Maryland S. : spreading, seldom twining, 
soft-downy and hoary, even to the 8 - 10-seeded pod ; racemes long-peduncled, 
many-floAvered ; leaflets oval. 

34. AMPHICAKPiEA, HOG-PEA-NUT. (Name from Greek words 
meaning double-fruited, alluding to the two kinds of pod. ) 2/ 

A. monoica. A slender much-branched twiner, with brownish-hairy 
stems, leaves of 3 rhombic-ovate thin leaflets, and numerous small pui-plish 
floAvers in clustered drooping racemes, besides the more fertile subterranean 
ones ; the turgid pods of the latter hairy : herbage greedily fed upon by cattle : 
fl. late summer and autumn. 

35. CENTROSEMA, SPURRED BUTTERELY-PEA. (Name from 
Greek Avords meaning spurred standard. ) If. 

C. Virgini^num. Sandy woods, chiefly S. : trailing and Ioav tAvining, 
slender, roughish with minute hairs ; leaflets varying from ovatc-oblong to 
linear, very veiny, shining ; the 1 -4-floAvered peduncles shorter than the leaves ; 
the shoAvy violet-purple flowers 1' or 1^' long, in summer. 

36. CLITORIA, BUTTERFLY-PEA. (Derivation obscure.) % 

C. Mariana, our only species, in dry ground from Ncav Jersey S. : smooth, 
with erect or slightly tAvining stem (l°-3° high), ovatc-oblong leaflets pale 
beneath, very shoAvy light blue floAvers 2' long, single or 2-3 together on a 
short peduncle, and a few-seeded straight pod : fl. summer. 

37. HARDENBERGIA. (Named for an Austrian botanist.) Austra- 
lian plants. If. 

H. monophylla, a choice greenhouse plant, has leaves of a single ovate 
or lanceolate leaflet 2' or 3' long, and slender racemes of small violot-pui-plo 
flowers ; whole plant smooth. 



110 PULSE FAMILY. 

38. KENNEDYA. (Named for a distinguished English florist.) Aus- 
tralian plants, of choice cultivation in conservatories. 2/ 

K. rubicunda, is hairy, free-climbing, with 3 ovate leaflets, and 2-4- 
flowered peduncles, the dark red or crimson flowers over 1' long. 

39. RHYITCHOSIA. (Name from the Greek, means beaked, of no ob- 
vious application.) Chiefly Southern : fl. summer. 2/ 

R. tomentosa. Low, soft-downy, in several varieties, erect, spreading, or 
the taller forms twining more or less, with one or three round or sometimes 
oblong-oval leaflets, and clusters or racemes of small yellow flowers. Dry sandy 
soil, from Maryland S. 

R. galaetoides. Bushy-branched, 2° -4° high, not at all disposed to 
twine, minutely pubescent, with 3 small and rigid oval leaflets, hardly any 
common petiole, and scattered floAvers in the upper axils, the standard reddish 
outside. Dry sand-ridges, from Alabama S. 

40. PISUM, PEA. (The old Greek and Latin name of the Pea.) ® 

P. sativum, Common Pea. Cult, from the Old World : smooth and 
glaucous, with very large leafy stipules, commonly 2 pairs of leaflets, branching 
tendrils, and peduncles bearing 2 or more large flowers ; corolla white, bluish, 
purple, or party-colored ; pods rather fleshy. 

41. LATHYRUS, VETCHLING. (Old Greek name.) Some species 
closely resemble the Pea, others are more like Vetches. Fl. summer. 

* Cult, from Eu., for ornament : stem and petioles wing-margined : leaflets one pair. 

L. odoratUS, Sweet Pea. Stem more or less roughish-hairy ; leaflets 
oval or oblong ; flowers 2 or 3 on a long peduncle, sweet-scented, white with 
the standard rose-color, or purple, with varieties variously colored. ® 

L. latifolius, Everlasting Pea. Smooth, climbing high ; stems broadly 
■winged ; leaflets oval, with parallel veins very conspicuous beneath ; flowers 
numerous in a long-peduncled raceme, pink-purple, also a white variety, scent- 
less. 2/ 

* * Native species : stems wingless or merely margined : leaflets 2-8 pairs. ^ 

L. maritimus, Beach Pea. Sea-shore of New England especially N., 
and along the Great Lakes : about 1° high, leafy, smooth, Avith stipules nearly 
as large as the 8-16 oval crowded leaflets, and the peduncle bearing 6-10 rather 
large pui'ple flowers. 

fl. venosus. Shady banks W. & S. : climbing, with 10-17 more scattered 
ovate or oblong leaflets, often downy beneath, small and slender stipules, and 
peduncles bearing many purple flowers. 

L. oehroleiieus. Hillsides and banks N. & W. : slender stems 1^-3° 
high ; the leaflets 6-8, glaucous, thin, ovate or oval, larger than the leafy 
stipules ; peduncles bearing several rather small yelloAvish-white floAvers. 

L. pallistris. SAvamps and Avet grounds N. & W. : Ioav, 1°-2° high, 
with margined or slightly Avinged stems, small lanceolate stipules, 4-8 leaflets 
varying from linear to oblong, and peduncles bearing 3-5 rather small purple 
floAvers. 

Var. myrtifolius, common W. & S., usually appears very distinct, climb- 
ing 2° - 4° high, Avith oblong or oval leaflets, larger and more leaf-like upper 
stipules, and paler flowers. 

42. VICIA, VETCH, TARE. (The old Latin name of the genus.) 

§ I. Flowers several or many on a slender peduncle, in spring or summer : pod 
several-seeded : wild species in low ground, 1° - 4° high. 2/ 
* Peduncle 4 - 8-Jloiaered : plant smooth. 
V. Americana. Common N. & W. ; Avith 10 - 14 oblong and very blunt 
veiny leaflets, and purplish flowers OA-er |-' long. 

V. aeutifblia. Near the coast S. ; with about 4 linear or oblong leaflets, 
and small blue or purplish floAvers. 



PULSE FAMILY. Ill 

* * Peduncle hearing very many small soon rejiexed flowers. 

V. Caroliniana. Smoothish ; with 8-24 oblong blunt leaflets, and small 
white or purplish-tipped flowers rather loose or scattered in the slender raceme. 

V. Craeca. Only N. & W., rather downy; with 20-24 lance-oblong 
mucronate-pointed leaflets, and a dense spike of blue flowers (nearly ^' long) 
turning purple. 

§ 2. Flowers 1 - 5 on a slender peduncle, in summer or spring, very small : leaf- 
lets oblong-linear, 4-8 pairs : pod oblong, only 2 - 4o-seeded : slender and 
delicate European plants, run wild in Jields and ivaste places. ® 

V. tetrasperma. Leaflets blunt ; corolla whitish ; pod 4-seeded, smooth. 

V. hirsuta. Leaflets truncate ; corolla bluish ; pod 2-seeded, hairy. 

§ 3. Flowers single or few and sessile or short-peduncled in the axil of the leaves, 
pretty large : pod several-seeded : stem simple, low, not climbing. ' (T) 

V. sativa, Common Vetch or Tare. Sometimes cult, for fodder, from 
the Old World, run wild in some fields : somewhat hairy, with 10- 14 leaflets 
varying from oblong or obovate to linear, and notched and mucronate at the 
apex ; flowers mostly in- pairs and sessile, violet-purple ; seeds tumid. 

V. Faba, Bean of England, Windsor or Horse-Bean. Cult, from the 
Old World for the edible beans (Avhich are not much fancied in this country, 
where we have better) : smooth, with stout erect stem l°-2° high, crowded 
leaves of 2 - 6 oblong leaflets ( 1^' - 3' long), a mere rudiment of a tendril, and 
axillary clusters of white flowers having a Ijlack spot on each wing ; pod thick 
and fleshy, 2' - 3' long ; seeds oval, flattened, large. 

43. LENS, LENTIL. (Classical Latin name. The shape of the seed gave 
the name to the glass lens for magnifying. ) ® 

L. esculenta, Common Lentil, of Europe, cult, for fodder and for the 
seeds, but rarely with us : slender plant, barely 1° high, resembling a Vetch, 
with several pairs of oblong leaflets (|- long), 2 or 3 small white or purplish 
flowers on a slender peduncle, and a small broad pod, containing 2 orbicular 
sharp-edged (lens-shaped) seeds, which are generally yellowish or brownish, 
a sorry substitute for beans, but good for soup. 

44. CiCER, CHICK-PEA. (An old Latin name for the Vetch.) Q 

C. arietinuni, Common C, of the Old World, called Coffee-Pea at the 
"West, there cult, for its seeds, which are used for cofl^ee : their shape gave the 
specific name, being likened to the head of a sheep : plant 9' - 20' high, covered 
with soft glandular acid hairs ; leaves of 8-12 wedge-obovate serrate leaflets ; 
peduncle bearing one small whitish flower, succeeded by the turgid small pod. 

45. CHORIZEMA. (A fanciful name of Greek derivation.) 11 

C. ilieifolia, Holly-leaved C. Greenhouse-plant from Australia, bushy, 
with lance-oblong leaves cut into strong spiny teeth or lobes, and racemes of 
small copper-colored flowers, the wings redder. 

46. BAPTISIA, FALSE INDIGO. (From Greek word meaning to dye, 
these plants yielding a poor sort of indigo.) Foliage of most species turning 
blackish in drying : nearly all grow in sandy or gravelly dry soil : fl. spring 
and early summer. 2/ 

* FJoivers yelloto. 

B. perfoli^ta. Low and spreading, smooth and glaucous, with simple 
round-ovate leaves surrounding the stem (perfoliate, probably answering to 
united stipules), and single small flowers in their axils ; pod small and globular. 
Carolina and Georgia. 

B. tinctbria, Common or Wild False-Indigo. Pale or glaucous, 
smooth, bushy, 2° high, Avith 3 small wedgc-obovatc leaflets, hardly any com- 
mon petiole, minute deciduous stipules, few-flowered racemes terminating the 
branches, and small globular pods. 



112 PULSE FAMILY. 

B. laneeol^ta. Downy when young, spreading, with 3 thickish blunt leaf- 
lets varying from lanceolate to obovate, a very short common petiole, small de- 
ciduous"^ stipules, and rather large flowers solitary in the axils and in short ter- 
minal racemes, the pod globular and slender-pointed. Common S. & S. W. 

B. vill6sa. Minutely downy, with stout stems 2° high, 3 spatulate-oblong 
or wedge-obovate leaflets, becoming smooth above, a very short common petiole, 
stipules more or less persistent, and many-flowered racemes of large flowers 
on slender pedicels ; the pod minutely downy, oblong, taper-pointed. From 
Cai-olina S. W. 

* * Flowers ichite, in the first cream-color : leaves all of 3 leaflets varying from 
wedge-obovate to oblanceolate, and flowers in long racemes terminating the 
branches. 

B. leueophsea. Low and spreading, 1° high, soft-hair}^, with persistent 
large and leaf-like bracts and stipules, reclined one-sided racemes of cream- 
colored large (1' long) flowers on slender pedicels, and hoary ovate pods. Open 
woods, chiefly W. 

B. alba. Smooth, 2° - 3° high, with slender widely spreading branches, 
slender petioles, minute deciduous stipules and bracts, loose erect or spreading 
long-peduncled racemes of small flowers {^' - ^' long), and cylindrical pods. 
From Virginia S. 

B. leucantha. Smooth and glaucous, stout, 3° - 5° high, with spreading 
branches, rather short petioles, the lanceolate stipules and bracts deciduous, 
erect long racemes of large (1' long) flowers, and oval-oblong pods 2' long, 
raised on a stalk fully twice the length of the calyx. Alluvial soil, from Ohio 
W. & S. 

* * * Flowers blue : leaves of 3 leaflets as in the foregoing. 

B. australis. Smooth and stout, pale, erect, 2° -5° high, with oblong- 
wedge-shaped leaflets, lanceolate and rather persistent stipules as long as the 
short petiole, erect racemes of pretty large (nearly 1' long) flowers on short 
pedicels, and oval-oblong pods 2' - 3' long, on a stalk of the length of the 
calyx. 

47. THERMOPSIS. (From Greek words meaning that the plants resem- 
ble the Lupine. ) Flowers yellow. 2/ 

T. mollis. Wild in open woods from N. Carolina S. : downy, l°-2° high, 
with spreading branches, 3 obovate-oblong leaflets, oblong-ovate leafy stipules, 
some of them as long as the short petioles, and long narroAv-linear spreading 
pods short-stalked in the calyx: fl. spring. (There are two other species in the 
Southern Alleghanies.) 

T. fabaeea, which is erect with oval leaflets and upright pods, is sparingly 
cult, from Siberia, and wild in N. W. America. 

48. CLADRASTIS, YELLOW-WOOD. (Meaning of name obscure, 
perhaps from Greek for brittle branches.) 

C. tinctbria (also named ViRGiLiA lutea), native of rich woods from 
E. Kentucky S., planted for ornament, one of the very handsomest and neatest 
of ornamental trees ; Avith light yellow wood, a close bark like that of Beech, 
leaves of 7-11 parallel -veined oval or ovate leaflets (3' -4' long and smooth, as 
is the whole plant), and ample hanging panicles (1° or more long) of pretty, 
delicately fragrant, cream-white flowers, terminating the branchlets of the season, 
in May or June. 

49. SOPHORA. (An Arabic name altered.) There is a wild herbaceous 
species beyond the Mississippi, a low shrubby one on the coast of Florida, 
and a tree in Arkansas and Texas which in its fleshy jointed pod and in ap- 
pearance much resembles the folloAving : — 

S. Japonioa, Japan S. Planted for ornament, hardy to New England ; 
tree 20° - .50° high, Avith greenish bark, 11-13 OA^al or oblong acute smooth 
leaflets, and loose panicles of cream-Avhite floAvers, terminating the branches at 
the end of summer, the fruit a string of fleshy 1-seeded joints. 



PULSE FAMILY. 113 

50. CERCIS, RED-BUD, JUDAS-TREE. (Ancient name of the ori- 
ental species : the English name from the old notion that this was the tree 
whereon Judas hanged himself. ) 

C. Canadensis, American Red-bud. Wild from New York S. (but 
probably not in Canada as the name implies) : a small, handsome tree, ornar 
mental in spring, when the naked branches are covered with the small but very 
numerous tiowers, of the color of peach-blossoms or redder ; the rounded leaves 
are somewhat pointed, and the pods scai'cely stalked in the calyx. 

C. Siliquastrum, European R. or Judas-Tree. Barely hardy N., 
except as a shrub ; has larger flowers, pod raised out of the calyx on a short 
stalk, and almost kidney-shaped leaves. A seeming variety of this inhabits 
Texas and California. 

51. CASSIA, SENNA. (Ancient name, of obscure meaning.) The follow- 
ing all wild species, the first sometimes cult, in country gardens, and the 
leaves used in place of true, oriental Senna. Fl. summer, in all ours yellow. 

§ 1. Smooth herbs, in rich or alluvial soil, with rather large leaflets^ deciduous 
stipules, flowers in short axillary racemes or crowded in a panicle, and the 
10 stamens unequal, some of the upper anthers imperfect. 

C. Marilandica, Wild Senna. The only common sort at the north, 
3° -4° high, with 6-9 pairs of narrow-oblong blunt and mucronate leaflets, 
a club-shaped gland on the common petiole near the base, bright yellow petals 
often turning whitish when old, blackish anthers, and linear flat (at first hairy) 
pods. 21 

C. oceidentali?. Western S. or Styptic-Weed. Common S., nat. 
from South America : l°-5° high, with 4-6 pairs of lance-ovate acute leaf- 
lets, a globular gland on the base of the petiole, and narrow linear smooth pods 
5' long. ® , ^ . 

C. obtusifolia. Erom Illinois and Virginia S. ; with 2 or 3 pairs of ob- 
ovate leaflets, a pointed gland between the lowest, the pale flowers in pairs, and 
slender curved pods 6' - 10' long. ® 

§ 2. Low and spreading, smooth or roughish hairy herbs, in sandy or dry barren 
soil, ivith persistent striate stipules, and 10-20 pairs of small linear-oblong 
oblique or unequal-sided leaflets, which are someichat sensitive, closing when 
roughly brushed; a cup-shaped gland below the lowest pair : flowers clus- 
tered in the axils. 

C. Cliamsecrista, Large-fl. Sensitive or Partridge Pea. Elowers 
pretty large, showy, on slender pedicels, with the petals often purple-spotted at 
base, a slender style, and 10 unequal stamens, some of the anthers usually yel- 
low and others purple. Like the next most common S. ® 

C. nietitans, Small-fl. S. Elowers small, on very short pedicels, with 
a short style, and 5 nearly equal anthers. 

52. C^SALPINIA. (Named for the early Italian botanist Cop.so//?/»»s.) 
One species of tropical America, cult, in some conservatories, is planted out 
in Gulf States, viz. 

C. pulcherrima (also named PoinciAna pulciierrima), Barbadoes 
Elower-fence. Small tree, prickly, with twice-pinnate leaves, numerous 
oblong leaflets notched at the end, and open terminal racemes of large and 
showy flowers, the short-claAved broad and jagged-edged petals 1' long and red- 
dish-orange, and the crimson filaments 3' long. 

53. GYMNOCLADUS, KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. (Name from 
Greek words for naked branch, the branches being very stout, and when the 
leaves have fiillen appearing destitute of spray.) 

G. Canadensis. The only species, a fine ornamental and timber tree, wild 

from W. New Yt)rk S. and especially W., with rough bark, twice-pinnate leaves 

2° or dP long, each partial leafstalk bearing 7-13 ovate and stalkeil leaflets, 

except the lowest pair, which ai-c single leaflets (2' -3' long); the leaflets 

8 



114 PULSE FAOTLY. 

remarkable for hanging edgewise. Elowers in early summer ; ripening in late 
autumn, the large and indurated pod 5' - 10' long and 1-^' - 2' wide ; the seeds 
over ^' across. 

54. GLSpiTSCHIA, HOXEY-LOCUST. (Named for the early Ger- 
man l)Otanist, Gleditsch.) Fl. early summer, inconspicuous, ripening the pods 
late in autumn. Thorns simple or compound ; those on the branchlets above 
the axils. Leaves on growing shoots of the season twice pinnate ; those in 
clusters on spurs mostlj once pinnate. 

G. triacanthos, Three-thokxed Acacia or Common H. "Wild in 
rich soil from Penn. S. & W., also commonly planted for shade, sometimes used 
for hedges : a rather tall tree, with light foliage, large often very compound 
thorns flattish at the base and tapering, small lance-oblong leaflets, and linear 
flat pods 9' - 20' long, often twisted or curv^ed. A var. ixermis has very few or 
no thorns. 

G. Sinensis, Chixese H., occasionally planted, has stouter conical thorns, 
and broader oval leaflets. 

G. monosperma, Oxe-seeded or Water H. Swamps from Illinois 
S. W. : small tree, with slender thorns, ovate or oblong leaflets, and oval 1-sceded 
pods, containing no pulp. 

55. MIMOSA, SEXSITIYE-PLANT. (From Greek word to mmic, i. e. 
the inovements imitating an animal faculty.) Tliere are wild shrubby species 
in Texas and farther S. The following are herbs, procumbent or trailing, 
with bristly short pods. 

M. pudica. Common- S. Beset with spreading bristly hairs and somewhat 
prickly ; the leaves very sensitive to the touch, of very numerous linear leaflets 
on 2 pairs of branches of the common petiole, crowded on its apex, so as to 
appear digitate ; flowers rose-purple, in slender-peduncied heads, in summer. 
Cult, from South America, (r, 

M. Strigillosa, Wild S. Eough with appressed stiff bristles, not prickly; 
leaves with 5 or 6 pairs of branches of the common petiole, each bearing 10-14 
pairs of oblong-linear leaflets ; flowers rose-color ; oblong head on very long 
peduncle. Wild on river-banks far S. : fl. summer. 2/ 

56. SCHRANKIA, SEXSITI^^-BRIER. (Named for a German bot- 
anist, Schrank.) Two species wild in dry sandy soil, S. & W., spreading on 
the ground, appearing much alike, with leaves closing like the Sensiiive- 
Plant, but only under ruder handling : flowers rose-purple, small, in globular 
heads on axillary peduncles, in summer. 2/ 

S. nncinata. Stems, petioles, peduncles, and oblong-linear short-pointed 
pods beset Avith rather stout hooked 2)i'ickles ; leaflets elliptical, reticulated with 
strong veins underneath. 

S. angustata. Prickles scattered, weaker, and less hooked ; leaflets oblong- 
linear, not reticulated ; pods slender, taper-pointed. 

57. DSSMATTTHUS. (Greek-made name, meaning that the flowers are 
boii/ul tor/ether : they are merely crowded in a head. A few species very far 
S., and the following W. 

D. brachylobus. Prairies from Illinois S. & W. : nearly smooth, l°-4° 
high, erect, Avith 6-15 pairs of partial petioles, each bearing 20 - 30 pairs of 
very small narroAV leaflets, one or more glands on the main petiole, small heads 
of whitish flowers, folloAved by short 2 - 6-seeded pods ; stamens 5. 2/ 

58. ALBIZZIA, SILK-FLOAVER. (Named for an Italian botanist.) 

A. Julibrissin, Silk-Flower or Silk-Tree, from Asia, planted for 
ornament S. : a small tree, Avith leaA'CS of numerous pairs of partial petioles, 
each bearing about 60 oblong acute leaflets, Avhich appear as if halved, and Avith 
paniclcd heads of rather large pale rose-purple floAvers, the long and lustrous 
filaments, like silky threads in tufts (giving the popular name), being mainly 
conspicuous ; pod 5' - 6' long, oblong-linear, very flat and thin. 



ROSE FAMILY. " 115 

59. ACACIA. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of Acacia- trees ; one spe- 
cies yields Gum Arabic. ) No native species north of Texas. The following 
are exotic shrubs or trees, cult, in conservatories N., and one of them planted 
or run wild far S. 



§ 1. Leaves twice pinnate, of very numerous small 

A. Farnesiana. Native of South America : nat. along the Gulf of Mexi- 
co, sometimes cult. : a nearly smooth shrub, Avith pairs of short prickles along 
the branches, small linear leaflets, small heads, on short peduncles (2 or 3 to- 
gether) of yellow very SAveet-scented flowers, used by the perfumers. The plant 
also yields gum. Pod thick, pulpy or pithy within. 

A. dealbata, of Australia : a fast-growing small tree, not prickly nor 
thorny, pale or whitened with minute obscure doAvn or mealiness ; with leaves 
of 10-25 pairs of partial petioles (a little gland on the main petiole betAveen 
each pair), and very many pairs of closely set and minute linear leaflets ; the 
bright yelloAv floAvers in globular heads collected in an ample very open raceme 
or panicle, odorous. 

§ 2. Only the leaves of the seedling twice-pinnate ; the rest simple and entire mostly 
blade-like petioles {called phyllodia, Lessons, p. 69), standing edgewise 
instead of flatwise, but otherwise imitating rigid simple leaves. Chiefly 
natives of Australia, where they are extremely numerous. 

* Leaves short, and with only a central nerve or midrib, 
•»- Linear awl-shaped or almost needle-shaped, prickly -tipped, small, about ^' long. 
A. juniperina. Rigid bushy shrub, with the leaves scattered over the 
branches, and floAA^ers in single small round heads. 

A. vertieillata. Spreading shrub or low tree, with the leaves crowded 
more or less in Avhorls of 5 - 8 or more, and floAvers in cylindrical spikes. 
•)- -1- Obliquely oblong, lanceolate, or broader, not prickly-tipped. 

A. armata. Tall-groAving shrub, usually with hairy branches, and with 
conspicuous prickle-like stipules ; half-ovate oblong or incurved-lanceolate leaves 
mostly blunt, with somewhat wavy mai-gins, feather-veined, not over 1 ' long ; 
floAvers in round heads. 

A. vestita. Tall-growing shrub, soft-downy, with drooping branches, pale 
obliquely Avedge-ovate or obovate and curved bristle-pointed leaves, and small 
globular heads of flowers in racemes. 

A. CUltriformis. Shrub smooth, mealy-glaucous when young, Avith tri- 
angular or lance-obovate and curved minutely pointed leaves, of thick and firm 
texture, and globular heads in racemes, forming a leafy terminal panicle. 

* * Leaves 3' -6' or more long, pointless, with 2-5 parallel nerves, or when very 
narrow only 1-nerved : flowers in slender loose or interrupted axillary spikes. 

A. longifdlia. Shrub or small tree, smooth, Avith angular branches, and 
leaves varying from lance-oblong to linear, greatly varying, 2 - 5-nerved, often 
faintly veiny betAveen the nerves. 

A. linearis. Like the preceding, but with leaves (4' - 10' long) very nar- 
row-linear and Avith only one obvious nerve. 

38. ROSACEA, ROSE FAMILY. 

Plants with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, with 
usually indefinite unconnected stamens inserted on the calyx, one, 
few, or many simple separate pistils (except in the division to which 
the Pear belongs), and single, few, or occasionally numerous seeds ; 
these filled with a straight embryo. Destitute of noxious qualities 
(excepting the bark, leaves, and kernels of some Cherries, and the 
like), and furnishing the most important fruits of temperate climates, 
as well as the queen of flowers. We have three principal great 
divisions. 



116 ROSE FAMILY. 

I. ALMOND or PLUM FAMILY : consists of trees or 
shrubs, with simple leaves, stipules free from the petiole (often 
minute or early deciduous, so that there may'^appear to be none), 
a calyx which is deciduous after flowering, and a single pistil, its 
ovary tipped with a slender style (Lessons, p. 103, fig. 213), con- 
taining a pair of ovules, and becoming a simple drupe or stone fruit. 
(Lessons, p. 128, fig. 285.) 

1. PRUNUS. Calyx with a bell-shaped or urn-shaped tube and 5 spreading lobes. 

Petals 5, and stamens 3-5 times as many, or indefinitely numerous, inserted 
on the throat of the calyx. Flowers white or rose-color. 

IL ROSE FAMILY proper : consists of herbs or shrubs, 
with stipules either free from or united with the base of the petiole, 
calyx persisting below or around the fruit, which is composed of 
sometimes one but commonly several or many distinct pistils. 

§ 1. Calyx not with a fleshy tube or cup, nor closed over the fruit. 

* Ovaries about 5 (2 - 12), becoming little pods, several- {2 - 1Q-) seeded: calyx with 

only 5 or rarely 4 lobes. 

2. SPIR^A. Shrubs or perennial herbs, with stipules sometimes minute or ob- 

solete, sometimes conspicuous, and white or rose-purple flowers. Calyx open 
and short, mostly 5-cleft, not enclosing the pods. Petals equal, commonly 
broad. Stamens 10-50. 

3. GILLENIA. Herbs, with nearly white flowers and almost sessile leaves of 3 

leaflets. Calyx narrow, oblong, 5-toothed, enclosing the 5 pistils (which at 
first lightly cohere in a rnass) and the little pods. Petals rather unequal, 
lance-linear. Stamens 10 - 20, not projecting. 

* * Ovaries few or many, single-ovuled, becoming dry alcenes in fruit above the open 

and mostly sjjreading calyx : stamens numermis. 
•1- Pistils few, only 2-8. 

4. KERRIA. Shrub, with long green branches, simple and coarsely-toothed leaves, 

and yellow flowers terminating the branchlets of the season. Calyx with 5 
some'what toothed large lobes. Petals broad. 

5. WALDSTEINIA. Low perennial herbs, with chiefly root-leaves, either lobed 

or compound, and a few yellow flowers on a short scape. Calyx with a top- 
shaped tube and 5 spi-eading lobes, alternate with which are sometimes 
5 minute teeth or bractlets. Petals obovate. Styles deciduous by a joint, 
-f- -1- Pistils numerous and heaped in a head: calyx [except in one Geum) augmented 

with additional outer lobes or bractlets alternating with the 5 proper lobes : 

leaves mostly compound. 

6. GEUM. Perennial herbs. Calyx with a bell-shaped, top-shaped, or hemispher- 

ical tube or cup. Akenes narrow, or tapering to the base, tipped with the 
long persistent style, or the greater portion of it, in the form of a naked or 
hairy tail. Seed erect. Receptacle dry, conical or cylindrical. 

7. POTENTILLA. Herbs, or one species "shrubby. Calyx flat or widely open. 

Akenes small, on a dry receptacle, from which they" at length fall. 

8. FRAGARIA. Perennial low or stemless herbs, with runners; and leaves of 

3 leaflets. Calyx open, flat. Styles short and lateral. Akenes naked, small, 
on the surface of an enlarged pulpy edible receptacle. (Lessons, p. 125, fig. 
279, and p. 129, fig. 288.) 

* * * Ovaries several or many, 2-ovuled, in fruit becoming fleshy or pulpy and 

1-seeded, forming a head or cluster above the flat or widely open simply b-cleft 
calyx : stamens numerous : styles short, naked, at length falling off. 

9. DALIBARDA. Very low perennial tufted herb, with simple rounded-heart- 

shaped or kidney-shaped root-leaves and 1 - 2-flowered scapes. Calyx of 5 
or even 6 unequal sepals. Ovaries 5 - 10, in fruit merely fleshy, becoming 
almost dry and bony. 
10. RUBUS. Perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Ovaries numerous, in fruit 
pulpy (berry-like, or more properly dnipe-like, the inner hard part answering 
to the stone of a cherry or peach on a small scale), crowded on the dry or 
fleshy receptacle. (Lessons, p. 129, fig. 289, 290.) 



ROSE FAMILY. 117 

§ 2. Calyx with an urn-shaped dry tube, contracted or nearly closed at the mouth, and 
enclosing 1-4 little pistils which become akenes. Flowers small : petals none 
except in Agrimonia. 

11. ALCHEMILLA. Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and 

minute greenish flowers in clusters or corymbs. Calyx with 4 inner and 
4 outer or accessory spreading lobes. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils 
1-4, with lateral styles. 

12. AGRIMONIA. Herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and flowers in slen- 

der terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx with the top-shaped tube beset with 
hooked bristles just below the 5 green lobes, the latter closing together in 
fruit. Petals 5, commonly yellow, broad and spreading. Stamens 5 - 15. 
Pistils 2: styles terminal. 

13. POTERIUM. Herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white, purple, or greenish 

flowers (sometimes dioecious) in dense heads or spikes on long erect peduncles. 
Calyx with a short 4-angled closed tube, surmounted by 4 broad and petal- 
like at length deciduous lobes. Petals none. Stamens 4- 12 or more, with 
long and slender projecting filaments. Pistils 1 -4 : the terminal styles tipped 
with a brush-like or tufted stigma. 

§ 3. Calyx with an urn-shaped or globose fleshy tube, contracted at the mouth, enclosing 
the many pistils and akenes. Flowers large and showy. 

14. ROSA. Shrubby, mostly prickly, with pinnate leaves, of 3 - 9 or rarely more 

serrate leaflets, stipules united with the base of the petiole, and flowers single 
or in corymbs terminating leafy branches. Calyx with 5 sometimes leafy 
lobes which are often unequal and some of them toothed or pinnately lobed. 
Petals 5, or more in cultivation, broad, inserted along with the many stamens 
at the mouth of the calyx-tube. Pistils numerous, with terminal styles, and 
one-ovuled ovaries, becoming hard or bony akenes, enclosed in the tube 
or cup of the calyx, which in fruit becomes pulpy and imitates a berry or 
pome. (Lessons, p. 125, fig. 280.) 

IIL PEAR FAMILY: consists of shrubs or trees, with stip- 
ules free from the petiole (often minute or early deciduous) ; the 
thick-walled calyx-tube becoming fleshy or pulpy and consolidated 
with the 2-5 ovaries to form a compound pistil and the kind of 
fruit called a pome. (Lessons, p. 104, fig. 215.) Lobes of the calyx 
and petals 5. Stamens numerous, or rarely only 10 — 15. 

* Fruit drupe-like ; the seeds solitary in a hard stone or stones. 

15. CRATiEGUS. Trees or shrubs, mostly with thorny branches and flowers in 

corymbs or cymes, or sometimes solitary, terminating the branchlets; the 
leaves lobed or serrate. Styles 2-5 (or rarely 1): ovary of as many 2-ovuled 
cells. Fruit with a stone of 2 - 5 (rarely single) 1-seeded cells or carpels, 
more or less cohering with each other. 

16. COTONE ASTER. Shrubs (exotic), usually low, with the small coriaceous 

leaves entire and whitish-downy underneath, small clustered flowers, and the 
calyx white-woolly outside. Styles 2-5. Fruit small, the pulpy calj'x-tiibe 
containing 2-5 little seed-like hard stones. 
* * Fruit with thin and cartilaginous or papery 2 -several-seeded carpels i7i the pome. 
-1- Leaves persistent. 

17. PHOTINIA. Trees or shrubs (exotic), not thorny, with ample evergreen 

leaves. Flowers corymbed. Styles 2-6, dilated at the apex. Fruit berry- 
like, the 2-5 partitions thin, or vanishing. 

•t- -t- Leaves deciduous. 

18. AMELANCHIER. Trees or shrubs, not thorny, with simple leaves, racemed 

flowers, and narrow white petals. Styles 5, united below. Ovary of 5 two- 
ovuled cells, but each cell soon divided more or less by a projection or growth 
from its back, making the berry-like fruit 10-celled. 

19. PYRUS. Trees or shrubs, sometimes rather thorny, with various foliage, and 

flowers in cymes, corymbs, or rarely solitary. Styles 2 - 5. Ovary of 2- 5 
two-ovuled (or in cultivated species several-ovuled) colls, which arc thin and 
papery or cartilnginoi;s in fruit in the fleshy or pulpy calyx-tuho. 

20. CYDONIA. Trees or shrubs, with entire or merely serrate leaves, and rather 

large flowers, which resemble those of Pyrus, as does the fruit, only the 5 cells 
are many-ovuled and many-seeded. 



118 ROSE FAMILY. 

1. PRUNUS, PLUM, &c. (The ancient Latin name of the Plum.) As 
now received, this genus comprises all the folloAving groups, which it has 
been found impracticable to keep up as botanical genera. Foliage and the 
stone and kernel of the fruit usually with the flavor of prussic acid, especially 
in the Peach and Cherries. 

§ 1. Almond and Peach. Flowers almost sessile, from separate scaly buds, 
in spring, before the leaves, the latter folded together lengthwise (ccnduplicate) 
in the bad : fruit velvety, large : the stone ivith wrinkles and holes. 

P. (Amygdalus) nana, Dwarf or Flowering Almond. Cult, for 
ornament, from Asia ; a low shrub, with abundant and handsome rose-colored 
(or by variation white) usually full-double flowers, earlier than the long and 
narrow smooth leaves ; calyx-tube short-cylindrical ; fruit dry when ripe, with 
the outer part separating as a husk from the brittle stone, as in the edible 
Almond. 

P. (A.) Persica, Peach. Cult, from Asia for the fruit, also a double-fl. 
variety, for ornament ; small tree, with purplish-rose-colored flowers, bell-shaped 
calyx-tube, lanceolate leaves, and globular fruit ripening a thick pulp, either 
clinging to or separable from the rough-wrinkled porous stone. UnknoAvn in a 
wild state, probably derived from the Common Almond, P. (A.) coMMtiNis. 
— Var. IseviS, the Nectarine, is a state with a smooth-skinned fruit. 

§ 2. Apricot. Flowers short-pedicel led or almost sessile, from separate scaly 

buds, in early spring, before the leaves, ivhich are rolled up [convolute) in 

the bud: drupe velvety, but with a smooth stone having grooved margins, one 

of them sharp-edged. 

P. Armeniaca, Apricot. Cult, from Armenia; a low smooth tree, 

with ovate and mostly rather heart-sha])ed leaves, Avhite or slightly rosy flowers 

solitary or in pairs, and early-ripening fruit, of character intermediate between 

peach and plum. 

§ 3. Plum and Cherry. Flowers pedicelled and almost always white : drupe 

smooth, its stone smooth or somewhat rugged. 
* Plums. Flowers from separate lateral buds, in spring, preceding or coetaneous 
with the leaves ; the latter rolled up, or in most of our native species folded 
together, in the bud : drupe generally with a whitish bloom and a flat or 
Jlattish stone. 

-1- Exotic (European or Asiatic) species. 

P. domestiea. Garden Plum, of many varieties : tree with spreading 
thornless branches, and oblong or lance-ovate leaves ; the fruit very various in 
size and shape, with a flat or flattish and roughish stone. Doubtless (at least 
in part) a long-cultivated derivative of 

P. insititia, Bullace Plum, introduced in some places near the seaboard, 
has been used as a stock for grafting, &c., is a little thorny, the pedicels and 
lower face of the leaves downy, the fruit round and black. 

P. spinbsa, Sloe, or Black Thorn. Cult, or nat. in old gardens or 
waste places : a low tree, Avith spreading thorny branches ; the obovate-oblong 
or lance-oblong leaves and pedicels soon glabrous ; fruit small, globular, purple- 
black, with a turgid stone and a greenish astringent pulp. Probably this is the 
original of the Bullace. 

•^ -i- Native species of the country, but two of them have beeii planted for the fruit. 
They are manifestly Plums rather than Cherries, although the last is am- 
biguous as to the fruit, only the Beach Plum has an obvious bloom on the 
fruit, and all have the leaves folded in the bud. 

P. maritima, Beach Plum. Sea-beaches and sandy soil near the coast; 
a scarcely thorny shrub, 2° - 5° high, with the ovate or oval finely serrate leaves 
soft-downy underneath, short and downy pedicels, and globular purple or crim- 
son fruit with a bloom {^' - V long), rather pleasant-tasted, sometimes used for 
preserving. 

P. Americana, Wild Ked and Yellow Plum. Along streams through 
the country; occasionally planted; a tall shrub or small tree, often thorny, 



ROSE FAMILY. 119 

with the oval or obovate and pointed leaves thin, very veiny, coarsely or doubly 
serrate, smooth when old; the globular or oval fruit (l^'-f in diameter) yellow 
with some red, orange, or crimson, with a pleasant juice but a tough acerb skin, 
the stone sharp-edged or margined. 

P. Chicasa, Chickasaw Plum. Planted or run wild from Penn. S. & 
W., native S. W. , 6° -12° high, somewhat thorny, with long and narrow 
almost lanceolate acute leaves, edged with very tine teeth, a globular red fruit 
(2' - S' 11"^ diameter) of pleasant flavor, thin-skinned, and containing a margin- 
less almost globular stone. 

* * Cherries of the Garden-Cherry sort, i. e. with jloioers in sessile umbels from 
separate lateral, buds, in spring, with or rather preceding the leaves, which 
are folded together lengthwise in the bud. 

P. Cerasus, Garden Red Cherry. Cult, from Eu. ; a tree 10° - 30° 
high, with slender spreading branches, obovate and lance-ovate serrate leaves, 
rather large flowers on shortish pedicels and somewhat preceding the leaves, 
and an acid red globose fruit. The Morello Cherry is a variety with dark 
purple more astringent fruit. Probably derived from, or now sometimes mixed 
with the next. 

P. avium. Bird Cherry of Eu., English Cherry. Cult, from E. ; 
making a larger tree than the preceding, with ascending branches, softer and 
coarsely or doubly toothed more pointed leaves, usually pubescent beneath, the 
flowers developed at the same time with the leaves, and the round-ovoid or 
somewhat heart-shaped fruit sweet or bitterish-sweet (not acid), of various 
colors. Double-flowered varieties are cult, for ornament. 

P. Pennsylvanica, Wild Red Cherry. Rocky woods N. Small 
tree, with light red-brown bark, oblong-lanceolate and pointed leaves smooth 
and green both sides, their margins finely and sharply serrate, small -flowers on 
long pedicels, and light red sour fruit not larger than peas. 

P. pumila, Dwarf Cherry. Rocks or sandy banks N. Shrub spread- 
ing or forming broad tufts on the ground, seldom rising 2° ; leaves spatulate- 
lanceolate, pale beneath, toothed only towards the apex ; flowers 2-4 together ; 
fruit ovoid, dark red, with stone as large as a pea. 

* * * Cherries of small size, with flowers in racemes, 
-i- In late spring or early summer, terminating leafy shoots of the season. 

P. serotina, Wild Black Cherry. Tree or shrub, westward becoming 
a good-sized forest tree, with bitter aromatic bark, close-grained reddish wood 
valued by the cabinet-maker ; the oblong or lance-oblong smooth leaves of thick- 
ish or firm texture, usually taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short callous 
teeth ; flowers in long racemes, considerably later than the next ; purplish- 
black bitterish vinous fruit ripening in autumn. 

P. Virgini^na, Choke Cherry. Tall shrub or small tree, with gray- 
ish bark, oval-oblong or obovate and abruptly pointed thin leaves very sharply 
serrate Avith slender projecting teeth ; flowers in shorter and closer racemes, in 
spring ; the fruit ripe in summer, red turning dark crimson, astringent, but 
eatable when fully ripe, the stone smooth. 

P. Padus, Small Bird-Cherry of Eu., is occasionally planted ; resem- 
bles the last, has longer and looser often drooping racemes, and a roughened 
stone. 

-I- -t- Erect racemes in early spring, from the axils of evergreen leaves. 

P. Caroliniana, Carolina Laurel-Cherry, also called Mock Orange 
at the South, probably from the coriaceous smooth and glossy leaves, which 
are lance-ovate or oblong, entire or Avith a few sharj) and appressetl teeth, 
longer than the racemes, the calyx as well as petals white; small fruit black 
and bitter, becoming dry. Ornamental small tree ; the leaves said to be ])oison- 
ous to cattle. 

P. Lauro-Cerasus, Laurel-Cherry of Europe, from Asia JNIinor, and 

P. Lusitanica, Portugal L., from Portugal and tlie Azores, beautiful 
overgi-een shrubs or small trees, used for hedges and screens in England, are 
not hardy N., but would stand south of I'enn. Their leaves and kernels are 
Strongly imbued with the prussic-acid or bitter-almond flavor. 



120 ROSE FAMILY. 

2. SPIR-ffilA, MEADOW-SWEET, &c. (Greek name of some shrub, of 
the flowering branches of which garlands were made. ) All hardy shrubs or 
perennial herbs : fl. late spring and summer.) 

§ 1. Shrubs, with simple leaves. 

* Native species : but the last common in gardens, the first occasionally planted. 

S. opulifolia, Nine-Bark ; so-called from the loose bark, separating in 
thin annual layers from the stems : a tall shrub, with long recurving branches, 
the roundish and mostly heart-shaped leaves partly 3-lobed and cut-toothed, 
white flowers (of no beauty) in umbel-like corymbs, the pods large for this 
genus, bladderv, and commonly turning purplish. Wild on rocky banks, from 
New York W."& S. 

S. eorymbosa. From S. Penn. S., not common: shrub l°-2° high, 
smooth, with oval leaves cut-toothed towards the apex, and white flowers in a 
flat compound corymb. 

S. tomentosa, Hakdhack or Steeplebush. Common E. in low 
grounds ; 2° - 3° high, hoary-downy, except the upper face of the ovate or 
oblong serrate small leaves, the rose-purple or white flowers crowded in a very 
dense terminal panicle ; pistils downy. 

S. salicifolia, Com^ion Meadow-Sweet. Common in wet grounds, 
also in old gardens : shrub 2° - 3° high, bushy, smooth, with wedge-lanceolate 
or oblong leaves simply or doubly serrate, and white or barely flesh-colored 
flowers in a crowded panicle. 

* * Cultivated fjr ornament, exotic or W. North American. 
-I- Flowers in close or spike-like clusters collected in a close and narrow or spike- 
like terminal panicle, pink-purple. 

S. Douglasii, Douglas's Meadow-Sweet. Cult, from Oregon and 
California: resembles our wild Hardback (S. tomentosa), but has longer usu- 
ally lance-oblong and very blunt leaves rather whiter beneath, and deeper pink 
flowers with smooth pistils. 

-!- -!- Flowers in compound corymbs or broad panicles. 

S. ealldsa (also named S. FoRTtNEi), from Japan: shrub 3° - 6° high, 
smoothish, with lance-oblong and taper-pointed unequally and very sharply 
serrate leaves, branches terminated by clustered dense corymbs or cymes of deep 
pink flowers, 10 glands at the mouth of the calyx, the pistils smooth. 

S. arisefolia. Tall shrub from Oregon, with slender branches, terminated 
by a very large and light or drooping decompound panicle of small yellowish- 
white flowers ; the leaves roundish-ovate, very obtuse, thin, cut on each side 
into 4 or 5 blunt and toothed lobes, sometimes almost pinnatifid, soft downy, at 
least beneath. 

-1- -1- -t- Flowers in simple, often umbel-like corymbs terminating leafy shoots of the 
season : natives of Europe and Asia : petals white except the first species. 

S. bella, from Nepal : a low shrub, with ovate acute and merely sharply 
serrate leaves whitish-downy beneath, the simple corymbs sometimes clustered, 
and rose-pink flowers. 

S. chamsedrifolia, from E. Europe and Siberia ; a spreading low bush, 
smooth, with ovate or oblong usually blunt and cut-toothed leaves, at least 
towards the summit, and rather small flowers in simple corymbs. 

S. trilobata, from Siberia ; a spreading smooth bush, with rounded cre- 
nately cut and 3-lobed leaves and rather showy flowers. 

S. lanceolata, or ReevesiAna, from China, has oblong, lance-oblong, or 
some three-cleft serrate-toothed leaves, and showy flowers. 

S. hypericifdlia, Italian Mat, or St. Peter's Wreath. Shrub 
3° -6° high, smooth or smoothish, with long recurved branches, and very small 
wedge-oblong leaves, a little crenate or lobed at the end ; flowers small, white, 
in small sessile umbels. 

-t- -1- •<- -1- Flowers in simple sessile umbels along the slender branches of the pre- 
ceding year, subtended only by greenish bud-scales or imperfect leaves, rather 
earlier than the proper leaves, in spring. 



ROSE FAMILY. 121 

S. prunifblia, from Japan ; slender shrub, with small ovate finely and 
sharply serrate leaves, smooth above, often minutely downy beneath ; the form 
cultivated has full-double pure white blossoms, ^' in diameter, produced in great 
abundance. 

§ 2. Shrubby, with pinnate leaves. 

S. SOrbifolia. Cult, from Siberia, very hardy, 3° - 4° high, with leaves 
(as the name denotes) resembling those of the Mountain-Ash, of 17 - 21 lan- 
ceolate taper-pointed doubly and sharpl}^ serrate leaflets, and white flowers in 
an ample terminal panicle, the narrow pods a little cohering. 

§ 3. Herbs, with thrice pinnately-conipound leaves, no stipules, and dioecious flowers. 

S. Ariincus, Goatsbeard. Rich woods from New York S. & W., also 
in some gardens : smooth, 3° - .5° high ; with lance-oblong or lance-ovate taper- 
pointed leaflets sharply serrate and cut, and yellowish-white very small flowers 
in great numbers, crowded in slender spikes which are collected in a great com- 
pound panicle ; petals narrow ; pedicels reflexed in fruit. 

§ 4. Herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, conspicuous stipules, perfect flowers, 
reflexed sepals and petals sometimes 4, and 5-12 little 1 - ^-seeded pods. 

S. Pilipendula, Dropwort. Cult, from Europe : some of the coarse 
long fibrous roots swollen at the lower end into oblong tubers ; herbage smooth 
and green ; leaves chiefly from or near the ground, with many oval or lanceolate 
leaflets deeply toothed, cut, or pinnately cleft, and gradually diminishing in size 
downwards ; the nearly naked stems l°-2° high, bearing a compound terminal 
cyme of white or rosy-tipped flowers, one variety full-double. 

S. Uimaria, English Meadow-Sweet. Cult, from Europe; 10-3° 
high, nearly smooth, except the lower surface of the lyrate and interruptedly 
pinnate leaves which is minutely white-downy ; the yellowish-white small and 
sweet-scented flowers very numerous and crowded in a compound cyme at the 
naked summit of the stems ; little pods twisting spirally. 

S. lobata, Queen-of-the-Prairie. Wild in meadows and prairies W., 
also cult. : smooth and green ; the leaves mostly from or near the ground ; the 
end leaflet very large, 7 - 9-parted, and its lobes cut-toothed ; stems 2° - 5° or 
even 8° high, bearing an ample and panicled compound cyme crowded with the 
handsome peach-blossom-colored flowers. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of 
Sweet Birch. 

3. GILIjETTIA, INDIAN PHYSIC, AMERICAN IPECAC. (Named 
for a Dr. Gillen or Gillenius.) Fl. summer. 2/ 

G. trifoliata, Common I. or Bowman's-Root. Rich woods, from New 
York S. & W. ; smooth, branching, 2° high, with the 3 ovate-oblong pointed 
leaflets cut-toothed, entire stipules small and slender, and rather pretty white or 
scarcely rosy-tinged flowers loosely panicled on the slender branches. 

G. stipulaeea, Large-stipuled I. or American Ipecac. Open woods, 
W. : has the lanceolate leaflets and leaf-like stipules deeply cut and toothed : 
otherwise like the other. 

4. KEBRIA. (Named for Bellenden Ker, a British botanist.) 

K. Japonica, Corchorus, so-called, of the gardens, from Japan : a fa- 
miliar, smooth, ornamental shrubby plant, 4° - 8° high, with lance-ovate thin 
leaves, and handsome yellow flowers, in summer, usually full-double ; — the 
natural state, with 5 petals and numerous stamens only I'ccently introduced 
and rare. 

5. WALDSTEINIA. (Named for F. von Waldstein, an Austrian bota- 
nist.) 

W. fragarioides, Barren Strawberry. Wooded banks, chiefly N. ; 
in aspect and es])ecinlly in the 3 broadly wedge-shaped leaflets resonibles a 
Strawberry-plant (as the s]iecific and the popular names denote), but is sniooth- 
ish and yellow-flowered : in summer. 2/ 



122 KOSE FAMILY. 

6. GEUM, AVEXS. (From Greek word, meaning to give an agreeable 
flavor ; the roots of some species somewliat scented. ) Several wild species, 
only the following common : fl. late spring and summer. 2/ 

G. rivale, Purple or Water Avexs. In bogs and low grounds N. : 
thickish rootstock (sometimes used in medicine as an astringent) sending up 
lyrately and interruptedly pinnate leaves, and rather naked several-flowered 
stems (2° high) ; the flowers pretty large, nodding, with purplish-orange and 
broadly obovate or obcordate petals narrowed at the base, never spreading ; in 
fruit the head of akenes erect, stalked in the persistent calyx, the persistent 
styles jointed and bent in the middle, the upper part plumose-hairy. 

G. vernum, Spring a. Thickets, from Ohio to Illinois and Kentucky : 
slender. 2° -.3° high; root-leaves rounded heart-shaped and 3-5-lobed, or some 
of them pinnate and cut ; flowers small, with yellow petals about the length of 
the simply 5-lobed calyx ; the head of fruit raised above the cah-x on a con- 
spicuous stalk ; the styles, &c. smooth, the upper joint falling off". 

G. Strictum, Field A. Moist grounds and fields : a coarse herb, -3°- 5° 
Mgh, rather hairy, with root-leaves interruptedly pinnate and the leaflets Avedge- 
obovate, those of the stem with 3-5 narrower leaflets ; in summer bearing 
panicled flowers with broadly obovate golden-yellow petals exceeding the calyx; 
stipules lai-ge, deeply cut ; head of fi-uit close in the calyx ; the persistent naked 
style hooked at the end after the short upper joint falls ; receptacle downy. 

G. Virginianum, White A. Thickets and border of woods : coarse 
and bristly-hairy herb l°-3° high, with root and lower leaves of several pin- 
nate leaflets, the upper 3-parted and cut ; the panicled flowers small, with incon- 
spicuous greenish-white petals shorter than the calyx ; head of tiniit like the 
last, but its receptacle smooth. 

G. album, White A. Grows in similar places with the preceding, and 
like it, but smooth or soft-pubescent, with root-leaves of 3 - 5 leaflets, or some 
of them rounded and simple except a few minute leaflets below ; the petals as 
long as the calyx, white or pale greenish-yellow ; receptacle of fruit bristly. 

7. POTENTILLA, CIXQUEFOIL, FI^TE-^FIXGER. (Xame fi-om 
potens, powerful, fi'om reputed medicinal virtues, but these plants are merely 
mild astringents.) Wild plants of the country, except those of the last 
section, and one yellow one : but the Shrubby Cinque/oil is also planted, 

§ 1. Petals pale yellow, small, not surpassing the calyx. ® © 

P. Norvegiea, Norway C. An erect, hairy, weedy plant, l°-2° high, 
branching above, with only 3 obovate-oblong and cut-toothed leaflets : fl. sum- 
mer, in fields. 

P. paradoxa. A spreading or procumbent, pubescent, weedy plant, on 
river-banks W., with pinnate leaves of 5 - 9 obovate-oblong cut-toothed leaflets, 
and akenes with a thick appendage at their base : fl. summer. 

§ 2. Petals whitish or cream-color, broad, surpassing the calyx : akenes smooth. ^ 

P. arguta. A stout, erect, brownish-hairy, coarse plant, l°-4° high, 
rather clammy above, on rocky hills N. & W., with pinnate leaves of 3 - 9 oval 
or ovate cut-toothed leaflets soft-downy beneath, and a close terminal cluster of 
rather large flowers, of no beauty, in summer. 

§ 3. Petals bright yellow, larger than the lobes of the calyx. 2/ 
* Leaves of 5 digitate leaflets. 

P. recta. Cult, in some old gardens, from Eu. : a coarse, erect, hairy 
plant, 2° - 3° high, with sometimes 7 narrowly wedge-oblong leaflets coarsely 
toothed, and rather large cymose flowers. 

P. Canadensis, Common Wild C. or Fite-fixger. Open dry ground : 
dwarf, silky -hairy, with wedge-obovate leaflets, and axillary 1-floAvered pedun- 
cles ; flowering from early spring to midsummer, and spreading by runners. 

Var. simplex, in moister or richer soil, usually well marked by its greater 
size and greener foliage; the stems l°-2° long, ascending or spreadino: fi-om 
a short tuberous rootstock ; leaflets more oblong ; flowers produced through the 
summer. 



ROSE FAMILY. 123 

P. argdntea, Silvery C. Dry fields, banks, and roadsides N. : a low, 
spreading or prostrate, much branched, white-woolly weed, with wedge-oblong 
cut-pinnatifid leaflets green above, white with silvery wool beneath, and the 
margins revolute ; the small flowers somewhat panicled, all summer. 

* * Leaves pinnate : receptacle and partly the akenes white-hairy. 

P. Anserina, Silver- Weed. Wet banks and shores, N. & W, : leaves 
all from the root or in tufts on the long slender runners, green above, silvery 
with silky down beneath, of 9-19 oblong cut-toothed principal leaflets and 
some paii's of minute ones intermixed; stipules conspicuous and many-cleft; 
flowers solitary on long scape-like peduncles, all summer. 

P. frutiebsa, Shrubby C. Wet grounds N. : 2° -4° high, woody, silky, 
very much branched, with 5 or 7 crowded oblong-lanceolate entire leaflets, 
scale-like stipules, and loose clusters of rather showy flowers, all summer. 

§ 4. Petals ivhite : akenes and receptacle hairy : leaflets only 3, digitate, 'il 

P. tridentata, Three-toothed C. Coast of N. England N. and on 
mountains : 4' -6' high, tufted, spreading, with 3 thickish nearly smooth leaflets 
coarsely 3-toothed at the end, and several flowers in a cyme, in early summer. 
§ 5. Petals purple, rose-color, or crimson : akenes smooth. ^ 
* Wild in wet and cold hogs N. : petals narrow, shorter than the calyx. 
P. palustris, Marsh Five-finger. Stems ascending from an almost 
woody creeping base ; leaves pinnate, of 5 - 7 lance-oblong serrate and crowded 
leaflets, whitish beneath ; flowers in a small cyme, the calyx nearly 1 ' broad, 
the inside as well as the petals dull dark purple ; receptacle becoming large and 
spongy : fl. all summer. 

* * From Himalaya, cult, for ornament : petals broad and large, obcordate. 

P. Nepalensis, Nepal C. Leaflets 3 in the upper, 5 in the lowest leaves, 
digitate, hairy but green both sides, wedge-oblong, coarsely toothed ; flowers 
rose-red, all summer. P. HopwoodiIna, with flesh-colored flowers, is a gar- 
den hybrid of this and P. recta. 

P. atrosanguineaj Dark Nepal C, is soft silky-hairy, with 3 leaflets 
to all the leaves, and much darker-colored flowers than in the preceding, brown- 
purple or crimson. 

8. FRAGARIA, STRAWBERRY. (Name from fraga, the old Latin 
name of the strawberry. ) 2/ 

§1. True Strawberries. Petals white: receptacleof the fruit high-flavored: 
scapes several -flowered : runners naked. Fl. in spring and early summe)\ 
those of all but the flrst species inclined more or less to be dioecious. In 
cultivation the species are considerably mixed by crossing. 

P. vesca, Common S. of Europe, yields the Alpine, Perpetual, &c., 

Elentifully native N. ; is mostly slender, with thin dull leaflets strongly marked 
y the veins, calyx remaining open or reflexed after flowering, small ovoid- 
conical or elongated fruit high-scented, and the akenes superficial. 

P. elatior, Hautbois S., of Europe, sometimes cult. ; is taller and quite 
dioecious, with the calyx strongly reflexed away from the fruit, which is dull 
reddish and musky-scented. 

P. Virgini^na, Virginian Wild S., original of the American Scar- 
let, &c. ; has leaflets of firm texture, their smooth and often shining upper 
surface with sunken veins, calyx becoming erect after flowering and closing 
over the hairy receptacle when unfructified ; fruit with a narrow neck, mostly 
globular, its surface with deep pits in which the akenes ai*e sunken. 

Var. Illinoensis, perhaps a distinct species, is coarser and larger, grows in 
richer soil, from W. New York W. & S., the hairs of the scape, &c. shaggy, is 
the supposed original of Hovey's Seedling, Boston Pine, &e. 

P. Chilensis, native of Pacific coast from (Oregon S. ; its varieties and 
crosses with the foregoing have given rise to the Pine-apple S. and the like : 
a large and robust species, with very firm and thick leaflets soft-silky beneath or 
on both faces, and a hairy receptacle, the large rose-colored fruit erect in the 
pure state (instead of hanging), ripening late. 



124 ROSE FAMILY. 

§ 2. Petals yellow : receptacle tasteless : runners bearing leaves and \-flowered 
peduncles : calyx with 5 external pieces very large, leaf-like, and 3-lobed. 

F. Indica, Indian S., of Upper India, &c. : cult., running wild S. E., 
rather handsome both in flower and (red) fruit, which are produced all summer 
and autumn. 

9. DALIBARDA. (Named for Z)a/26arc?, an early botanist of Paris.) 11 
D. repens, of wooded slopes N., is a low, stemless, tufted, downy little 

plant, spreading more or less by subterranean runners, with the aspect of a 
Violet, the scapes bearing one or two delicate white flowers, in summer. 

10. RUBUS, BRAMBLE, &c. (The Roman name, connected with ruber, 
red.) 21 

§ 1. Flowering Raspberries, with simple leaves and broad flattish fruit, the 
very small and numerous reddish or amber-colored grains at length separat- 
ing from the persistent receptacle. 

R. odoratUS, Purple F. Dells, &c., N. : shrubby, 3° -5° high, clammy- 
bristly and odorous, not prickly ; with ample 3 - 5-lobed leaves, the lobes pointed 
and the middle one longest, peduncles many-flowered, calyx-lobes Avith long 
slender tips, and petals purple-rose-color ; the showy flowers l'-2' across, pro- 
duced all summer. 

R. Nutkanus, White F. From Upper Michigan to Pacific, and cult. : 
like the other, but less bristly and clammy, with leaves more equally 5-lobed and 
coarsely toothed, and fewer flowers with narrower white petals. 

§ 2. True Raspberries, with 3-5 leaflets, the fruit falling when ripe from 
the then dry narrow receptacle : flowers with small white erect petals, in early 
summer, on leafy shoots of the season which (in all but the first) spring 
from prickly more or less woody stems of the preceding year. 

R. triflorus, Dwarf Raspberry. Low woods N. ; almost wholly her- 
baceous, slender, trailing, not prickly, with thin smooth leaves, of 3 rhombic- 
ovate acute leaflets, or the side-leaflets parted, making 5, all doubly serrate, 
peduncle bearing 1-3 small flowers, and the fruit of few grains. 

R. OCCidentalis, Black R. or Thimbleberry. Borders of fields and 
thickets N., especially where ground has been burned over : glaucous-whitened, 
the long recurving stems, stalks, &c. armed with hooked prickles, but no bris- 
tles ; leaflets mostly 3, ovate, pointed, white-downy beneath, coarsely doubly 
toothed, the lateral ones stalked ; petals shorter than the sepals ; fruit purple- 
black (or an amber-colored variety), flattish, ripe at midsummer. 

R. Idaeus, Garden R. Cult, from Eu. for the fruit : tall and nearly 
erect, beset with straight slender prickles or many of them mere bristles ; leaves 
thicker, and fruit firmer and larger than in the next red or yellowish, ripening 
through the summer. 

R. Strigdsus, Wild Red R. Common especially N. : 2° - 3° high, the 
upright stems, stalks, &c. beset with copious bristles, and some of them becom- 
ing weak prickles, also glandular ; leaflets oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, 
white-downy beneath, the lateral ones (either one or two pairs) not stalked; 
petals as long as the sepals ; fruit light-red, tender and watery but high-flav- 
ored, ripening all summer. 

§ 3. Blackberries, with the pulpy grains of the fruit remaining attached to the 

pulpy receptacle, lohich at length fails away from the calyx: stems prickly : 

leaves of 3 or pedately 5-7 leaflets : flowers on leafy shoots from stems of 

the preceding year, in spring and early summer, with white spreading petals. 

* Stems more or less woody : fruit black when ripe, eatable, the blackberries of the 

market, ripening in late summer and autumn. 
R. Vill6sus, High Blackberry. Everywhere along thickets, fence- 
rows, &c., and several varieties cult.: stems l°-6° high, furrowed; prickles 
strong and hooked ; leaflets 3-5, ovate or lance-ovate, pointed, their loAver sur- 
face and stalks hairy and glandular, the middle one long-stalked and sometimes 



ROSE FAMILY. 125 

heart-shaped ; flowers racemed, rather large, with short hracts ; fruit oblong 
or cylindrical. 

R. Canadensis, Low B. or Dewberry. Rocky and sandy soil : long- 
trailing, slightly prickly, smooth or smoothish, and Avith 3-7 smaller leaflets 
than in the foregoing, the racemes of flowers with more leaf-like bracts,, the fruit 
of fcAver grains and ripening earlier. 

R. euneif61ius, Sand B. Sandy groiind and barrens from N. Jersey S- : 
erect, l^-S"^ high, with stout hooked prickles ; the branchlets and lower surface 
of the 3 - .5 wedge-obovate thickish leaves whitish-woolly ; peduncles 2-4- 
flowered. 

R. trivialis, Southern Low B. Sandy soil from Virginia S. : trailing 
or creeping, bristly and prickly ; the smooth partly evergreen leaves of 3 - 5 
ovate-oblong or lance-oblong leaflets ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered. 

* * Stems scarcely woody but lasting over winter, wholly prostrate : fruit sour. 

R. hispidus, Running Swamp B. Low woods, &c. N. : with very long 
and slender running stems, beset with small reflexed prickles, sending up short 
leafy and flowering shoots ; leaves of mostly 3 obovate blunt smooth and shin- 
ing leaflets, of firm and thickish texture, somewhat evergreen ; flowers small and 
few on a leafless peduncle ; fruit of few grains, red or purple. 

§ 4. Flowering Bramble : cultivated for the flowers only. 

R. rossefolius, from China, called Brier Rose. Cult, in greenhouses 
and apartments, has pinnate leaves, and bears a succession of full-double white 
flowers resembling small roses. 

11. ALCHEMILLA. (Name said to come from the Arabic.) A minute 
annual species, A. arvensis, called Parsley Piert in England, has got 
introduced in Virginia, &c. 

A. vulgaris, Lady's Mantle, from Europe, is cult, in some gardens ; 
it is a low herb, not showy, with somewhat downy rounded slightly 7 - Q-lobed 
leaves chiefly from the root, on long stalks, and loose corymbs or panicles of 
small light green flowers, through the summer. 2/ 

12. AGRIM6K"IA, agrimony. (Old name, of obscure meaning.) 
Weedy herbs, in fields and border of woods, producing their small yellow 
flowers through the summer ; the fruiting calyx, containing the 2 akenes, 
detached at maturity as a small bur, lightly adhering by the hooked bristles 
to the coats of animals. % 

A. Eupatoria, Common A. Principal leaflets 5-7, oblong-obovate and 
coarsely toothed, with many minute ones intermixed ; petals twice the length 
of the calyx ; stamens 10-15. 

A. parviflora, chiefly S., has smaller floAvers, 11-19 lanceolate principal 
leaflets, and 10-15 stamens. 

A. ineisa, only S., has 7-9 oblong or obovate and smaller principal leaf- 
lets, small flowers, and 5 stamens. 

13. POTERIUM, BURNET. (Old Greek name, of rather obscure appli- 
cation.) 2/ 

P. Sanguisorba, Garden or Salad B. Common in old gardens, from 
Europe : nearly smooth, growing in tufts ; leaves of many small ovate and 
deeply toothed leaflets ; stems about 1° high, bearing a few heads of light 
green or pur])lish monoecious flowers, in summer, the lower flowers witli nu- 
merous drooping stamens, several of the uppermost with pistil, the style ending 
in a ]:)ur])lc tufted stigma. 

P. Canad^nse, or Sanguis6rba Canadensis, Canadian or Wild B. 
Wet grounds N. : 3° - 6° high, nearly smooth, with numerous lance-oblong 
coarsely-toothed leaflets often heart-shaj)ed at base, and cylindrical sjukes of 
white ])erfcct floAvers, in late summer and autumn ; stamens only 4, their long- 
white filaments club-shaped. 



126 ROSE FAMILY. 

14. ROSA, ROSE. (The ancient Latin name of the Rose.) 

§ 1. Wild Roses of the country : only the first species cultivated. 
* Styles lightly cohering in a column and projecting out of the calyx-cup. 
R. setigera, Prairie or Climbing Wild Rose. Rich ground, W. & 
S. : also planted, and partly the original of Queen-of-the-Prairie, &c. dou- 
ble roses. Tall-climbing, armed with stout nearly straight prickles, not bristly ; 
leaves with only 3-5 ovate acute leaflets ; the corymbed flowers produced 
towards midsummer ; stalks and calyx glandular ; petals deep rose becoming 
nearly white. 

* * Styles separate, included in the calyx-tube, the stigmas closing its orifice: 

petals rose-color : stems not disposed to climb. 

R. Carolina, Swamp Rose. Wet grounds: stems 4° -8° high, with 
hooked prickles and no bristles ; leaflets 5-9, smooth, dull above and pale be- 
neath; flowers numerous in the corymb (in summer) ; the calyx and globular 
hip glandular-bristly. 

R. llieida. Dwarf Wild Rose. Dry or moist ground: l°-2° high, 
with bristly or slender straight prickles, 5-9 oblong or almost lanceolate leaf- 
lets shining above, 1 - 3-flowered peduncles, bristly calyx, but the depressed hip 
nearly smooth : fl. all summer. 

R. blanda. Early Wild Rose. Rocky banks N. : lo-3° high, with 
straight weak prickles or none, 5-7 oval or oblong blunt and pale leaflets, 
sometimes hoary beneath, large stipules, 1 - 3-flowered peduncles and the calyx 
smooth and glaucous, the hip globular : fl. spring or early summer. 

§ 2. Brier-Roses, naturalized from Europe, by roadsides and in thickets, or 
sometimes planted : flowering in summer. 

R. rubigindsa, Sweet-Brier. Tall, disposed to climb, ainned with 
strong and hooked and some slender and awl-shaped prickles, the roundish and 
doubly-serrate small leaflets downy and beset with russet glands beneath, giving 
the aromatic fragrance ; flowers mostly solitary, pink ; hip pear-shaped or obo- 
vate, crowned with the calyx-lobes. 

R. raierantha. Small S. Probably a mere variety of the common Sweet- 
Brier, with uniform hooked prickles, smaller flower, and more oblong or oval 
hip, from Avhich the calyx-lobes fall early. 

R. canina, Dog Rose. Roadsides E. Penn. and probably elsewhere: 
resembles Sweet-Brier, but the leaflets smooth or destitute of aromatic glands 
and simply serrate ; flowers 3 or 4 together, pink or nearly white. 

§3. Evergreen Roses, naturalized in the Southern States from China: 
flowering in spring, the flowers not double. 

R. Sinica (or l^vigAta), Cherokee Rose. Planted for garden- 
hedges, &c., also run wild S., disposed to climb high, armed with strong hooked 
prickles, very smooth, with bright green and glossy evergreen leaves of mostly 
only 3 leaflets, and single flowers at the end of the branches, with bristly calyx- 
cup and large pure- white petals. 

R. bracteata, Bracted Rose. In hedges far S., not common; has 
downy branches armed with strong hooked prickles, 5-9 roundish leafl.ets, and 
single large white flowers on very short peduncle, the calyx covered by leafy 
bracts. 

§ 4. Exotic Garden Roses proper, from Europe and Asia. Merely the 
principal types : the greater part of the modei-n garden roses too much 
mixed by crossing and changed by variation to be subjects of botanical study. 

* Styles united in a column which projects out of the calyx-cup. All with long 

rambling shoots, or disposed to climb. 
R. sempervirens, Evergreen Rose of S., not hardy nor holding its 
leaves N., with coriaceous bright-green oblong leaflets, cuiwed prickles, and 
nearly solitary white flowers, not double. The Ayrshire Rose is a more 
hardy form of it. 



ROSE FAMILY. 127 

E. moschata, Muscat or Musk Rose ; not climbing, with slender 
curved prickles, leaves of 5 or 7 lanceolate and pointed leaflets, a corymb of 
white flowers with a yellowish base to the petals, very sweet scented, especially 
at evening. 

R. multifldra, Many-flow^ered Rose. A well-known climbing species, 
from Japan and China, hardy in Middle States, with 5 or 7 soft and somewhat 
rugose leaflets, slender scattered prickles, and full corymbs of small flowers, 
white, pale red, or rose-purple, not sweet-scented. The Bouesalt Rose, said 
to come from the vndtijlora, is probably from a cross with some hardy European 
species. 

* * Styles not sensibly projecting nor united. 

•1- Tender, tall-climbing, and wholly destitute of prickles. 

R. Banksise, Banksia Rose, from China, a slender conservatory species, 
very smooth, with 3 - 5-lanceolate glossy leaflets, and umbels of very small 
white or bufi^ and violet-scented flowers. 

■t- •(- Tender, armed only with distant hooked prickles, smooth, with leaves of 

mostly 3 (3-5) rather coriaceous and shining leaflets, and awl-shaped or 

narrow stipules. 

R. Indica, India or China Roses : includes the Tea, Perpetual or 

Bengal, Bourbon, ^nd Noisette Roses; and the Bengal Pompons, &c. 

are miniature forms of similar origin. 

-i- -t- -t- Hardy or mainly so at the north, not climbing, more or less prickly, and 
with leaves of 5 or more leaflets. 

R. Galliea, French or Provence, Red Rose, has slender stems beset 
with both stout curved and slender straight prickles, leaves of 5 - 7 rather rigid 
doubly and glandular-toothed leaflets more or less downy beneatb, erect 1-flow- 
ered peduncles, and pink-red or crimson spreading petals (or variegated with 
white), which have some astringency, and are used for conserve ofrosos, &c. 

R. centifolia, Hundred-leaved or Cabbage Rose, perhaps derived 
from the preceding ; has mostly straight prickles, 5-7 oval leaflets with glan- 
dular teeth or edges, peduncle and calyx clammy with odorous glands, the hip 
bristly and glandular, the flowers mostly nodding, large, and full-double, rose- 
pui-ple, or of various shades, rarely white. Pompon Roses are miniature 
varieties. Moss Roses are abnormal states with the glands and bristles of the 
calyx and peduncle developed into a moss-like substance. Petals used for rose- 
water, essence of roses, &c. 

R. Damaseena, Damask Rose, &c. Known from the foregoing by the 
greener bark, larger curved prickles, corymbed flowers oblong in the bud, and 
with the long sepals (some of them pinnatifid or lobed) reflexed during flower- 
ing, the hip oblong and pulpy : petals rose-purple, white, &c. ; used in prefer- 
ence for attar-ofroses and rose-water. 

R. alba, White Rose, is between the preceding and the Dog Rose; leaf- 
lets 5, glaucous and a little downy beneath ; prickles straightish and slender ; 
petals pure white. 

R. cinnamdmea, Cinnamon Rose, of Eu., met with in country gar- 
dens, is related to our wild R. blanda, 5° to 8° high, with brownish-red bark, 
and some straightish prickles, pale leaves downy underneath, and small pale-red 
cinnamon-scented (mostly double) flowers, not showy. 

R. spinosissima, Burnet or Scotch Rose, of Eu. Low, 1° or 2° 
high, exceedingly jjrickl}^ Avith straight prickles, with 7 to 9 small and roundish 
smooth leaflets, and small cai'ly flowers, either single or double, and white, 
pink, and even yellow, the hips cartilaginous. 

R. Eglanteria, Yellow Eglantine Rose. Like a Sweet-Bricr, but 
lower, 3° - 5° high, with scattered straight prickles ; leaves dccp-grccn and 
sweet-scented ; flowers deep yellow, orange, or buff", and sometimes variegated 
with red, either single or double. 

R. sulphur ea, the old Yellow Rose, from the Ear East. Tall, with 
scattered prickles, glaucous or pale scentless leaves, and sulphur-yellow ( full- 
double) flowers. 



128 ROSE FAMILY. 

15. CRAT^GirS, HAWTHOKN, WHITE THORN. (Old Greek 
name. ) Small trees or shrubs, with hard wood ; flowers white, except in 
some varieties of English Hawthorn, in spring or early summer ; ripening the 
red or reddish fniit mostly in autumn. 

§ 1. Flowers many in the corymb, small, with 5 styles ; fruit not larger than small 
peas, scarlet or coral-red : leaves, ^c, smooth or nearly so. 

C. Pyracantha, Evergreen Thorn. Planted for ornament and spar- 
ingly nat. from S. Penn. S. (from S. Europe) : shrub 4° - 6°, v/ith the shining 
evergreen leaves lance-spatulate and crenulate, only 1' long, and small clusters 
of flowers terminating short branches. 

C. spathulata. Tall shrub or low tree, from Virginia S., with almost 
evergreen shining spatulate leaves, crenate towards the apex, or on vigorous 
shoots cut-lobed, and with hardly any petiole. 

C. cordata, Washington T. Small tree, fi'om Virg. and Kentucky S., 
and has been planted for hedges ; has broadly triangular-ovate or heart-shaped 
thinnish leaves, often 3 - 5-cleft or cut and serrate, on slender petiole. 

§ 2. Flowers many in the corymb, middle-sized : fruit coral-red, ovoid, rather small. 

C. arbor eseens. River-banks far S. : tree with few stout thorns or none, 
thin oblong serrate leaves acute at both ends, on slender petioles ; styles 5. 

C. Oxyacantha, English Hawthorn. Planted from Eu. for orna- 
ment and hedges ; tree or shrub with obovate smooth leaves wedge-shaped at 
base, cut-lobed and toothed above ; styles 2 or 3, rarely only 1 . With single or 
double, white, rose, or pink-red flowers. 

C. apiifolia, Parsley-leaved T. Common S. Small tree soft-downy 
when young ; the leaves smoothish ^vith age, pinnatifid, the 5-7 lobes crowded, 
cut and toothed ; petioles slender ; styles 1-3. 

§ 3. Floivers many in the corymb, large ; the calyx-teeth with the bracts and 
stipules often beset with glands : fruit edible, half an inch or more long, its 
cells or stones and the styles variable in number, 1-5. All tall shrubs or 
low trees, of thickets and rocky banks, or planted. 

C. COCCinea, Scarlet-fruited T. Smooth, with the leaves thin, round- 
ish-ovate, sharply cut-toothed or lobed, on slender petioles, the coral or scarlet 
fruit much smaller than in the next and hardly eatable. 

C. tomentosa, Pear or Black T. DoAvny or soft-hairy when young ; 
the leaves thickish, oval, ovate, or obovate, sharply toothed or cut, below ab- 
ruptly narrowed into a margined petiole, the upper surface impressed along the 
main veins or ribs ; flowers often 1' broad, and scarlet or orange fruit from two 
thirds to three fourths of an inch long, pleasant-tasted. Of many varieties : the 
two which differ most from the common one with the well-flavored fruit are : 
Var. PUNCTATA, with smaller and wedge-obovate leaA^es irregularly toothed 
towards the summit, and dull red and yellowish fruit, sometimes Avhite-dotted, 
Var. MOLLIS, of the Western States, with rounded soft-downy leaves, not taper- 
ing but sometimes even heart-shaped at base, sharply doubly toothed and cut ; 
fruit dull red and less pleasant-tfisted. 

C. Grus-galli, Cockspur T. Smooth ; the wedge-obovate or oblanceo- 
late leaves thick and firm, deep-green and glossy, serrate above the middle, ta- 
pering into a very short petiole ; thorns very long and sharp ; fruit bright red- 
The best sjjecies "for hedges : has both narrow and broad-leaved varieties. 

§ 4. Floivers solitary, in pairs, or only 3-6 in the corymb ; styles, and cells, 
4 - 5 : leaves mostly pubescent underneath : fruit of en eatable. 

C SBStivalis, Summer Haw of S. States. Along pine-barren ponds, 
from S. Car. S. & W. : tree with spatulate or Avedge-obovate coriaceous leaves, 
crenate aboA'e the middle, no glands, 3 - 5-flowered peduncles, and large red 
juicy fruit, pleasantly acid, used for tarts, &c. : ripe in summer. 

C. flava, Yelloav or Summer Haw. Sandy soil, from Virginia S. : 
small tree, with Avcdge-obovate leaves doAvny or smoothish, toothed or cut above 
the middle, the teeth or margins and short petiole glandular ; the pear-shaped 
or globular fruit yellowish, greenish, or tinged Avith red. 



ROSE FAMILY. 129 

C. parvif61ia, Small-leaved or Dwarf Thorn". Pine-barrens from 
N. Jersey S. : shnib 3° - 6° high, downy, with thick and firm spatnlate-obovate 
crenate leaves, these as well as the mostly solitary flowers almost sessile, calyx- 
lobes glandular-toothed and as long as the petals ; the large fruit pear-shaped 
or globular, at first hairy, greenish and yellowish. 

16. COTONEASTER. {Cotoneum was a Roman name of the Quince. 
Name here alludes to the cottony covering of the shoots, lower face of the 
leaves, &c. of these small-leaved and small-flowered, chiefly Old -World 
shrubs.) 

C. vulgaris. Planted from Eu. : . hardy shrub, 2° - 4° high, much branched, 
with deciduous ovate or rounded leaves hardly 1' long, glabrous calyx, flesh- 
colored or white floAvers in spring, and reddish fruit. And some rarer, evergreen 
species are in choicer ornamental grounds. 

17. PHOTINIA. (From Greek word for shining, alluding to the glossy 
leaves of the genuine species.) Choice greenhouse shrubs or small trees, 
hardy S., Avith large evergreen leaves. 

P. arbutif61ia, of California, a smooth shrub, with rigid sharply-toothed 
leaves and broad panicle of white flowers, should be hardy S. of Penn. 

P. serrulata, of Japan and China, is smooth, with longer finely serrulate 
leaves, and copious white flowers. 

P. (or Eriobotrya) Jap6nica, the Loquat-Tree, of Japan, with 
almost entire leaves nearly 1° long, the lower surface and corymb clothed with 
dense rather nisty wool, has fewer and larger downy yellowish-Avhite flowers, 
and an edible yellow fruit, resembling a small apple, with 1-5 large seeds. 

18. AMELAlSrCHIER, JUNE-BERRY, SERVICE-BERRY. (Pop- 
ular name of the European species in Savoy. ) Flowering in spring, and pro- 
ducing the berry-like purplish fruit (edible, sweet, sometimes very pleasant- 
flavored) in summer. We have apparently tAvo or three Avild species; but 
they run together so that botanists incline to regard them as forms of one. 
A. Canadensis, also called Shadbush in New England, because it 

blossoms just Avhen shad appear in the riA'crs. Var. BotryA.pium is the 
tree, smooth even from the first, or nearly so, with ovate-oblong very sharply 
serrate" leaves, long loose racemes, and oblong petals 4 times the length of the 
calyx. Var. oblongif6lia is either tree or shrub, Avith the oblong leaves and 
branchlets Avhite-cottony when young, and the racemes and petals shorter. 
Var. ALNiFOLiA, chiefly W., is a shrub Avith roundish blunt leaves toothed only 
towards the summit, and floAvers like the preceding. Var. oligocArpa, is a 
shrub of cold bogs N., very smooth, with thin oblong sharply-serrate leaves, and 
only 2-5 fioAvers in the raceme. 

19. PYHUS, PEAR, APPLE, &c. (Classical name of the Pear-tree.) 
Botanically the genus is made to include a great variety of things, agreeing 
in the cartilaginous, parchment-like, or thin-Avalled cells that contain the 
seeds. Wood hard and tough. Fl. spring. 

§ 1 . Pear. Leaves simple : flowers in a simple corymb or chista- : fruit loith its 
base tapering down to the stalk. 

P. communis, Common Pear. Cult, from Eu. : a smooth tree, with 
branches inclined to be thorny, ovate leaves, and pure Avhite floAvers, the an- 
thers purple. 

§ 2. Apple. Leaves simple : flowers shoioij, in a simple cluster or simple umbel: 
fruit sunken [wnbilicate] at both ends, especial I y at the base. 
* Exotic : leaves simply and evenly serrate, oixite or oblonq. 
P. Malus, Coi\rMON Apple. Cult, from Eu. : tree Avith buds, loAvcr face 
of the leaves Avhcn young, and calyx Avoolly, fioAvcrs Avhite and tinged Avith 
pink, and large fruit. 
9 



130 CALYCANTHUS FAMILY. 

P. speotabilis, Chinese Flowering-A. Cult from China, for its 
showy bright rose-colored flowers, which are double or semi-double ; the leaves 
&c. smooth, except when very young. 

P. prunifolia, Siberian Crab-A. Cult, for the fruit : smooth or 

nearly so, except the newly developed leaves and the peduncles ; styles woolly 
at the base ; fruit yellowish. The better Crab- Apples are perhaps' crosses of 
this with the Common Apple. 

* * Wild species, ivith some of the leaves irregularly cut-toothed, or even lohed : 
the bright rose-colored flouvers and the greenish fruit very fragrant. 

P. COronaria, American or Garl.a.xd Crab-A. Glades from W. New 
York W. & S. : small tree, soon smooth, with the mostly ovate leaves rounded 
or obscurely heart-shaped at base and inclined to be 3-lobed. 

P. ang'ustifolia, Narrow-leaved Crab-A. Glades W. & S., with 
narrow-oblong or lanceolate leaves : othersvise too like the last. 

§ 3. Chokeberry. Leaves simple, the upper face with some small glands along 
the midrib : floicers [ichite) in compound cymes terminating the branches: 
styles united at base : fruit berry-like. 

P. arbutifolia, Common Chokeberry. Low woods and bogs ; shinib 
•with small obovate or oblong finely serrate leaves, and a juicy insipid beny, not 
larger than a pea, either pui-jjle or black, pear-shaped or globular. 

§ 4. Rowan-Tree or Mountain-Ash. Leaves odd-pinnate, of several 
(9-17) leaflets : floicers {numerous and ichite) in ample compound flat 
cymes terminating the branches of the season : fruit berry-like, scarlet-red 
when ripe. Trees often planted for ornament, especially for the clusters of 
showy fruit in autumn. 

P. Americana, American Mountain-Ash. Slender tree or tall shrub, 
wild in the cooler districts ; smooth or soon becoming so, with lanceolate 
taper-pointed and sharply serrate bright-green leaflets on a reddish stalk, pointed 
and smooth glutinous leaf-buds, and berries not larger than peas. 

P. sambueifolia, Elder-leaved R. or M. Wild along the northern 
frontiers ; smooth or nearly so, with oblong or lance-ovate and blunt or ab- 
ruptly short-pointed leaflets, coarsely serrate with more spi-eading teeth, spar- 
ingly hairy leaf-buds, and larger berries. 

P. aucuparia, European R. or M. Planted from Eu. ; forms a good- 
sized tree, Avith oblong and obtuse paler leaflets, their lower surface, stalks, and 
the leaf-buds downy; and the berries lai'ger {^' in diameter). 

20. CYDONIA, QUINCE. (Named from a city in Crete.) 

C. vulgaris, Common Quince. Cult, from the Levant ; small tree, 
nearly thornless, with oval or ovate entire leaves (Lessons, p. 55, fig. 83) cot- 
tony beneath ; flowers solitary at the end of the leafy branches of the season, in 
late spring, with leafy calyx-lobes, white or pale-rose petals, and stamens in a 
single row ; the large and hard fruit pear-shaped, or in one variety apple-shaped, 
fragrant ; seeds mucilaginous. 

C. Japonica, Japan Quince (also named Pyrus Japonica). Thomj'-, 
smooth, widely branched shrub, from Japan ; cult, for the large showy flowers, 
which are j^roduced in spring, earlier than the oval or wedge-oblong leaves, on 
side spurs, in great abundance, single or more or less double, scarlet-red, or 
sometimes with rose-colored or even almost white varieties ; calyx with short 
and rounded lobes ; fniit green, very hard, resembling a small apple, but totally 
uneatable. 

39. CALYCANTHACE^, CALYCANTHUS FAMILY. 

Shrubs with opposite enfire leaves, no stipules, sepals and petals 
imbricated and indefinite in number and passing one into the other, 
stamens few or many with anthers turned outwards, all these parts 
on a hollow receptacle or calyx-cup in the manner of a rose-hip, 



SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 131 

enclosing numerous pistils which ripen into akenes. Cotyledons 
rolled up from one margin. Flowers rather large, mostly aromatic, 
as is the wood also. 

1. CALYCANTHUS. Flowers livid-purple or dull red, solitary in the axils or 

terminating leafy branches, with loose bracts passing to colored lanceolate 
sepals, and these into similar thickish petals, which are borne on the sum- 
mit of the closed calyx-tube: within these are numerous short stamens; the 
outer 12 or more having anthers ending in a tip; the inner smaller and with 
imperfect anthers or none. Pistils enclosed in the fleshy cup; ovary with 2 
ovules; styles slender. Akenes oval, coriaceous, enclosed in the leathery hip, 
which becomes about 2' long. 

2. CHIMONANTHUS. Flowers yellow and purplish, along naked shoots, sessile 

in axils of fallen leaves. Bracts and sepals scale-like, ovate, purplish or 
brownish. Petals honey-yellow, or the innermost red. Stamens with an- 
thers only 5. 

1. CALYCANTHUS, CAROLINA ALLSPICE or SWEET-SCENT- 
ED SHRUB. (Name from Greek for cup and floiver.) All wild in U. S., 
and cult., especially the first, which has the more fragrant strawberry-scented 
blossoms. Fl. spring and all summer. 

C. floridus. Wild S. of Virginia in rich woods : leaves soft-downy be- 
neath, l'-3' long, oval or oblong. 

C. IsevigatUS. Wild from S. Penn. S. : smooth and green, with oval or 
oblong leaves l'-3' long, and rather small flowers (1|' across). 

C. glaucus. Wild from Virginia S. : like the foregoing, but with mostly 
larger and taper-pointed leaves, glaucous beneath. 

C. OCCidentalis, Western C. Cult, from California : smooth, with 
ovate or OA'ate-oblong and slightly heart-shaped larger leaves (.5' -6' long), 
green both sides, the upper surface roughish ; the brick-red flowers 3' across, 
scentless ; akenes hairy. 

2. CHIMOI^ANTHUS, JAPAN ALLSPICE. (Name in Greek means 
winter-flower ; it flowers in the winter in a mild temperate climate. ) 

C. fragrans. Shrub with long branches, which may be trained like a 
climber, smooth lance-ovate pointed leaves, and rather small fragrant flowers, 
hardy S. of Penn. 

40. SAXIPRAGACE.^, SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 

A large family not readily defined by any single characters ; 
distinguished generally from Rosaceae by having albumen in the 
seeds, ovaries partly or wholly united, and seldom any stipules ; 
the herbs and most of the shrubs of the family have only as many 
or twice as many stamens, and fewer styles or stigmas, than there 
are petals or sepals. Flowers mostly perfect. — Besides the plants 
described, there may be met with in choice conservatories : 

CuNONiA Capensis, a small tree from Cape of Good Hope, with 
opposite odd-pinnate leaves and a large stipule between their peti- 
oles on each side : 

Baitera RUBioiDES, from Australia, a slender bushy shrub, with 
opposite leaves of 3 almost sessile narrow leaflets, looking like 6 
simple leaves in a whorl, and pretty rose-colored widely open flow- 
ers in their axils. 

I. Shrubs, with simple leaves (includes plants which have been 
ranked in two or three different families). None of the following 
have stipules, except Ribes. Seeds numerous. 



132 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 

§ 1. Leaves alternate. 

1. RIBES. Leaves palraately veined and lobed ; sometimes with narrow stipules 

united witti the base of the petiole. Calyx with its tube cohering with the 
ovary, and often extended beyond it, the 5 lobes usually colored like the 
petals. Petals and stamens each 5, on the throat of the calyx, the former 
small and mostly erect. Styles 2 or partly united into one ; "ovary 1-celled 
with 2 parietal placentae, in fruit becoming a juicy berry, crowned with the 
shrivelled remains of the rest of the flower. 

2. ITEA. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed. Flowers in a raceme. Calyx 

nearly free from the 2-celled ovary, 5 -cleft. Petals lanceolate, much longer 
than the calyx, and inserted along with the 5 stamens near its base. Pod 
slender, 2-celled, splitting through .the style and the partition. 

^ 2. Leaves opposite. Calyx-tube wholly coherent with the top-shaped or hemispherical 
ovaj'y, but not at all extended beyond it. 

* Stamens indefinite, 20 - 40. 

3. DECUMARIA. Flowers small, in a compound terminal cyme. Calyx mi- 

nutely 7-10 toothed. Style thick. Petals 7 - 10, valvate in the bud. Pod 
small, top-shaped, many-ribbed, bursting at the sides between the ribs. 

4. PHILADELPHUS. Flowers showy, often corymbed or panicled. Calyx with 

4 or 5 valvate lobes. Petals 4 or 5, broad, convolute in the bud. Styles 
3-5, usually somewhat united below. Ovary 3-5-celled, becoming a pod, 
which splits at length into as many pieces. 

* * Stamens only tiuice as many as the petals. 8 or 10. 

5. DEUTZIA. Flowers all alike and perfect, more or less panicled, showy. 

Lobes of the calyx 5. Petals 5, valvate with the edges turned inwards. 
Filaments flat, the 5 alternate ones longer, commonly with a tooth or fork on 
each side next the top. Styles 3-5, slender. Pod 3-5-celled. 

6. HYDRANGEA. Flowers in cymes, commonly of two sorts, the marginal ones 

(or in high-cultivated plants almost all) enlarged and neutral, consisting of 
corolla-like calyx onlj'- (Lessons, p, 84, fig. 167) ; the others perfect, with a 
4 - 5-toothed calyx, as many small petals valvate in the bud, and twice as 
many stamens with slender filaments. Style 2 - 5, diverging. Ovary 2-5- 
celled, becoming a small pod which opens at the top between the styles. 

II. Herbs, forming the Saxifrage Family proper. Stipules 
none or confluent with the base of the petiole. Seeds usually many. 

* Stamens as many as the petals and alternate ioith them, usually 5, and a cluster of 

gland-tipped sterile filaments before each petal : stigmas mostly 4, directly over 
as many parietal placentcB. 

T. PARNASSIA. Flower solitary, terminating a scape-like stem ; the leaves 
mostly from the root, rounded, smooth, and entire. Calyx free from the 
ovary, of 5 sepals. Petals 5, veiny, imbricated in the bud. Styles none. 
Pod 1-celled, many-seeded. 

* * Stamens only as many as the petals, 4: or 5: no sterile filaments : styles 2 and 

alternate with the placentce or partition. 

8. HEUCHERA. Flowers small, in a long panicle, mostly on a scape. Calyx 

bell-shaped, the tube cohering below with the 1-celled' ovary, and continued 
beyond it, above 5-cleft, and bearing 5 small spatulate erect petals at 
the sinuses. Styles slender. Pod 1-celled, 2-beaked at the apex, opening 
between the beaks. 

9. BOYKINIA. Flowers in a corymb-like cyme. Calyx 5-lobed, the tube 

cohering with the 2-celled ovary. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. 
Styles 2, short. Pod 2-celled, opening between the two beaks. 

* * * Stamens twice the number of the petals or the lobes of the calyx, mostly 10 } 

pod commonly 2-lobed, beaked, or 2, rarely 3-4, nearly separate pods. 

H- Petals entire, mostly 5.* 

10. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers in cymes or panicles, or rarely solitary, perfect. 

Leaves simple or palmately cut. Petals imbricated in the bnd. Pod 2- 
celled below, or 2 (rarely more) separate pistils and pods, many-seeded. 

11. ASTILBE. Flowers in spikes or racemes- collected in an ample compound 

panicle, sometimes polygamous or dioecious. Leaves ample, decompound. 



SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 133 

Petals small, spatulate or linear. Little pods 2 or 3, nearly separate, opening 
down the inner suture, several-seeded. 

12. TIARELLA. Flowers in a raceme. Calyx colored (white), 5-parted, and 

in the sinuses bearing 5 very narrow slender-clawed petals. Filaments and 
styles long and slender. Ovary 1-celled, with several ovules towards the base 
of the 2 parietal placentae, 2-beaked; one of the beaks or carpels growing 
much more than the other and making the larger part of the lance-shaped 
membranaceous pod, which is few-seeded towards the bottom, 
-f- -t- Petals 5, pinnatifid, very delicate. 

13. MITELLA. Flowers in a simple raceme or spike, small. Petals colored like 

the short open calyx (white or green). Stamens short. Styles 2, very short. 
Ovary and pod globular, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae at the base, many- 
seeded, opening across the top. 

•^ ■>-■*— Petals none. 

14. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Flowers yellowish-green, solitary or in a leafy cyme. 

Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the tube or expanded border with 4 or 
5 blunt lobes. Stamens 8 or 10, very short. Styles 2, short, recurved. Pod 
obcordate, thin, its notched summit rising above the calyx-tube, 1-celled 
with 2 parietal placentae, several -many-seeded. 

1. BIBES, CURRANT, GOOSEBERRY. (An Arabic name.) Leaves 
plaited in the bud, except the last species, often clustered in the axils of 
those of previous season. Fl. spring. Fruit mostly eatable. 
§ 1. Gooseberry. Stems commonly with 1 or 2 thorns below the 1 eaf stalks or 

the clusters of leaves, often with numerous scattered prickles besides, these 

sometimes on the berry also. 

* Cultivated species. 

B. speeidsum, Showy Flowering-Gooseberry, of California: cult, 
for ornament, especially in England, likely to succeed in Southern Middle 
States, is trained like a climber ; has small and shining leaves, 1-3 very hand- 
some flowers on a hanging peduncle, the short-tubular calyx, petals, and long- 
projecting stamens deep red, so that the blossom resembles that of a Fuchsia ; 
berry prickly, few-seeded. 

B. Grossularia, Garden or English Gooseberry. Cult, from Eu. 
for the well-known fruit ; thorny and prickly, with* small obtusely 3 - .5-lobed 
leaves, green flowers 1 - 3 on short pedicels, bell-shaped calyx, and large berry. 

* * Native species {chiefly N. Sf W.), passing under the general name o/Wild 

Gooseberry, with greenish or dull-purplish blossoms, only 1-3 on each 
peduncle. 

B. hirtellum» the commonest E., is seldom downy, with very short thorns 
or none, very short peduncles, stamens and 2-cleft style scarcely longer than 
the bell-shaped calyx ; and the smooth berry purple, small, and sweet. 

B. rotundifdlium, commoner W., is often downy-leaved ; peduncles 
slender, the slender stamens and 2-parted style longer than the narrow calyx ; 
berry smooth. 

B. Cynosbati, of rocky woods N., is downy-leaved, Avith slender pedun- 
cles, stamens and undivided style not exceeding the broad calyx, and large 
berry usually prickly. 

* * * Native species with the prickly stems of a Gooseberry, but with a raceme of 

flowers like those of a Currant. 
B. laeiistre, Lake or Swamp G. Cold bogs and wet Avoods N. : Ioav, 
with 3 - 5-parted leaves, their lobes deeply cut, very small floAvers Avith broad 
and flat calyx, short stamens and style, and small bristly berries of unpleasant 
flavor. 

§ 2. Currant. No thorns nor prickles, and thefloioers numerous in the racemes. 
* Wild, or cultivated for the fruit : flowers greenish or ivhitish. 
■*- Leaves ivithout resinous dots : calyx flat and open : benues red [or white). 
B. prostratum, Fetid C. Cold Avoods N. ; Avith reclining stems, deeply- 
heart-shaped and acutely 5 - 7-lobed leaves, erect racemes, pedicels and pale-red 



134 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 

berries glandular-bristly ; these and the bruised herbage exhale an unpleasant, 
skunk-like odor. 

R. rubrum, Red C. Cult from Eu., also wild on our northern borders ; 
with straggling or reclining stems, somewhat heart-shaped moderately 3 - 5- 
lobed leaves, the lobes roundish, and drooping racemes from lateral buds dis- 
tinct from the leaf-buds ; edible berries red, or a white variety. 



•t- -I- Leaves sprinkled with resinous dots : flowers larger, with oblong-bell-, 
calyx : berries larger, black, aromatic and spicy, glandular-dotted. 

R. floridum, Wild Black C. Woods N ; leaves slightly heart-shaped, 
sharply 3 - 5-lobed and doubly serrate ; racemes drooping, doAvny, bearing 
many whitish flowers, with conspicuous bracts longer than the pedicels. 

R. nigrum. Garden Black C. Cult, from Eu. : like the preceding, 
but has greener and fewer flowers in the raceme, minute bracts, and a shorter 
calyx. 

* * Cultivated for ornament from far W. • the flowers highly colored . 

R. sanguineum, Red-fl. C, from Oregon and California ; glandular 
and somewhat clammy, with 3 - 5-lobed leaves whitish-downy beneath, nodding 
racemes of rose-red flowers, the calyx-tube oblong-bell-shaped, the berries gland- 
ular and insipid. 

R. aureum, Golden, Buffalo, or Missouri C. : from W. Missouri 
to Oregon ; abundantly cult, for its spicy -scented bright-yellow flowers in early 
spring ; smooth, with rounded 3-lobed and cut-toothed leaves (which are rolled 
up in the bud), short racemes with leafy bracts, and tube of the yellow calyx 
very much longer than the spreading lobes ; the berries blackish, insipid. 

2. I TEA. (Greek name of Willow, applied to something widely different.) 
I. Virginica, a tall shrub, in low pine-barrens from N. Jersey S., smooth, 

with oblong minutely serrate leaves, and racemes of pretty white flowers, in 
early summer. 

3. DECITMARIA. (Name probably meaning that the parts of the flower 
are in tens, which is only occasionally the case.) 

D. barbara. Alon^ streams S. : a tall, mostly smooth shrub, with long 
branches disposed to climb, ovate or oblong shining leaves, and a compound 
terminal cyme of small white odorous flowers, in late spring. 

4. PHILADELPHUS, MOCK-ORANGE, SYRINGA (which is the 
botanical name of the Lilac. The generic name is an ancient one, afterwards 
applied to these shrubs for no particular reason). Ornamental shrubs; na- 
tives of the S. Atlantic and Pacific States, Japan, &c. ; the species mixed or 
much varied in cultivation. The following are the principal types. 

P. COronarius, Common Mock-Orange. Cult, probably from Japan. 
Shrub with erect branches, smoothish oblong-ovate leaves having the taste and 
smell of cucumbers, and crowded clusters of handsome and odorous cream-white 
flowers, in late spring. 
. P. latifolius, Broad-leaved M. Cult., unknown wild, has the erect 
stems of the first, is robust, 6° - 12° high, Avith the ovate and toothed .5-ribbed 
leaves hairy beneath, and large pure-white and nearly scentless flowers clus- 
tered, in early summer. - 

P. inodbrus, Scentless M. Wild in upper districts S. : shrub smooth, 
with spreading slender branches.mostly entire ovate-oblong leaves, rather small 
flowers scattered at the end of the diverging branchlets, and calyx-lobes not 
longer than the ovary. 

P. grandifldrus, Large-fl. M. Wild along streams from Virginia S., 
and planted in several varieties : tall shrub, with long recurving branches, ovate 
and pointed usually toothed smoothish or slightly downy leaves, and very large 
pure-white scentless flowers, in early summer, either single or in loose clusters 
at the end of the branches, the slender-pointed calyx-lobes much longer than the 



SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 135 

P. Gordoni^nus, cult, from Orej^on, is seemingly a variety of the last, 
very tall, and the large flowers appearing at midsummer. 

P. hirsutUS, Hairy M. Wild in N. Car. and Tenn., s])aringly cult. ; 
slender, with recurving hranches, the small ovate and acute sharplj-toothed 
leaves hairy, and beneath even hoary ; the small white flowers solitary or 
2-3 together at the end of short racemose side branchlets. 

5. DEIJTZIA. (Named for one Deutz, an amateur botanist of Amsterdam. ) 
Fine flowering shrubs of Japan and China, with numerous panicles of wliite 
blossoms, in late spring and early summer ; the lower side of the leaves, the 
calyx, &c. beset with minute starry clusters of hairs or scurf 

D. gracilis, the smallest species, is 2° high, with lance-ovate sharply ser- 
rate leaves bright green and smooth, and rather small snow-white flowers, earlier 
than the rest, often forced in greenhouses ; filaments forked at the top. 

D. erenata. Commonly planted; a tall shrub, rough with the fine pube- 
scence, with pale ovate or oblong-ovate minutely crenate-serrate leaves, and 
rather dull white blossoms in summer ; the filaments broadest upwards and 
with a blunt lobe on each side just below the anther. This is generally cult, 
under the name of the next, viz. 

D. scabra, Avith more rugose and rougher finely sharp-serrate leaves, and 
entii'e taper-pointed filaments : seldom cult. here. 

6. HYDRANGEA. (Name of two Greek words meaning water and vase; 
the application obscure.) FI. summer. 

* Cultivated from China and Japan : house-plants N., turned out for summer. 

H. Hortensia, Common Hydrangea, is very smooth, with large and 
oval, coarsely toothed, bright-green leaves, and the flowers of the cyme nearly 
all neutral and enlarged, blue, purple, pink, or white. 

* * Wild species, on shady hanks of rivers, Sfc, hut often planted for ornament. 

Styles mostly only 2 : flowers white, the sterile enlarged ones turning green- 
ish or purplish ivith age, persistent. 

H. quercif61ia, Oak-leaved H. Stout shrub 3° - 6° high, very leafy, 
downy, with oval .5-lobed large leaves, and cymes clustered in oblong panicle, 
with numerous sterile flowers. Wild from Georgia S., hardy N. in cult. 

H. radiata, called more fittingly H. nivea, having the ovate or some- 
what heart-shaped pointed leaves very white-woolly beneath, but smooth and 
green above ; the flat cyme with a few enlarged sterile flowers round the mar- 
gin. Wild S. of Virginia. 

H. arborescens, wild from Penn. and 111. S., rarely planted, is smooth, 
with ovate or slightly heart-shaped serrate pointed leaves green both sides, the 
flat cyme often without any enlarged sterile flowers, but sometimes with a full 
row round the margin. 

7. PARWASSIA, GKASS-OF-PARNASSUS. Wild on wet banks; 
the large white flower handsome, in summer and autumn. 2/ 

P. Carolini^na, the only common species, both N. & S., has the scape or 
stem l°-2° high, bearing one clasping leaf low down, and terminated with a 
flower over 1' broad, the many-veined petals sessile, with 3 stout snuill sterile 
filaments before each. 

P. palustris, scarce on northern borders, is small throughout, with several 
slender filaments before each few-veined petal. 

P. asarifolia, along the Alleghanies S., has rather kidney-shaped leaves, 
and petals narrowed at base into a short claw ; otherwise like the first. 

8. HEltCHERA, ALUM-'ROOT. the rootstock being astringent. (Named 
for a German botanist, Flencher.) Wild plants of rooky woods, chiolly W. 
and S. along the middle country ; the leaves rouiuled heart-sha})ed and more 
or less lobed or cut, mostly from the rootstock, often one or two on the tall 
stalk of the panicle. Flowers mostly greenish, in summer. 2/ 



136 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 

* Flowers very small : stamens and styles protruding. 

H. Americana, Common A. : the only one N. and E. of Penn., has 
scapes and loose panicle (2° -3° high) clammy-glandular and often hairy, 
leaves with rounded lobes, and greenish flowers in early summer. 

H. villosa, from Maryland and Kentucky S. along the upper country, is 
lower, beset with soft often rusty hairs, has deeper-lobed leaA'es, and very small 
white or whitish flowers, later in summer. 

* * Flowers larger [the calyx fully ^' long), in a narrower panicle, greenish, with 

stamens little if at all protruding : leaves round and slightly 5- 9-lobed. 

H. hispida. Mountains of Virginia and N. W. Tall (scape 2° -4° 
high), usually with spreading hairs ; stamens a little protruding. 

H. pubescens. From S. Penn. S. Scapes (l°-3oiiigh) and petioles 
roughish-giandular rather than pubescent ; stamens shorter than the lobes of 
the calyx. 

9. BOYKINIA. (Named for the late Dr. Boykin, of Georgia.) :^ 

B. aeonitifolia, occurs only along the Alleghanies from Virginia S. : 
stem clammy-glandular, bearing 3 or 4 alternate palmately 5 - 7-cleft and cut 
leaves and a cyme of rather small white flowers, in summer. There is one very 
like it in Oregon and California. 

10. SAXIFRAGA, SAXIFRAGE. (Latin name, means rock-breaker; 
many species rooting in the clefts of rocks.) Besides the following, there are 
a number of rare or local wild species. 

* Wild species, with leaves all clustered at the perennial root, the naked scape 

clammy above and bearing many small flowers in a panicle or cyme, the two 
ovaries united barely at the base, making at length a pair of nearly separate 
divergent pods. 

S. Virginiensis, Early S. On rocks and moist banks ; with obovate 
or wedge-spatulate tliickish more or less toothed leaves in an open cluster, scape 
3' -9' high, bearing in early spring white flowers in a dense cluster, which 
at length opens into a loose panicled cyme ; calyx not half the length of the 
petals ; pods turning purple. 

S. Pennsylvanica, Swamp S. In low wet ground N. ; with lance- 
oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaves (4' -8' long) obscurely toothed and nar- 
rowed into a very short broad petiole, scape l°-2° high, bearing small 
greenish flowers in an oblong cluster, opening with age into a looser panicle (in 
spring) ; the reflexed lobes of the calyx as long as the lance-linear petals. 

S. erosa, Lettuce S. Cold brooks, from Penn. S. along the Alle- 
ghanies ; the lance-oblong obtuse leaves (8' - 12' long) sharply erosely toothed ; 
scape l°-3° high, bearing a loose panicle of slender-pedicelled small white 
flowers (in summer) ; with reflexed sepals as long as the oval petals, and club- 
shaped filaments. 

* * Exotic species, cult, for ornament : leaves all clustered at the perennial root: 

ovaries 2, or sometimes 3-4, almost separate, becoming as many nearly dis- 
tinct pods. 

S. erassifolia, Thick-leaved S. Cult, from Siberia, very smooth, with 
fleshy and creeping or prostrate rootstocks, sending up thick roundish-obovate 
nearly evergreen leaves, 6' - 9' long, and scapes bearing an ample at first com- 
pact cyme of large bright rose-colored flowers, in early spring. 

S. sarmentosa, Beefsteak S., also called Strawberry Geraxium. 
Cult, from China and Japan as a house-plant, not quite hardy N., rather hairy, 
with rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped and doubly toothed leaves of fleshy 
texture, pvirple underneath, green-veined or mottled with white above, on shaggy 
petioles, from their axils sending off slender strawberry-like runners, by which 
the plant is multii)licd, and scapes bearing a light very open panicle of irregular 
flowers, Avith 3 of the petals small rose-pink and yellow-spotted, and 2 much 
longer and nearly white ones lanceolate and hanging. 



ORPINE FAMILY. 137 

11. ASTILBE. (Name means not shining.) Also called HoteIa, after a 
Japanese botanist. Fl. summer. '2J. 

A. decandra. Rich woods along the Alleghanies from Virginia S. : a tall, 
rather pubescent herb, 3° - 5° high, imitating Spiraea Aruncus (p. 121) in ap- 
pearance, but coarser ; leaflets of the decompound leaves mostly heart-shaped, 
cut toothed (2' -4' long) ; flowers greenish-white, with inconspicuous petals. 

A. Japonica, or Hoteia Japonica. Cult, from Japan for ornament : 
only l°-2° high, with leaflets of the thrice-ternate leaves lance-ovate or oblong, 
and crowded white flowers of considerable beauty. 

12. TIARELLA, FALSE MITREWOHT. (Diminutive of tiara, a tur- 
ban ; name not very appropriate.) 2/ 

T. COrdifolia, our only species, in rocky woods, especially N. : a loAVand 
hairy herb, spreading by summer leafy runners ; leaves rounded heart-shaped, 
sharply lobed and toothed ; flowers in a short raceme on a leafless scape, bright 
white, in spring. 

13. MITELLA, MITREWORT, BISHOP'S-CAP. (Name means a lit- 
tle mitre, from the shape of the 2-cleft ovary and young pod.) Delicate plants 
of moist woods, especially N., spreading by summer leafy runners or root- 
stocks : fl. late spring and early summer. 2/ 

M. diphylla, Common or Two-leaved M. Hairy, with rounded heart- 
shaped and somewhat 3 - 5-lobed root-leaves on slender petioles, and a pair of 
opposite nearly sessile leaves on the scape below the slender raceme of many 
white flowers. 

M. nuda, Naked-stalked M. Mossy woods N. : a delicate little plant, 
with roundish kidney-shaped doubly crenate leaves, and leafless scape (4' -6' 
high) bearing a few greenish blossoms. 

14. CHRYSOSPLENITJM, GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. (Name in 
Greek means ^o/rfen s/>/een. ) Fl. spring. % 

C. Americanum, our only species, in springs or shady wet places N. : 
a low and delicate smooth herb, Avith spreading repeatedly forked stems, tender 
succulent small leaves, which are roundish, obscurely crenate-lobed, and mainly 
opposite ; the inconspicuous greenish flowers nearly sessile in the forks. 

41. CRASSULACE^, ORPINE FAMILY. 

Succulent plants, differing from the Saxifrage Family mainly in 
the complete symmetry of the flowers, the sepals, petals, stamens, 
and pistils equal in number, or the stamens of just double the num- 
ber ; the pistils all separate and forming as many (mostly many- 
seeded) little pods, except in Penthorum, where they are united 
together. (Lessons, p. 86, fig. 168-17L) Penthorum, which is 
not succulent, is just intermediate between this family and the fore- 
going. Several are monopetalous, i. e. have their petals united 
below into a cup or tube. 

§ 1. Leaves not at all fleshy., but thin and membranaceous : the 5 ovaries united into 
one b-horned b-celled pod: no scales behind the ovaries. 

1. PENTHORUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, small, or usually none. Stamens 10. 

Pod opening by the falling away of the 5 beaks, many-seeded. Kavely the 
parts are in sixes or sevens. 

§ 2. Leaves thickened and succulent : ovaries separate, a minute scale behind each. 
* Petals separate : sepals nearly so or united at the base. 

2. SEMPERVIVUM. Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 6-12 or even more, and 

stamens twice as many. Plants usually multiplying by Icafv ofisets, ou 
which the leaves are crowded in close tufts like rosettes. 



138 ORPINE FAMILY. 

3. SEDUM. Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 4 or 5; the stamens twice as many, 

tlie alternate ones commonly adhering to the base of each petal. 

4. TlLLJilA. Sepals, petals, stamens, and few-seeded pistils 3 or 4. Very small 

annuals, with axillary flowers. 

5. CRASSULA. Sepals or lobes of the calyx, petals, stamens, and many-seeded 

pistils 5. Perennial herbs or fleshy-shrubby plants, Avith flowers in cymes 
or clusters. 

* * Petals united by their edges below, and bearing the stamens. 
•i- Calyx b-clefl or b-parted : pistils 5. 

6. ROCHE A. Corolla salver-form, longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. 

7. COTYLEDON. Corolla urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or cylindrical, sometimes 

5-angled. Stamens 10. 

•i- -i- Calyx and corolla both ^-lobed at summit : pistils 4. 

8. BKYOPHYLLUM. Calyx inflated; the lobes of the corolla at length projecting 

and spread hig. Stamens 8, projecting. Leaves opposite, petioled, simple or 
odd-pmnate, crenate. 

1. PENTHORUM, DITCH STOXE-CROP. (Name from the Greek, 
apparently alluding to the parts of the flower being in fives. ) 2/ 

P. Sedoides. "Wet places, especially by roadsides : a homely weed, about 
1° high, with alternate lanceolate and serrate leaves, and yellowish-green incon- 
spicuous flowers loosely spiked on one side of the branches of an open cyme,, all 
summer and autumn. 

2. SEMPERViVUM, HOUSELEEK. {-L^itm ior live-for-ever .) % 

S. tectdrum, Common or Roof Houseleek, the plant in Europe 
usually gi'own upon roofs of houses : propagating abundantly by offsets on 
short and thick runners ; leaves of the dense clusters oval or obovate, smooth 
except the margins, mixcronate ; those on the flowering stems scattered, oblong, 
clammy -pubescent, as well as the clustered purplish or greenish flowers ; sepals, 
petals, 'and pods mostly 12. Cult, in country gardens, and on walls, roofs, &c. : 
rarely flowering, in summer. 

3. SEDUM, STONE-CROP, ORPINE. (Old name, from sedeo, to sit, 
i. e. upon rocks, walls, &c., upon which these plants often flourish, with little 
or no soil. ) The following are all smooth perennials, and hardy N. except 
the first species. 

§ 1. Leaves flat and broad, oblong, obovate, or rounded, 
* The lower ones at hast whorled in threes. 

S. Sieboldii, Siebold's S. Cult, from Japan, mostly in pots ; with 
slender and weak or spreading stems, glaucous and mostly reddish-tinged round 
and often concave leaves (1' or less long), with a wedge-shaped base and wavy- 
toothed margin, all in whorls up to the cyme of rosy-purple flowers, which all 
have their parts in fives. 

S. ternatum, Three-leated S. Wild in rocky woods from Penn. S. 
& W., and common in gardens ; with spreading stenis creeping at base and 
rising 3' - 6' when they blossom ; the lower leaves wedge-obovate and whorled; 
the upper oblong and mostly scattered, about ^' long ; flowers Avhite, the first 
or central one with parts generally in fives, the others sessile along the upper 
side of the usually 3 spreading branches and mostly with their parts in fours ; 
in late spring. 

* * Ail or most of the leaves alternate : flowers in a corymb-like terminal cyme, 
purple or purplish, in summer, all with their parts in fives. 

S. Tel^phium, Garden Orpine or Live-for-ever. Cult, from Eu. 
in old country gardens : erect, about 2° high, with oval and mostly wavy- 
toothed pale and thick leaves, small and dull-colored flowers in a compound 
cyme, and short-pointed pods. 

S. telephioides. Wild 0. or L. Dry rocks on mountains, chiefly along 
the AUeghanies ; 6'- 12' high, very like the last, but with fewer flowers, and 
pods tapering into a slender style. 



ORPINE FAJHILT. 139 

§ 2. Leaves narrow and thick, barely flattish or terete : low or creeping plants. 

S. acre, Mossy S., or Wall-Pepper. Cult, from Eu., for edgings and 
rock-work, running- wild in some places : a moss-like little plant, forming mats 
on the ground, yellowish-green, with very succulent and thick ovate small and 
crowded leaves, and yellow flowers in sunmier, their parts in fives. 

S. pulehellum, Beautiful S. Wild S. W. on rocks ; also cult, in 
gardens, &c. ; spreading and rooting stems 4' - 12' long ; leaves crowded, terete, 
linear-thread-shaped ; flowers rose-purple, crowded on the upper side of the 4 
or .5 spreading branches of the cyme, their parts mostly in fours, while those of 
the central or earliest flower are in fives : in summer. 

S. earneum, variegatum. Cult, of late for borders, &c., of unknown 
origin ; has creeping stems, and the small leaves mostly opposite, sometimes in 
threes, linear, flattish, acute, very pale green, and white-edged : flowers not yet 
seen. 

4. TILL^A. (Named for an Italian botanist, TzV/z.) Fl. all summer. ® 
T. simplex, is a minute plant of muddy rivei'-banks along the coast, 

spreading and rooting, only 1 ' - 2' high, with linear-oblong opposite leaves, and 
solitary inconspicuous white flowers sessile in their axils. 

5. CRASSUIjA. (So named from the incrassated leaves.) House-pl-ants, 
occasionally cult., from Cape of Good Hope. 2/ 

C. arboreseens. Fleshy shrub, with glaucous roundish-obovate leaves 
(2' long) tapering to a narrow base, and dotted on the upper face ; the flowei'S 
rather large and rose-coloi-ed. 

C. laetea, has greener and narrower-obovate leaves, connate at the base in 
pairs, and a panicle of smaller white flowers. 

C. falcata, has slightly woody stems, oblong and rather falcate or curved 
leaves connate at base, 3' -4' long, powdery -glaucous, and a compound cyme of 
many red sweet-scented flowers, the petals with erect claws partly united be- 
low, and spreading abruptly above ; so that the plant has been placed under 
the next genus, and named Rochea falcata. 

6. ROCHEA. (Named for a Swiss physician, Laroche.) Half-shrubby 
succulent house-plants of the Cape of Good Hope. 21 

R. eoecinea. Stems l°-2° high, thickly beset with the oblong-ovate 
(1' long) leaves up to the terminal and umbel-like sessile cluster of handsome 
flowers ; tube of the scarlet-red corolla 1' long. 

7. COTYLEDON. (From Greek word for a sMW cwp.) House-plants, 
not common. 2/ 

C. orbieulata. Half-shrubby succulent plant, from Cape of Good Hope, 
with opposite white-powdery or glaucous wedge-obovatc leaves (2' -4' long), 
and a cluster of showy red flowers (nearly 1' long) raised on a slender naked 
petiole, the cylindraceous tube of the corolla longer than the recurved lobes. 

C. (or Echdveria) eoecinea, from Mexico, is shi-ubby at base, with 
the wedge-obovate aciite leaves in rosettes, and alternate and scattered on the 
flowering stems ; flowers in a leafy spike, the 5-partcd corolla not longer than 
the spreading calyx, 5-angled at base, red outside, yellow within. 

8. BRYOPHYLLUM. (Name of Greek words for sprout or hud and 
leaf.) X 

B. ealycinum. A scarcely shrubby succulent plant, originally from 
tropical Africa, cult, in houses, «S:c., with opposite petiolcd leaves, s'or 5 pinnate 
leaflets, or the u])per of single leaflets, and an open ])aniolc of large and nulicr 
handsome hanging green flowers tinged Avith purple : the calyx is oblong and 
bladdery ; out of it the tubular corolla at length projects, aiid has 4 slightly 
spreading acute lobes ; the leaflets oval, 2-3 inches long, crenate ; when laid on 
the soil, or kept in a moist place, they root and bud at the notches, and pro- 
duce little plants. The name refers to* the propagation of the plant in tliis way. 



140 WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY. 

42. HAMAMELACE^, WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY. 

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, deciduous stipules, 
small flowers in heads, spikes, or little clusters, the calyx united 
below with the base of the 2-styled ovary, which forms a bard or 
woody 2-celled and 2-beaked pod, opening at the summit. Sta- 
mens and petals when present inserted on the calyx. Three wild 
plants of the country, belonging to as many genera. 

§ 1. Shrubs, with perfect or merely polygamous floivers, a regular calyx, and a single, 
ovule, becoming a bony seed, suspended from the top of each cell. 

1. HAMAMELIS. Flowers in small clusters in the axils of the leaves, expanding 

late in autumn, ripening the seeds late the next summer. Calyx 4-parted. 
Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens 8, very short; the 4 alternate with the pet- 
als bearing anthers, the 4 opposite them imperfect and scale-like. Styles 
short. Pod with an outer coat separating from the inner. 

2. FOTHERGILLA. Flowers in a scaly-bracted spike, in spring, rather earlier 

than the leaves. Calyx bell-shaped, slightly 5 - 7-toothed. Petals none. 
Stamens about 24, rather showy, the long and club-shaped filaments bright 
white. Styles slender. Pod hairy. 

§ 2. Tree, with moncecious small flowers, in dense heads or clusters, destitute both of 
calyx and corolla, the fertile with many ovules in each cell, but only one or two 
ripening into scale-like seeds. 

3. LIQUIDAMBAR. Heads of flowers each with a deciduous involucre of 4 bracts, 

the sterile in a conical cluster, consisting of numerous short stamens with 
little scales intermixed; the fertile loosely racemed or spiked on a drooping 
peduncle, composed of many ovaries (surrounded by some little scales), each 
with 2 awl-shaped beaks, all cohering together and hardening in fruit. 

1. HAMAMELIS, WITCH-HAZEL. (An old Greek name of Medlar, 
inappropriately transferred to this wholly unlike American shrub.) 

H. Virginiea. Tall shrub, of damp woods, with the leaves obovate or 
oval, wavy-toothed, straight-veined like a Hazel, slightly downy ; the yellow 
flowers remarkable for their appearance late in autumn, just as the leaves are 
turning and about to fall. Seeds eatable. 

2. FOTHERGILLA. (Named for Dr. Fothergill of London, a friend and 
correspondent of Bartram.) 

F. alnifdlia. Low, rather ornamental shrub, in swamps, from Virginia S., 
with oval or obovate straight- veined leaves, toothed at the summit and often 
hoary beneath, the white flowers in spring. 

3. LIQUIDAMBAR, SWEET-GUM TREE or BILSTED. (Names 

allude to the fragrant terebinthine juice or balsam which exudes when the 
trunk is w^ounded. ) 

L. Styracifl.ua, the only species of this country : a large and beautiful 
tree in low grounds, from S. NeAv England to 111. and especially S., with fine- 
grained wood, gray bark forming corky ridges on the branches, and smooth and 
glossy deeply 5 - 7-lobed leaves, which are fragrant when bruised, changing to 
deep crimson in autumn, their triangular lobes pointed and beset with glandular 
teeth : greenish flowers appearing with the leaves in early spring. 

43. HALORAGE^, WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY. 

Contains a few insignificant aquatic or marsh plants, with small 
greenish flowers sessile in the axils of the (often whorled) leaves 
or bracts, and a single ovule and seed suspended in each of the 
1-4 cells of the ovary. 



EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 141 

1. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Flowers mostly monoecious, with sepals or teeth of the 

calyx, petals when there are any, lobes and cells of the ovary and nut-like 
fruit, and the sessile stigmas each 4; the stamens 4 or 8. 

2. PROSERPINACA. Flowers perfect, with lobes of the calyx, stamens, stig- 

mas, and cells of the 3-angled nut-like fruit each 3: petals none. 

3. HIPPURIS. Flowers mostly perfect, with truncate calyx not continued above 

the adherent ovary, and a single stamen, slender style, and seed. 

1. MYRIOPHYLLUM, WATER-MILFOIL. (Botanical name, from 
the Greek, like the popular name, means thousand-leaved.) Plants usually 
all under water, except their flowering tips ; all but the uppermost or emerg- 
ing leaves pinnately dissected into fine hair-like divisions. Fl. summer. 21 
M. Spicatum. Leaves whorled in threes or fours, those at the summit of 

flowering stems reduced to small ovate bracts shorter than the flowers, which 
therefore form an interrupted spike ; petals deciduous ; stamens 8 ; fruit smooth. 

M. verticillatum. Like the first, but the uppermost leaves longer than 
the flowers and pinnatifid. 

M. heteroph^^llum. Chiefly W. «& S. ; with leaves whorled in fours or 
fives, those under the flowers ovate or lanceolate and serrate or merely pinnatifid ; 
stamens and petals 4 ; ifruit roughish on the back. 

M. SCabratum. Chiefly S. & W. ; with leaves and flowers as in the 
preceding, but more slender, the leaves under the floAvers linear and cut-toothed, 
and the lobes of the fruit 2-ridged and roughened on the back. 

M. ambiguum. Common only E. : with mostly scattered very delicate 
or capillary leaves, often perfect flowers, 4 petals and 4 stamens, and a minute 
smooth fruit. 

2. PROSERPINACA, MERMAID-WEED. (Name from Latin pro- 
serpo, to creep, or after Proserpine. ) Stems creeping at base in the mud or 
shallow water, the upper part emerging : flowers in the axils of the alternate 
leaves, produced all summer. 2/ 

P. palustris. Leaves above water lanceolate and merely serrate ; iruit 
sharply 3-angled. 

P. pectinacea. Leaves all pinnately divided into very slender divisions ; 
angles of the fruit bluntish. Chiefly E. & S. 

3. HIPPURIS, MARESTAIL (which the botanical name means in 
Greek). 

H. vulgaris. In ponds and springs N. & W., but rare: stems l°-2° 
high, the linear acute leaves in whorls of 8-12, the upper ones with minute 
flowers in their axils. ^J. 

44. ONAGRACE.^, EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 

Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, without stipules ; the parts of the 
symmetrical flowers in fours (rarely in twos to fives) throughout ; 
the tube of the calyx usually prolonged more or less beyond the 
adherent ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, its throat bearing the 
petals (convolute in the bud) and the as many or twice as many 
stamens ; styles always united into one. Embryo filHng the seed : 
no albumen. Comprises many plants with showy blossoms, culti- 
vated for ornament; these almost all American. (Lopezia has 
irregular flowers with only one perfect stamen.) 

§ 1. Parts of the flower in twos. 
1. CTRCiEA. Delicate low herbs, with opposite thin leaves, and very small 
whitish flowers in racemes. Calyx with 2 roflexed lobes, its tube 'slightly 
prolonged beyond the 1-2-celled ov:iry, which becomes a 1 - 2-scciled little 
bur-like indehiscent fruit, covered with weak hooked bristles. Petals 2, ob- 
cordate. Stamens 2. Style slender, tipped with a capitate stigma. 



142 EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 

§ 2. Parts of the jlower in fours^ or Jives in No. 8. 
* Ovary and dry nut-like fruit with a single ovule or seed in each ceU. 

2. GAURA. Herbs with alternate sessile leaves, and small or smallish flowers in 

racemes or spikes. Calyx with slender tube much prolonged bej'ond the 
4-celled ovary. Petals 4, on claws, mostly turned toward the upper side of 
the flower. Stamens 8, these and the long style turned town. A little scale 
before each filament. Fruit small, 4-angled or ribbed, 1 - 4-seeded. 
* * Ovary and fruit loith many ovules and seeds in each of the cells. 
-1- Herbs: fruit a chiefly i-celled and 4:-valved dry pod. 
++ ^-1. Seeds furnished with a coma or tuft of long and soft hairs at one erid, by which 
they are widely disjjersed by the wind. 

3. EPILOBIUM. Calyx with tube scarcely at all extended beyond the linear 

ovary. Petals 4. Stamens 8. 

4. ZAUSCHNERIA. Calyx extended much beyond the linear ovary into a fun- 

nel-shaped tube, with" an abruptly inflated base where it joins the ovary, and 
with 4 lobes as long as the 4 oblong-obcordate petals, both of bright scarlet 
color. Stamens 8 and, as well as the long style, projecting. 
•H. .(-(• Seeds naJced^ i. e. without a downy tuft. 
= Flowers regular and symmetrical: calyx-tube extended more or less beyond the 
ovary, the lobes mostly reflexed: petals 4c. 

5. CLARKIA. Calyx-tube continued beyond the ovary into a short funnel-form 

cup. Petals broad, wedge-shaped or rhombic, sometimes 3-lobed, raised on 
a slender claw. Stamens 8, with slender filaments, the alternate ones short- 
er: anthers curved or coiled after opening, those of the short stamens much 
smaller, or deformed and sterile. Stigmas 4, oval or oblong. Pod linear 
and tapering upwards, 4-sided. Flowers never yellow. 

6. EUCHARIDIUM. Calyx-tube much prolonged and slender beyond the ovary. 

Petals wedge-shaped and 3-lobed at summit, tapering into a short claw. 
Stamens only 4, on slender filaments. Stigmas 2 or 4. Pod oblong-linear. 
Seeds slightly wing-margined. Flowers never yellow. 

7. (EXOTHERA. Calyx-tube either much or little prolonged beyond the ovary. 

Petals usually obovate or obcordate, with hardly any claw. Stamens 8. 

Flowers yellow, purple or white. 
= = Flowers regular and symmetrical, but often without petals : the calyx-tuhe not 
in the least extended beyond the broad summit of the ovary^ on which the 
green lobes mostly persist : style usually short : stigma capitate. 

8. JUSSIiEA. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, petals, and cells 

of the pod: i. e. 8 or 10, rarely 12. 

9. LUDWIGIA. Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and cells of the pod, 

almost always 4. Petals 4, often small, or none. 

= ==== Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical : calyx-tube not extended. 

10. LOPEZIA. Flowers small. Calyx with 4 linear purplish lobes. Petals with 

claws, 4, turned towards the upper side of the fiower, the two uppermost nar- 
rower and with a callous gland on the summit of the claw, and what seems 
to be a fifth small one (but is a sterile stamen transfoi-med into a petal) stands 
before the lower lobe of the calyx. Fertile stamen only one with an oblong 
anther. Style slender: stigma entire. Pod globular, 
•i- -t— Sh7'ubs : fruit a ^-celled berry. 

11. FUCHSIA. Flowers showy; the tube of the highly colored calyx extended 

much beyond the ovary, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or tubular,"" the 4 lobes 
spreading. Petals 4. "Stamens 8. Style long and thread-shaped: stigma 
club-shaped or capitate. 

1. CIRC^A, ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. (Named from Circe, 

the enchantress, it is not obvious why; the plants are insignificant and 

inert, natives of damp woods, flowering in summer. ) 2/ 

C. Lutetiana, the common species, is l°-2° high, branching, with ovate 
and slightly toothed leaves, no bracts under the pedicels, the rounded little 
fruit 2-ceHed and beset with bristly hairs. 

C. alpina, common only N. or in mountainous regions, smooth and deli- 
cate, 3' - 6' high, with thin and heart-shaped coarsely toothed leaves, minute 
bracts, and obovate or club-shaped fruit 1-celled and soft-hairy. 



EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 143 

2. GAIJE,A. (Name in Greek means superb, which these plants are not ; 
only one of them is worth cultivating.) Fl. all summer. 

G. Lindheimeri, of Texas, cult, for ornament, nearly hardy N., about 
3° high, hairy, with lanceolate sparingly toothed leaves, long weak branches 
producing a continued succession of handsome white flowers ; the calyx hairy 
outside ; petals nearly 1 ' long. 2/ 

G. biennis, the' common wild species, 3° -8° high, soft-hairy or downy, 
with oblong-lanceolate obscurely toothed leaves, small white or flesh-colored 
floAvers, and downy fruit. (2) 

3. EPILOBIUM, WILLOW-HERB. (Name compounded of three 
Greek words, meaning violet on a pod.) Fl. summer. The pods opening 
give to the winds great numbers of the downy-tufted seeds. 21 

§ 1. Floivers large and showy, in a long spike or raceme, the widely spreading 
petals on short daws, the stamens and long style bent downwards, and the 
stigma of 4 long lobes : leaves alternate. 

E. angustifdlium, Great W. or Fire-Weed. One of the plants that 
spring up abundantly, .everywhere northward, where forests have been newly 
cleared and the ground burned over: tall (4° -7' high) and simple-stemmed, 
smooth, Avith lanceolate leaves, and a long succession of pink-purple flowers. 

§ 2. Flowers small in corymbs or panicles terminating the branches, with petals, 
stamens, and style erect, a club-shaped stigma, and all the lower leaves 
opposite : stem 1° - 2° high. 

E. COloratum. Almost everywhere in wet places, fl. through late sum- 
mer and autumn, nearly smooth ; with thin lance-oblong leaves generally with 
purple veins, and purplish petals deeply notched at the end and a little longer 
than the calyx. 

E. molle. In bogs N., less common, soft downy all over ; leaves crowded, 
linear-oblong, blunt ; petals rose-color, notched, 2" -3" long. 

E. pallistre. In wet bogs N., slender, minutely hoary all over ; leaves 
linear or lance-linear, nearly entire ; petals purplish or white, small. 

4. ZAUSCHNEIIIA. (Named for Zauschner, a Bohemian botanist.) JJ. 
Z. Californica. Cult, for ornament, from California, flowering through 

late summer and autumn, 1° -2° high, the oval or lanceolate leaves and the pods 
with downy-tufted seeds resembling those of Epilobium ; but the handsome 
scarlet flowers more like those of a Fuchsia : these are single and sessile in the 
axils of the upper and alternate leaves, or at length somewhat racemed, about 
2' long. 

5. CLARKIA. (Named for Capt. Clark, who with Capt. Lewis made the 
flrst oflicial exploration across the mountains to the Pacific, and brought home 
one of the species.) Herbs of Oregon and California, with alternate mostly 
entire leaves, and showy flowers in the upper axils, or the upper running 
into a loose raceme : cult, for ornament : fl. summer. ® 

C. pulchella. About 1° high, with narrow lance-linear leaves, deeply 
3-lobed petals (purple, with rose-colored and white varieties), bearing a pair of 
minute teeth low down on the slender claw, the lobes of the stigma broad and 
petal-like. There is a partly double-flowered variety. 

C. elegans. Fully 2° high, more commonly flowered in the conservatory, 
with long branches, lance-ovate or oblong leaves,"^the lower petioled, lilac-purple 
entire petals broader than long and much shorter than their naked claw, 
smaller lobes to the stigma, and a hairy ovary and pod. 

6. EUCHARIDIUM. (Name from the Greek, means charming.) @ 
E. COneinnum, of California, cult, for ornament; a low and branching 

plant, like a Clarkia in general appearance, except in the long tube to the calyx, 
and with ovate-oblong entire leaves on slender petioles, anil middle-sized rose- 
purple or white flowers, in summer. 



144 EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 

7. CENOTHERA, EVENmG-PEIlVIKOSE. (Xarae from Greek words 
for icine and hunt ; application obscure. ) Very many species, all originally 
American, and most of them from the U. S., especially from S. W. and W. 
The following are the principal common ones, both wild and cult, for 
ornament : 11. summer. (Pollen-grains loosely connected by cobwebby threads, 
strongly 3-lobed. See Lessons, p. 115, fig. 250.) 

§ 1. Stigmas 4, long and slender, spreading in the form of a cross : tube of tlte 
cahjx beyond the ovary long and mostly slender. 

* Yellow-flowered Evening-Primroses, properly so-called, the flowers 

opening [usually suddenli/) in evening twilight, and fading away vjhen sun- 
shine returns, odorous ; the yellow petals commonly obcordate. 

■^ Stems elongated and leafy : pod cylindrical or spindle-shaped, sessile. (T) (5) 

CE. biennis, Common E. "Wild in open grounds, and the large-flowered 
forms cult, for ornament ; erect, 2° - 5° high, hairy or smoothish, with lance- 
oblong leaves entire or obscurely toothed, flowers at length forming a terminal 
leafy-bracted spike, and petals obcordate. Runs into severalvarieties, of which 
the largest and finest now cultivated is 

Var. Lamarekiana, from S. W., which is tall and stout, with corolla 
3' -4' in diameter : the sudden opening at dusk very striking. 

CE. rhombipetala. Wild on our western limits; more slender, hoary, 
1° - 3° high, the rather small flowers with rhombic ovate and acute petals. 

CE. Drummondii, cult, from Texas; has its stems spreading on the 
ground, and large flowers, like those of the first, in the upper axils, the lance- 
ovate leaves, &c. soft-downy. 

CE. sinuata. Wild from New Jersey S., in sandy ground; low and 
spreading, hairy, with lance-oblong sinuate or pinnatifid leaves, small flowers 
in their axils, pale yellow petals turning rose-color in fading, and slender pods. 
-f- -I- Stems short and prostrate or scarcely any : pod shoii, 4-ivinged. 

CE. triloba. Cult, from Arkansas : leaves pinnatifid and cut, like those 
of Dandelion, smooth, all in a tuft at the surface of the ground, on the short 
crown, which in autumn is crowded with the almost woody pyramidal-ovate 
narrowly 4-winged sessile pods, forming a mass 3' -5' in diameter; flowers 
rather small, the slender tube of the calyx 4' - 5' long, its lobes about as long 
as the obscurely 3-lobed or notched pale-vellow petals, which turn purplish in 
fading. ® ® 

CE^ Missouriensis, the greener-leaved form also called CE. MACROciRPA. 
Cult, from Missouri and Texas ; finely hoary or nearly smooth, with many 
short prostrate stems 2'- 12' long from a thick woody root, crowded lanceolate 
entire leaves, very large and showy flowers in their axils, opening before sun- 
set ; the tube of the calyx somewhat enlarging upwards, 6' - 7' long ; the 
bright-yellow corolla 4' - 6' across ; pod with 4 very broad wings. . ^ 

* * White-flowered Evening-Primroses, usually turning rose-colored in 

fading, some of them opening in the daijtime : petals broadly obovate or ob- 
cordate : flower-buds commonly nodding. 

CE. taraxicifdlia (probably a variety of CE. ACAtLis), from Chili : rather 
hairy, at first stemless, at length forming prostrate stems, with pinnatifid or 
pinnate leaves, after the manner of Dandelion (as the name denotes), and very 
large flowers in the axils, tube of calyx 3' -4' long, corolla 3' - 5' across, and a 
woody obovate and sharply 4-angled sessile pod. @ 

CE". speciosa, Nutt., of Arkansas and Texas, not hardy in cult. N. ; 
pubescent, with erect and branching stems 6'- 20' high, lance-oblong cut-toothed 
leaves, the lower mostly pinnatifid ; flowers somewhat racemed at the summit, 
and opening in the daytime ; calyx-tube rather club-shaped and not much longer 
than the ovary ; corolla 3' -4' across ; pod club-shaped. % 

(CE. MARGiNATA, a tuftcd mostly stemless species, with lanceolate and often 
pinnatifid toothed soft-hairy leaves, and peduncled oblong-cylindrical roughish 
pods ; Gi). trichocalyx, soft-hairy, conspicuously so on the caU-x, with 
deeply obcordate petals, long-linear pods with a thicker closely sessile base and 
smooth seeds ; CE. albicaulis, with ascending stems, smooth or slightly hoary. 



EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 145 

smaller entire petals, but pods and seeds like the foregoing: ; and CE. pinna- 
TiFiDA, with petals as in CE. trichocalyx, and similar pods, but with striate 
and reticulated seeds, — all handsome white-flowered species of Western plains 
and the Rocky Mountains, — are beginning to be cultivated. ) 

* * * Yellow-flowered, diurnal, sometimes called Sundrops, the blos- 

soms opening in bright sunshine : petals mostly obcordate : stems leafy : 
leaves obscurely toothed or entire. Wild species of the country, all but the 
last occasionally cultivated. 2/ 

-1- Pod short-oblong or obovate, ^-wing-angled. 
CE. glaiica. Wild from Virginia and Kentucky near and in the moun- 
tains S. : l°-2° high, smooth, pale and glaucous, leafy to the top ; leaves ovate 
or lance-ovate ; corolla 2' or more in diameter. 

•i- -1- Pod club-shaped, somewhat 4-wing-angled above, and 4 intervening ribs. 
CE. frutieosa. Wild in open places : not shrubby, as the name would 
imply, hairy or nearly smooth, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, somewhat 
corymbed flowers l|'-2' in diameter, and short-stalked pods. 

CE. linearis. Wild from Long Island S. near the coast : pale or somewhat 
hoary with minute pubescence, with slender and spreading often bushy-branched 
stems l'-2' long, linear or lance-linear leaves, and somewhat corymbed flowers, 
corolla I'-l^' across, and hoary pods taperfng into a slender stalk. — A spread- 
ing form is cultivated, blooming very freely through the summer. 

CE. pumila. In fields, &c. : nearly smooth, 5' -12' high, with mostly 
simple erect or ascending stem, oblanccolate leaves, and scattered flowers, the 
corolla less than 1' across, and pods short-stalked or sessile. 

* * * * Red-purple-fl., diurnal, leafy -stemmed : pods club-shaped. (T) (2) 
CE. rdsea, from Mexico. Minutely downy, with slender spreading stems 

6' - 24' high, ovate or lance-oblong leaves, the lower sometimes rather pin- 
natifid, and flowers 1' across in leafy racemes. 

§ 2. GOD^JTIA. Stigma with 4 linear or short and broad lobes : tube of the calyx 
beyond the linear or spindle-shaped ovary inversely conical or funnel-shaped : 
leafy-stemmed : flowers open by day, scentless : petals broad and fan-shaped 
or ivedge-shaped, the truncate summit generally eroded, lilac-purple, rose- 
color, or sometimes white : anthers erect on short {the alternate ones on very 
short) and broadish filaments, curving after opening. All W. American, 
abounding in Oregon and California, several in the gardens, the following 
most common. 
CE. purptirea. Very leafy to the top, rather stout, 6' - 10' high, at length 
with many short branches; leaves pale, lance-oblong, entire; corolla l'-l|' 
across, purple, with a dark eye ; short and broad lobes of stigma dark-colored ; 
pods short and thick, closely sessile, rather conical. 

CE. rubicunda. Taller, l°-2° high, and linear-lanceolate leaA^es rather 
scattered along the slender branches ; corolla 2' or more across, lilac-purple 
with saffron-colored eye (also pale or rose-colored varieties) ; lobes of stigma 
oblong, pale ; pods thickish, cylindrical, sessile. 

CE. Lindleyi. Erect or spreading, 8' -16' high, with slender branches, 
narrow lanceolate leaves ; corolla about 2' across, lilac-purple, with a deeper red- 
purple spot on the middle of each petal ; lobes of the stigma linear and pale ; 
pods slender, linear, somewhat tapering at the ends. 

CE. amOBna. Slender, 6'- 18' high, with lance-oblong or lance-linear 
leaves, and corolla 2' -3' across, rose-color or almost white, with usually a deeper 
reddish eye ; lobes of stigma linear ; pods linear. 

8. JUSSIJEA. (Named for Bernard, the elder de Jussieu.) Loaves entire. 

FloAvcrs yellow, all summer. 

J. deourrens. Wet grounds, Virg. to 111. and S. Erect stems and slen- 
der branches margined or winged in lines proceeding from the bases of the 
lanceolate leaves, smooth throughout ; flowers sessile or short-stalked, Avith 4 
lobes of calyx nearly as long as the petals, and oblong-club-shaped 4-angled 
pod. (1) 21 

10 



146 EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 

J. grandifl6ra. Marshes S. : hairy, with stems erect from a creeping 
base, lanceolate acute leaves, flowers 2' in diameter, the 5 calyx lobes only half 
as Ions: as the petals, and pods cylindrical and stalked. 2/ 

J. repens. In water from S. 111. S. : smooth, with creeping or floating 
and rooting stems,' oblong leaves tapering into a slender petiole, long-peduncled 
flowers 1' or more across, with 5 calyx-lobes, the cylindrical or club-shaped pods 
tapering at the base. % 

0. LUDWIGIA, FALSE LOOSESTRIFE. (Named for C. G. Ludwig, 
a German botanist, rather earlier than Linnjeus.) Marsh herbs, with entire 
leaves ; flowers seldom handsome, in summer and autumn. 2/ 

§ 1 . Leaves alternate, mostly sessile. 

* Flowers peduncled in the upper axils, with yellow petals (about ^' long) equalling 

the leaf-like ovate or lance-ovate calyx-lobes : stamens and styles slender : 
pod cubical, strongly ^-angled, opening by a hole at the top : stems 2° - 3° high. 

L. alternifolia. Common E., the only one found far N. : smoothish, 
branching, with lanceolate leaves tapering to both ends, petals scarcely longer 
than calyx, and angles of pod wing-margined. 

L. Virgata. Pine barrens S. : downy, with mostly simple stems, blunt 
oblong leaves or the upper linear and smaller, and petals twice the length of the 
reflexed calyx. 

L. hirtella. Pine-barrens from New Jersey S. : hairy, with simple stems, 
oblong or lanceolate short and blunt leaves, and petals twice as long as the 
barely spreading calyx-lobes. 

* * Flowers sessile in the upper axils, small, and with pale yellow petals about the 

length of the persistent calyx-lobes: stamens and style short: leaves on 
flowering stems narrow and linear. 

L. linearis. Swamps from N. Jersey S. : smooth, loosely branched, l°-3° 
high, with acute leaves on the flowering stems, but obovate ones on creeping 
runners ;' pods oblong-clubshaped or top-shaped and much longer than the tri- 
angular-ovate calyx-lobes. 

L. linifblia, only S., is 6' -12' high, with blunter leaves, and cylindrical 
pods little longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes. 

* * * Flowers sessile, often clustered, and with no petals, or rarely mere rudi- 

ments : leaves mostly lanceolate, some species with obovate or spatulate leaves 
on creeping runners: floivering stems mostly 2° -3° high. 
-»- Downy all over: flowers spiked or crowded at the end of the branches. 
L. pilosa. Only S. : much branched, with lance-oblong leaves, and glob- 
nlar-4-sided pod about the length of the spreading calyx-lobes. 

•*- -<- Smooth or smoothish throughout. 

L. cyllndrica. From Illinois and N. Car. S. : much branched, with long 
lanceolate and acute leaves tapering into a petiole, small axillary flowers, and 
cylindi'ical pods much longer than the small calyx-lobes. 

L. sphserooarpa. From E. New England S. : with lanceolate or linear 
leaves acute at both ends, very small flowers in the axils, and globular pods not 
longer than the calyx-lobes, with hardly any bractlets at their base. 

L. polycarpa. From Michigan S. : like the last, but smoother, and with 
conspicuous slender bractlets at the base of the 4-sided rather top-shaped pod, 
which is longer than the calyx-lobes. 

L. capitata. From N. Carolina S. : with slender simple stems angled 
towards the top, long lanceolate leaves ; flowers mostly crowded in an oblong or 
roundish terminal head, and obtusely 4-angled pod longer than the calyx-lobes. 

L. alata. From N. Carolina S. : with simple or sparingly branched stems 
strongly angled above, few flowers, in the axils of the upper wedge-lanceolate 
leaves, and an inversely pyramidal pod as long as the white calyx-lobes, with 
concave sides and Avinged angles. 

L. microearpa. From N. Carolina S. : the low stems creeping at base 
and 3-angled above, leaves spatulate or obovate, with minute flowers in their 
axils, the short 4-angled pods not larger than a pin's head. 



EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 147 

§ 2. Leaves opposite, ohovate or spatulate, long-pettoled, loith small and nearly 
sessile flowers in their axils : stems creeping or floating. 

' L. pallistris. Common in ditches and shallow water : smooth, with no 
petals, or small and reddish ones when the plant grows out of water, and oblong 
obscurely 4-sided pods longer than the very short calyx-lobes. 

L. natans. From N. Carolina S. : larger than the foregoing, and with 
yellow petals as long as the calyx-lobes, the pods tapering to the base. 

§ 3. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, with a long-peduncled flower in the axil 
of some of the upper ones : stems creeping in the mud. 

L. arcuata. From coast of Virginia S. : a small and smooth delicate 
plant, with oblanceolate leaves shorter than the peduncle, yellow petals longer 
than the slender calyx-lobes, and club-shaped somewhat curved pod. 

10. LOPEZIA. (Named for T. Lopez, an early Spanish naturalist.) 

L. racemdsa. Cult, sparingly, from Mexico : a slender, branching, nearly 
smooth plant, with alternate ovate or lance-oblong leaves on slender petioles, the 
branches terminated Avith loose racemes of small rose-pink or sometimes white 
flowers (only \' in diameter), on slender pedicels from the axil of leafy bracts, 
produced all summer, followed by very small round pods. ® 

11. FUCHSIA. (Named for L. Fuchs, an early German botanist.) Well- 
known ornamental tender shrubby plants, or even trees, chiefly natives of the 
Andes from Mexico to Fuegia, mostly smooth, with opposite or ternately 
whorled leaves. The species in cultivation, now greatly mixed and varied, 
chiefly come from the following. 

§ 1. Short-flowered Fuchsias, or Ladies' Eardrops; with the lobes of 

the normally red calyx longer than the tube and than the petals ; the latter 

normally violet or blue, obovate and refuse, convolute around the base of 

the projecting fllaments and still longer style': flowers hanging on long 

peduncles from the axils of the leaves. 

P. eoccinea, or F. glob6sa. Low, the rather small scarlet flowers with 

globular or ovoid calyx-tube between the ovary and the lobes, which also form 

a globular bud and hardly spread after opening ; leaves short-petioled. 

F. Magellanica, from S. Chili and Fuegia : less tender, with tube of the 
calyx bell-shaped and much shorter than the lobes ; leaves short-petioled or the 
upper sessile. 

F. macrost^mma, from Chili : leaves on slender petioles ; calyx -tube 
oblong or short-cylindrical, more or less shorter than the spreading lobes. — 
These species noAV greatly varied in color ; some varieties with calyx white or 
light and the petals deeply colored, some with the reverse ; also double-flowered, 
the petals being multiplied. 

§ 2. Long-flowered Fuchsias ; with trumpet-shaped or slightly funnel-shaped 
tube of the calyx 2' - 3' long, very much longer than the spreading lobes, 
which little exceod the acute or pointed somewhat spreading petals : stamens 
and style little projecting : flowers crowded into a rather close drooping 
raceme or corymb at the end of the branches : leaves large, 5' - 7' long. 
F. flilgens, from Mexico : smooth, with ovate somewhat heart-shaped leaves, 
and scarlet flowers, the lance-ovate calyx-lobes often tinged with green. 

F. eorymbifldra, from Peru : mostly pubesccnt,"with Inncc-oblong and 
taper-pointed almost entire leaves, and red flowers, the lanceolate calyx-lobes 
and the lance-oblong petals taper-pointed, at length widely spreading. 

§ 3. Panicled Fuchsias ; with small flowers erect in a naked and compound 
terminal panicle or cluster : lobes of the calyx and petals ividely spreading. 

F. arbor^SCens, Tkee F., from Mexico : a stout shrub rather than tree, 
with oblong or lance-oblong entire leaves acute at both ends and usually 
whorled ; flowers light rose-color, -^ long, with narrow oblong calyx-lobes, and 
petals rather longer than the tube, about as long as the stamens and style. 



148 MELASTOMA FAMILY. 

45. MELASTOMACE^, MELASTOMA FAMILY. 

Plants with opposite and simple 3 - 7-ribbed leaves, no stipules,. 
as many or twice as many stamens as petals, both inserted in the 
throat of the calyx, anthers usually of peculiar shape and opening 
by a small hole at the apex. Flowers usually handsome, but mostly 
scentless. A large order in the tropics, represented in northern 
temperate regions only by the genus Rhexia of the Atlantic States. 
None in common cultivation, but the following are those more 
usually met with in choice conservatories : — 

Centrad^nia r6sea, from Mexico : a low and bushy almost herbaceous 
plant, with unequal-sided and falcate broadly lanceolate leaves, apparently 
alternate (which comes from the diminution or total suppression of one leaf of 
each pair), producing great abundance of small flowers in short raceme-like clus- 
ters, with 4 white and rose-tinged petals, and 8 anthers with curious club-shaped 
and tail-like appendages. 

Heteroeentron r6seum, from Mexico : an herb, or nearly so, with thin 
ovate leaves which axQ feather-veined rather than ribbed, and with terminal pani- 
cles of handsome bright rose-colored flowers (and a Avhite variety), of 4 petals 
and 8 very unequal and dissimilar stamens, some with appendages at base, some 
without. 

Cyanophyllum metallieum, from Central America, cultivated in hot- 
houses for its magnificent foliage ; the ovate leaves sometimes fully two feet 
long, purple beneath and bluish above with metallic lustre. — Then we have the 
U. S. genus, 

L RHEXIA, DEER-GRASS, MEADOW-BEAUTY. (Name from 
Greek for rupture : application obscure. ) Low erect herbs of wet or sandy 
ground, commoner S., often bristly, at least on the margins of the sessile 
3 - 5-ribbed leaves, with handsome flowers in a terminal cyme or panicle. 
Tube of the calyx urn-shaped, adherent to the lower part of the 4-celled ovary 
and continued beyond it into a short 4-toothed cup, persistent. Petals 4, 
obovate. Stamens 8, with anthers opening by a single minute hole. Style 
slender : stigma simple. Seeds numerous in the pod, coiled like minute snail- 
shells. Fl. summer. 2/ 

* Anthers linear and curved, with a sac-like base and usually a minute spur: 
flowers in a panicle or loose cyme. 

R. Virginica. The common species N., in sandy swamps : 6' -20' high, 
with square stem almost winged at the angles, ovate or lance-oval sessile leaves, 
and large pink-purple flowers. 

R. Mariana. From New Jersey and Kentucky S. : 10' -24' high, with 
terete or 6-angled branching stem, linear or lance-oblong leaves narroAved at 
base, and paler purple flowers hairy outside. 

R. glabella. Pine-barrens S. : smooth, with a simple slender stem, lan- 
ceolate glaucous leaves, and large bright-purple flowers. 

* * Anthers oblong and straight, destitute of any appendage. 
■*- Flowers purple, few or solitary : leaves small {rarely 1' long), rounded-ovate, 
ciliate loith long bristles : stem square, smooth. 

R. Ciliosa. Bogs in pine barrens from Maryland S. : stem 10' - 12' high ; 
leaves bristly on the upper face ; and calyx smooth. 

R. serrulata. Bogs in j)ine barrens wholly S. : stem 3' - 6' high ; leaves 
smooth above ; calyx bristly. 

-t- -t- Flowers yellow, small, numerous, not casting the petah early, as do the others : 
stem A-angled, bristly, bushy -branched above. 

R. lutea. From North Carolina S. & W. : stem 1° high, bristly; leaves 
lanceolate, or the lower obovate ; calyx smooth. 



LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 149 

46. MYRTACE^aE, MYRTLE FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs, with simple entire and mostly aromatic leaves 
punctate with pellucid or resinous dots, no stipules, perfect flowers, 
calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its throat, or a disk bordering it, 
bearing the petals and numerous stamens : style and stigma single. 
A large family in the tropics and southern hemisphere, here com- 
monly known only by a few house-plants, which may be briefly 
noted as follows : — 

1. Myrtus commtinis, Common Myrtle, from the Mediterranean 
region : smooth, with ovate or lance-ovate opposite shining leaves, small in the 
variety usually cultivated, peduncles in their axils bearing a small white or 
rose-tinged flower (sometimes full double), followed by a black berry, containing 
several kidney-shaped seeds. 

2. Eugenia Jambos, Rose-Apple, from India : smooth, with opposite 
shining long and lanceolate leaves, and clusters of large white flowers with their 
long stamens most conspicuous ; the calyx-tube dilated and prolonged beyond 
the ovary, which forms a large edible berry, like a small apple, scentless, but 
when eaten of a rose-like savor ; seeds very few, large. 

3. Psidium pyriferum, Guava, of W. Ind. : with oval feather-veined 
opposite leaves, and one or two white flowers at the end of an axillary peduncle; 
the fruit a large and pear-shaped yellowish berry which is eatable, and from 
which Guava jelly is made in the West Indies, 

4. Callistemon lanceolatum, of Australia, called Bottle-Brush, 
on account of the appearance of the flowers (sessile all round the stem below 
the later leaves) with their very long deep red stamens ; the 5 petals small and 
falling early ; the fruit a small many-seeded pod opening at the top ; the alter- 
nate lanceolate leaves remarkable for being turned edgewise by a twist at their 
base, as in many related Myrtaceous plants of Australia. 



47. LYTHRACE^, LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 

Differs from the related orders in having the ovary and pod free 
from, but mostly enclosed in, the tube of the calyx, the leaves not 
punctate, the anthers opening lengthwise. To this family has lately 
been appended the Pomegranate, which, although peculiar, is com- 
monly referred to the Myrtle Family, notwithstanding the dotless 
leaves. 

§ 1. Ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, becoming a fleshy fruit. Small tree. 

1. PUNICA. Calyx-tube colored (scarlet), thick and coriaceous, its top-shaped 

base coherent with the ovary, above enlarged and 5 - 7-lobed ; its throat 
bearing the 5-7 petals and very many incurved stamens. Style slender. 
Ovary with many cells in two sets, one above the other, and\'ery many 
ovules in each. Fruit large, globular, crowned with the calyx-lobes, berry- 
like, but with a hard rind : the numerous seeds coated with a juicy edible pulp. 

§ 2. Ovary free from the calyx-tube, becoming a\- Q- celled pod. 
* Stamens indefinitely numerotis. Small tree. 

2. LAGERSTRCEMIA. Calyx 6-lobed, Petals 6, very Avavy-crisped, raised on 

slender claws, borne on the throat of the calj^x. Stamens borne in the bot- 
tom of the calyx, very long and slender, 6 outermost larger than the rest. 
Style very slender. Pod oblong, thick, many-seeded, 3-6-oelled, only the 
base covered by the persistent calyx. 
♦ Stamens 4-16, only ns many or twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, inserted 
loiverdown than the petals. Herbs or nearly so: calyx mostly with projecting 
folds, or accessory teeth between the proper teeth or bbes. 



150 LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY. 

•t- Flower regular or nearly so : pod many-seeded, included in the calyx. 

3. NESuEA. Calyx short bell-shaped or hemispherical. Stamens 10-14, twice 

as many as the petals, in 2 sets, with long projecting filaments. Style slen- 
der. Pod globular, 3 -5-celled. Leaves mostly whorled in threes or opposite. 

4. LYTHRUM. Calyx cylindrical, 8- 12-ribbed or striate. Petals 5 -7. Stamens 

5-14. Style slender. Pod oblong, 2-celled. Leaves sessile. 

6. AMMANNIA. Calyx short, 4-angled. Petals 4 and small, or none. Stamens 
4, short. Pod globular, 2 - 4-celled. Leaves opposite, narrow. 
-1- -i- Flower irregular: pod mostly few-seeded. 

6. CUP HE A. Calyx elongated, mostly many-ribbed, gibbous, spurred, or with a 
sac-iike projection at base on the upper side, oblique at the mouth, which 
has 6 proper teeth, and usually as many intermediate accessory ones or pro- 
cesses. Petals mostly 6, with' claws, and very unequal, the two upper ones 
larger; sometimes all or part wanting. Stamens 11 or 12, unequal: filaments 
short A gland at the base of the ovary on the upper side. Style slender: 
stigma 2-lobed. Ovary flat, 2-celled, but one cell smaller and sterile or 
empty. Pod enclosed in the calyx, and bursting through it on the lower 
side; the placenta bearing a few flat seeds, hardening, curving, and at length 
projecting through the rupture. 

1. PUNICA, POMEGRANATE. (The name means Car^%m/a«.) 

P. Granatum. Tree cult, from the Orient, as a house-plant N. : smooth, 
with small oblong or obovate obtuse leaves, either opposite or scattered, mostly 
clustered on short branchlets ; the flowers short-stalked, usually solitary, large, 
both calyx and corolla bright scarlet, with 5-7 petals, or full double ; the fruit 
as large as a small apple. 

2. LAGERSTRCEMIA, CRAPE-MYRTLE. (Named for a Swedish 
naturalist, Lagerstroem.) 

L. Indica, from E. Indies : planted for ornament S., and in conserva- 
tories N. : shrub with smooth ovate or oval opposite leaves, and panicles of very- 
showy pale rose or flesh-colored lai'ge flowers, remarkable for the wavy-crisped 
petals and long silky-tufted stamens. 

3. NES-^A. (Name from Greek for insular, from the habitation of the 
original species.) 2/ 

N. verticillata. Common E. and S. in very wet places ; smooth or 
minutely downy, with long recurving branches (2° -8° long), lanceolate leaves, 
mostly in threes, the upper with clustered short-stalked flowers in their axils, 
5 wedge-lanceolate rose-purple petals, and 10 stamens of two lengths. 

N. salicifolia. Cult, from Mexico, not hardy N. ; low, slightly shrubby 
at base, smooth, erect, with lance-oblong or oblanceolate leaves, the upper ones 
sometimes alternate, almost sessile flowers in their axils, with mostly 6 obovate 
yellow petals, and 12 stamens of almost equal length. 

4. LYTHRUM, LOOSESTRIFE. (Name in Greek for blood: some have 
red flowers.) Fl. summer. 

L. Saliearia, Spiked L. Sparingly wild N. E. in wet meadows, and 
cult. ; with stems 2° - 3° high, leaves broad-lanceolate, and often with a heart- 
shaped base, in pairs or threes ; flowers crowded in their axils and forming a 
wand-like spike, rather large, with 6 or rarely 7 lance-oblong pink petals, and 
twice as many stamens of two lengths. % 

L. alatum. Low grounds W. & S. : nearly smooth, slender, 2° -3° high, 
above and on the branches with margined angles, very leafy ; the small leaves 
oblong, the uppermost not longer than the small flowers in their axils ; petals 
6, purple ; stamens 6. % 

5. AMMANNIA. (Named for Ammann, an early German botanist.) 
Low, insignificant herbs, in wet places, especially S., with small greenish 
flowers in the axils of the narrow leaves ; the inconspicuous petals purplish, 
or none : fl. all summer. 



LOASA FAMILY. 151 

A. hiimilis, from Mass. to Michigan and S. ; has narrow oblanceolate or 
spatulate leaves, tapering to the base, and a very short style. ® 

A. latitolia. W. & S., taller, the lance-linear leaves with a broader and 
auricled partly clasping base. ® 

6. CIJPHEA. (Name from Greek, means gibbous or curved, from the shape 
of the calyx.) Leaves chiefly opposite : fl. all summer. 

C. viscosissima, Clammy C. Sandy fields from Conn, to 111. and S. : 
a rather homely herb, l°-2° high, branching, clammy-hairy, with lance-ovate 
leaves, small flowers somewhat racemed along the branches, and ovate pink 
petals on short claws. ® 

C. silenoid.es. Cult, from Mexico : clammy-hairy, 1° high, with lance- 
oblong or lanceolate leaves tapering at base into short petiole, and rather large 
flowers somewhat racemed on the branches ; calyx purplish, almost 1 ' long, 
ovoid at base and with a tapering neck ; petals blood-purple or crimson, rounded, 
the 2 larger ^' in diameter, (i) 

C. platy centra. Cult, from Mexico, both in greenhouses and for bor- 
ders, flowering through the season : slightly woody at base, 8'- 12' high, form- 
ing masses, thickly beset with the ovate or lance-ovate acute smooth and glossy 
bright green leaves, contrasting with the bright vermilion flowers between each 
pair, the calyx narrow and tubular, almost 1 ' long, with a short and very blunt 
spur at base, the short border and teeth dark violet edged on the upper side 
with white ; petals none. 2/ 

48. LOASACE^, LOASA FAMILY. 

Herbs with rough pubescence, and some with stinging bristles, no 
stipules, a 1-celled ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx (which 
is little if at all extended beyond it), and mostly with 3-5 parietal 
placentae, in fruit a pod, few - many-seeded : persistent calyx-lobes 
and true petals mostly 5, and often an additional inner set of pet- 
als : stamens commonly numerous, often in 5 clusters : style single. 
Natives of America, mostly S. & W. : several cult, for ornament. 

* Erect or spreading, not twining: leaves alternate: petals fiat. 

1. MENTZELIA. Petals lanceolate, spatulate, or obovate, deciduous. Filaments 

long and glender, or some of the outermost broadened or petal-like: anthers 
short and small. Pod top-shaped, club-shaped, or cylindrical, straight. Herb- 
age rough with short stiff pubescence, or bristly, but not stinging. 
* * Twining herbs: leaves opposite, pelioled : petals hood-shaped or slipper-shaped. 

2. BLUMENBACHIA. Petals 5, spreading, and as many scale-like small ones or 

appendages alternate with them. Stamens in 5 sets, one before each petal, 
with very slender filaments; also 10 sterile filaments, a pair before each ap- 
pendage. Ovary and many-seeded pod 10-ribbed, when old spirally twisted 
and splitting lengthwise. Peduncles axillary, mostly 1-fiowered. Herbage 
beset with sharp bristles, commonly stinging like nettles. Flowers on long 
axillary peduncles. 

1. MENTZELIA. (Named for C. Mentzel, an early German botanist.) 
Fl. summer or autumn. ® © ' Includes the Bart6nia of Nuttall and 

EUCNIDE. 

§ 1. Pod 3 - 9-seeded : flowers small, yellow, opening in sunshine. (J) © 
M. Oligospdrma. Open di-y ground, from Illinois S. W. : a rough and 
homely plant, with spreading brittle branches, ovate and oblong angled or cut- 
toothed leaves, and yellow flowers less than 1' broad, with 5 wcdgc-oblong 
pointed petals, and about 20 slender filaments. 

§ 2. Bart6nia of Nuttall, &c., not of Muhlenberg. P(xl mostli/ long, contain- 
ing many or at least 20 cid)ical or flat seeds : flowers Iwge and s/wwi/ : 
petals 1' - 2' long : herbage rough. 



152 CACTUS FAMILY. 

M. Lindleyi. Cultivated, from California, usually under the name of 
Bartoxia aurea. Plant l°-2° high, with leaves lance-ovate in outline 
and deeply pinnatilid, their lobes linear ; flowers with 5 obovate and pointed 
bright yellow petals opening in sunshine, and the very numerous filaments all 
slender 5) 

M. ornata, the Bart6nia ornXta of Nuttall, a very large-flowered 
species, of the plains of Nebraska and S. : 2° -4° high, with oblong-lanceolate 
sinuate-pinnatitid leaves, and white fragrant flowers opening at sunset or on a 
cloudy aftei-noon, leafy -bracted under the ovary, and with 10 lance-ovate or 
spatulate acute petals, about 2' long, the 5 inner narrower, and the 200 - 300 
filaments all slender ; seeds very many and flat. Rarely cult, for ornament, 
but well worthy of it. (D 2/ '? 

M. nuda, the Bart6xia Nt^DA of Nuttall, of the same district and further 
south, and less rare in cultivation than M. ornata, resembles it, but has flowers 
of half the size and often without leafy bracts under the ovary ; outer fila- 
ments mostly broadened ; seeds wing-margined. @ ^ '* 

§ 3. Edo'IDE of Zuccarini Pod shoi-t, containing very many minute roundish 
or oblong seeds : Jlowers showy, yellow, opening in bright sunshine. 

M. longipes. Cult, from Mexico and Texas under the name of Eucxide 
BARTONioiDES ; a tender succulent plant, branching and usually spreading on 
the ground, bristly, with ovate cut-toothed or slightly lobed leaves on slender 
petioles, and flowers mostly on still longer simple peduncles (3'- 6' long), the 
5 ovate petals and very many slender filaments fully 1' long, (i) 

2. BLUMENBACHIA. (Named for the distinguished Gennan physiol- 
ogist, Blumenbach. Includes Caiophora. Fl. all summer. 

B. insignis. Cult, from Chili ; rather curious than ornamental, with 
palmately about .5-parted leaves, small flowers with white petals and yellow 
red-tipped inner appendages ; the pod obovate, slightly twisted, with 5 strongly 
projecting placentae. (1) 

B. lateritia. Cult, from South America, under the name of LoXsa or 
Caiophora lateritia ; climbing freely ; with pinnatifid or pinnate leaves of 
5 or more lance-ovate divisions or leaflets, which are cut-toothed or some of 
them again pinnatifid ; flowers almost 2' across, with brick-red petals ; the long 
pod at length much twisted. (I) 

49. CACTACE^, CACTUS FAMILY. 

Fleshy plants of peculiar aspect, mostly persistent, destitute of 
foliage (with exception of the rare Pereskia), its place supplied by 
the green rind of the flattened, columnar, globular, or various-shaped 
stem ; the perfect solitary and sessile flower with calyx adherent to 
the ovary, its lobes or sepals, the petals, and the stamens numerous, 
usually in several ranks, the latter mostly very numerous ; ovary 
1-celled with several parietal placentae ; style single, with several 
stigmas ; the fruit a 1-celled and generally many-seeded pulpy berry. 
(See Lessons, p. 48, fig. 76, and p. 96, fig. 197.) 

We have three or four wild species, several others in common 
house-cultivation, and a larger number in choice collections, some 
of which are hybrids. 

§ 1. No tube to thefioioer above the ovary : stem, jointed. 
1. OPUNTIA. Stem branching, formed of successive joints, which are mostly 
flat, bearing at first some minute awl-shaped bodies answering to leaves, 
which soon fall off, and tufts of barbed bristles and often prickles also in their 
axils. Flowers from the edge or side of a joint, opening in sunshine and 
for more than one day. 



CACTUS FAMILY. 



153 



§ 2. Tvbe formed of tJie united sepals, cfc. more or less extended beyond the ovary. 
* Stems and branches of flat and leaf like joints, with the margins more or less toothed 

or crenate, and with an evident woody centre or midrib, with no prickles and 

no bristles, or only tufts of very short ones in the notches. 

2. EPIPHYLLUM. Joints of the branches short and truncate, very smooth, and 

flowering from the end. Flowers open in the daytime and for several days, 
mostly oblique, the tube not much lengthened; the sepals and petals rose-red, 
rather few, the innermost and larger ones about 8. Stamens not very many. 
Stigmas erect or conniving. 

3. PHYLLOCACTUS. Leaf-like branches or joints long, arising from the side of 

older ones, which with age form terete stems. Flowers from the marginal 
notches, slightly if at all iiTegular. Stigmas slender and spreading. 

« * Stems or branches 3 - many-angled or grooved, or terete, and with tubercles or 
woolly tufts bearing a cluster of spines, prickles, or bristles. 

4. CEREUS. Stem mostly elongated, rarely globular, regularly ribbed or angled 

lengthwise, and with the clusters of spines or bristles on the ridges one 
above the other. Flowers from the side of the stem, commonly with a 
conspicuous tube, which, with the ovary below, is beset with scale-like 
sepals and generally with woolly or bristly tufts in their axils. Petals 
numerous and spreading. 

5. ECHIMOCACTUS. Stem globular, depressed, or sometimes oblong-club-shaped, 

with many ribs or ridges bearing clusters of spines one above the other. 
Flowers naked at the summit of the ridges, and with a short or very short 
tube : otherwise as in Cereus. 

6. MELOCACTUS. Stem globular with a broad base, or conical, with many ribs 

bearing clusters of spines as in Echinocactus; but the flowers small and im- 
mersed in a woolly cylindrical muff-like mass at the summit. Sepals and 
petals united in a cylindrical tube, which is often swollen at the base. Fila- 
ments short. Ovary and berry not scaly. 

7. MAMILLARIA. Stems globular or cylindrical, mostly tufted, not ribbed, cov- 

ered with distinct and strongly projecting nipple-shaped tubercles, which are 
arranged in spiral order and tipped with a cluster of prickles. Flowers from 
the axils of the tubercles, with a short tube. Ovary and berry not scaly. 

1. OPXJNTIA, PRICKLY-PEAR CACTUS, INDIAN FIG, &c. (An 
ancient name, transferred to these American plants.) Fl. summer. Fruit 
often eatable. 

§ 1 . Stamens not longer than the roundish, in ours yellow, widely opening petals. 
* Loiv, prostrate or spreading, native species, also cultivated. 

O. vulgaris, Common Prickly-Pear. On rocks and sand, from coast 
of New England S., with pale and rounded-obovate flat joints, 3' - 6' long, 
bearing minute appressed leaves, having bristles but hardly any spines in their 
axils, and a nearly smooth eatable berry. 

O. Rafinesquii. Common W. & S. W. : deeper green, with joints 4' -8' 
long, the little leaves spreading, several small spines and a single stronger one 
in the clusters, and flower often with a reddish centre. 

O. Missouriensis. From Wisconsin W. on the plains : with obovate 
joints 2' -4' long and tubercled, tufts of straw-colored bristles and 5-10 long 
and slender spines ; the berry dry and prickly. 

O. Pes-C6rvi. On the coast S., with small and narrow, almost cylindri- 
cal, easily separable joints, their spines in jiairs ; the berry small and bristly. 

* * Erect, shrubby or tree-like, cultivated in conservatories, from West Indies and 
South America : berry edible. 

O. Ficus-Indica. Joints obovate, thick and heavy, 1° long, with minute 
spines or none ; berry obovate, bristly. 

O. Tiina. Joints oval, 4' -8' long, with several unequal spines in the tufts, 
the longer ones about 1' long. 

O. Brasiliensis. Tree-like, with a round straight trunk rising 10° or 
more high, bearing short branches, their ultimate joints obovate or oblong, 
sinuate, thinner antl more leaf-like than in the others, armed with single long 
and very sharp spines. 



154 CACTUS FAMILY. 

§ 2, Stamens longer than the erect crimson petals, shorter than the style. 
O. COCOinellifera. Cult, from Mexico and West Indies : tree-like, 6° - 
10° high, with joints of the branches obovate-oblong, 4'- 12' long, spineless or 
nearly so, when young with single recurv^ed spines, pale ; berry red. One of the 
plants upon which the cochineal insect feeds, whence the name. 

2. EPIPHYLLXJM. (Name from Greek, meaning upon a leaf, i. e. the 
flower from the top of Avhat seems to be a leaf.) Fl. usually in summer. 

E. trunoatum. Cult, from Brazil : low, bright green, with drooping 
branches ; the oblong joints scarcely 2' long, the upper end with a shallow 
notch; flower 2-3' long, oblique, with petals and short sepals spreading or 
recurved, the former so arranged that the blossom often appears as if 2-lipped. 

3. PHYLLOC ACTUS. (From Greek words meaning Leaf -Cactus.) 
Cult, from South America and Mexico : fl. summer. 

* Flower icith tube shorter than the petals, red, scentless, open through more than 

one day : petals and stamens many, except in the first species. 

P. biformis. The least showy species ; with slender stems, and two sorts 
of branches, one ovate or oblong, the other lanceolate ; the latter producing 
a slender pink flower, 2' long, with about 4 slender sepals, as many narrow 
lanceolate erect petals with spreading tips, and only 8-16 stamens. 

P. phyllanthoid.es. Has narrow-oblong sinuate-toothed leaf-like branches, 
numerous rose-colored oblong and similar sepals and petals, the outermost widely 
spreading, the innermost erect. 

P. Ackermanni. Like the preceding, but much more showy, with bright 
red and sharp-pointed petals spreading and 2' -3' long, and the scattered sepals 
small aiad bract-like. 

* * Flower sweet-scented, with tube 4' - 10' long, bearing scattered and small scaly 

sepals or bracts, which are considerably longer than the numerous .spreading 
white or cream-colored petals. 
P. crenatUS. Leaf-like branches 10-2° long, 2' -3' broad, sinuately 
notched ; flower open in the daytime and for several days, 7'- 8' in diameter, 
with the stout tube 4' - 5' long, the outer petals or inner sepals brownish. 

P. Phyllanthus. Branches nearly as in the preceding ; but the flower 
opening at evening and lasting only till morning, its slender tube many times 
longer than the small petals, 

4. CEREUS. (Latin name of a wax-taper or candle, from the form of the 
stem of some columnar species. ) The following are the commonest in culti- 
vation, mostly from Mexico and South America : fl. summer. 

§ 1. Stems and branches long, spreading, creeping or climbing, remotely jointed 
more or less, only 3 - 7 -angled : very large-flowered. 

* Flower red, open in daytime for sevei'cd days : stamens much declined. 
C. specioslssimus. The commonest red-flowered Cactus ; with stems 
2° -3° high, rarely rooting, 3 or 4 broad and thin wavy-margined angles or 
wings, and crimson or red flowers of various shades, 4' - 5' in diameter, the 
tube shorter than the petals. — There are various hybrids of this with others. 

* * Flower white as to petals, opening at night, collapsing next morning, fragrant, 

6' -9' in diameter when expanded, the tube 4' -5' long: stems rooting and 
so climbing: prickles short and fine. Night-blooming Cereus. 
C triangularis has sharply triangular stems, minute prickles, and flower 
with glabrous tube, olive-green sepals, and yellow stamens. 

C. nycticallus, has 4-6-angled stems with very minute pi-ickles, and 
floAver much like the next but with brownish sepals. 

C. grandifl6rus, Common Night-blooming Cereus, has terete stems 
with 5-7 slight grooves and blunt angles, bearing more conspicuous prickles, 
long bristles on the flower-tube, and dull yellow sepals. 



GAGTUS FAMILY. 155 

§ 2. Stems and branches long, weak, disposed to trail or creep, remotely jointed, 
cylindrical, with 8-12 ribs or grooves and rows of approximated short and 
Jine prickle-clusteis : flowers smaller. 

C. serpentinus. Stems l' or more in diameter, tapering at the apex, 
about 12-ribbed, disposed to stand when short, not rooting ; flower opening for 
a night, fragrant, Avith linear petals reddish-purple outside, nearly white inside, 
2' long, rather shorter than the tube. 

C. flagellifornjis. Stems long and slender, prostrate or hanging and 
rooting ; floAver 2' - 3' long, the narrow sepals and petals not very many, rose- 
red, open by day. 

§ 3. Stems erect, self-supporting, tall-growing, cylindrical and column-like, ivith 
about 8 (6-10) obtuse ribs and grooves, short mostly dark-colored prickles 
9-12 in the cluster, and no long bristles : flower large, white ; tube 3' - 6' long. 
* Flower opening at midday, collapsing before night. 

C. Peruvianus. The largest species (except the Giant Cereus of Arizona), 
becoming even 40° high and thick in proportion, with rather strong compressed 
ribs and stout prickles ; the flower 6' long, with greenish sepals and white or 
externally rose-tinged petals proportionally short. — Var. monstru6sus, in old 
conservatories, has a short stem Avith 4-8 irregular and wavy wing-like angles, 
sometimes broken up into tubercles. 

* * Flower opening at nighty collapsing next day : tall stem narrower at the top. 

C. eriophorus. Stem jointed at intervals, with rounded ridges and needle- 
like prickles ; flower 6' - 9' long, with woolly tube, and narrow greenish sepals, 
the upper 4' long, longer than the petals. 

C. repandus. Stem with flatter ridges, and with floAvers much as in the 
foregoing, but the tube not woolly. 

C. CSeruleseens. Stem bluish-green, becoming about 3' thick, with 
rounded ridges and stoutish prickles ; floAver 8' in diameter, with eroded-toothed 
petals and olive and brown-purple sepals, the longer of these little shorter than 
the smooth tube. 

§ 4. Stem erect and simple, at length cylindrical, with 20 - 25 narrow ridges, bear- 
ing clusters of short prickles and long bristly hairs. 

C senilis, Old-Man Cactus. Cult, for its singular appearance, the long 
white hanging bristles at the top likened to the locks of an aged man ; flowers 
(seldom seen) not large, with a very short tube. 

§ 5. Stems short and dwarf globular or oblong, clustered or branching from the 
base : flower ivith very short bell-shaped tube. 

C caespitoSUS. Wild on the plains from Nebraska S. : 3' - 6' high, 
becoming short-cylindrical, Avith 12-18 thick ribs, covered Avith the close 
clusters each of 20 - 30 short and widely-spreading prickles ; flower rose-purple, 
in daytime, 2' - 3' in diameter. 

§ 6. EcHiNOPSis. Stem globular or obovate, very proliferous, resembling Echino- 
cactus, but flowering from the side ; the showy flowers usually open while 
they last both day and night, and with a long funnel-shaped tube, 6' -8' long, 
to which an outer set of stamens is united up to the throat, while the inner ones 
are separate far down : petals and sepals pointed. 

* Flower ichite. fragrant : calyx-tube with tifls of long brownish ivool at each scale: 

globular stem depressed or sunken at top, about 3' in diameter. 

C. Eyri^sii. Stem Avith about 13 acute slightly Avavy ridges, and many 
small bristly ])ricklcs from Avoolly tubercles. 

C. tubiflbrus, or ZuccariniAnus. Stem broader than high, sunken at 
top, with 11 very strong and prominent Avavy ridges, the Avoolly tubercles bear- 
ing 6-8 stout and dark spines. 

* * Flowei- delicate rose-color: calyx-tube ivith scattered hairs and the scales ciliate : 

stem somewhat pear-shaped or obovate, 6' - 12' high. 
C. OXygonus. Stem bluish, Avith about 14 acute ridges from a broad 
base, and as many very short and unequal spines in the clusters. 



156 PIG-MARIGOLD FAMILY. 

C. miiltiplex. Stem green, with about 13 acute ridges and 10-12 rather 
long unequal spines. 

5. ECHINOCACTUS. C^ameme^ns Spiny or Hedgehog Cactus.) There 
are many wild species far S. W., but few common in cultivation. Flowers 
mostly small, opening for 2 or 3 days, closing at night. 

E. Texensis, of S. Texas and Arizona, has stem much broader than high, 
or globular when young, becoming 1° broad, with 12-27 acute wavy ridges, 
6 or 7 very stout and horn-like reddish recurved spines ; the central one larger 
and turned down, sometimes 2' long ; flower rose-colored, very woolly, 2' long. 

E. Ottonis, from Brazil, is pear-shaped, becoming club-shaped, 2' -3' 
thick, with 12 - 14 narrow ridges, clusters of 10- 14 short slender prickles, and 
yellow flowers with red stigmas. 

6. MELOC ACTUS, i. e. MELON-CACTUS. One species is often brought 
fi'om the West Indies, but does not long survive, viz. 

M. communis, called Turk's-Cap. Globular or ovate, dark green, often 
1° high, with 12 - 20 ridges, beset with clusters of short brownish spines ; the 
cylindrical muff^-like crown of bristles and cottony wool, 2' - 5' high, in which 
the very small pink flowers ai-e half-imbedded ; berries small, red. 

7. MAMILLARIA. (Name from the nipple-shaped tubercles which cover 
the stem.) Many wild species far W. and S. W. on the plains : few common 
in cultivation. 

M. longim.amma, from Mexico, has the tubercles rising from a depressed 
body, or apparently almost from the root, 1' or more long, loosely spreading, 
much longer than the 8-11 prickles at their apex ; flowers large for the genus, 
1|' long, yellow. 

M. pusilla, wild in Texas and S., with clustered ovate or globular stems 
l'-2' long, oblong or ovate tubercles bearing wool in their axils, and tipped 
with veiy many capillary crisped bristles and several slender prickles ; flowers 
pink, ^' long. 

M. gracilis, with globular and at length short-cylindrical stems l'-2' 
long, excessively proliferous, the oblong tubercles bearing about 16 recuiwing 
white prickles, and on older plants 1 or 2 stouter and longer straight ones of a 
brown hue ; flowers small, white. 

M. elongata, with cylindrical clustered stems, covered with short conical 
tubercles, which bear 16-30 uniform radiating and recurving slender prickles 
in a starry tuft, and very rarely a central one ; flowers small, white. 

M. vivipara, wild from Nebraska S., l'-5' high, simple, or proliferous 
in tufts, globular, with the terete tubercles slightly grooved down the 
upper side, bearing 12-30 rigid widely radiating whitish prickles, and 3-12 
stouter and darker ones ; flower pink-purple, large for the plant, about 2' in 
diameter. 

50, MESEMBRYANTHEME^, FIG-MARIGOLD 
FAMILY. 

Fleshy plants, of aspect between the Cactus, Purslane, and Orpine 
Families, with simple entire leaves, and calyx-tube coherent with 
the compound ovary, which has 4 — 20 styles and as many cells : 
represented in cultivation by the following. 

1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. Herbaceous or fleshy-shrubby and prostrate or low 

branching plants, with very succulent leaves and mostly handsome flowers, 
opening only in bright light, commonly at noon. Lobes of the calyx mostly 5. 
Petals (linear) and stamens very numerous, on the calyx. Styles, cells of the 
ovary, and radiating horns or lobes of the many-seeded pod 4-20. 

2. TETRAGON! A. Low spreading herbs, with broad and flat thickish leaves, and 

small flowers in their axils. Calyx usually 4-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 
few or many. Styles and 1-ovuled cells "of the ovary few. Fruit hard and 
nut-like, 3 - 8-horiied, 3 - 8-seeded. 



PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY. 157 

1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, FIG-MARIGOLD. (Name com- 
posed of Greek words signifying Jlowering at midday.) Cult, for ornament, 
chiefly from S. Africa : fl. summer. 

* Annual or biennial, broad-leaved, prostrate, cultivated in open ground. 

M. crystallinum, Ice-Plant. Plant remarkable for the glittering little 
excrescences which cover the herbage, like hoar-frost ; leaves soft and tender, 
large, the lower rounded heart-shaped or ovate, upper spatulate, wavy ; flowers 
sessile, white or purplish, ^' across. 

* * Perennial, somewhat ivoody -stemmed house-plants, from Cape of Good Hope : 

leaves all opposite, sessile or connate at base, smooth. 

M. dolabriforme, Hatchet-lkaved F. With glaucous and dotted 
hatchet-shaped leaves, and yellow flowers opening at evening. 

M. aeinaciforme, Scymitar-leaved F. With pale 3-sided sabre- 
shaped leaves (3' long, fully |' wide), flattened branches and peduncle, and 
pink-purple flower 3' - 4' across. 

M. spectabile. With glaucous and linear 3-sided pointed leaves, and 
pink-purple flower 2' across. 

2. TETRAGONI A. (Name Greek for four-angled, from shape of the fruit. ) 
T. expansa. New Zealand Spinach. Occasionally cult, as a Spinach : 

leaves pale, triangular or rhombic-ovate, Avith short margined petioles ; greenish 
small flower sessile in the axils ; stamens several, in clusters alternate with the 
4 lobes of the calyx. (T) 

51. PASSIPLORACE^, PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY. 

Represented mainly by the Passion-flowers described below. In 
conservatories may be found one or two species of Tacsonia, dif- 
fering from true Passion-flowers in having a long tube to the flower, 
but they are uncommon, and rarely blossom. 

1. PASSIFLORA, PASSION-FLOWER. (Flower of the Passion ; the 
early Roman Catholic missionaries in South America finding in them symbols 
of the crucifixion, the crown of thorns in the fringes of the flower, nails in 
the styles with their capitate stigmas, hammers to drive them in the stamens, 
cords in the tendrils.) Herbs or woody plants with alternate leaves and con- 
spicuous stipules, climbing by simple axillary tendrils ; the flowers also axil- 
lary, usually with 3 bracts underneath, and a joint in the peduncle. Calyx 
with a very short tube or cup, and 5 divisions Avhich are colored inside like the 
petals, and often with a claw-like tip. Petals 5 on the throat of the calyx, or 
sometimes none : within them the conspicuous crown of numerous filaments 
or rays, forming a double or more compound fringe. Stamens 5, with nar- 
row-oblong versatile anthers : their filaments vmited in a tube below sheath- 
ing and adhering more or less to the long stalk which supports the 1 -celled 
ovary. Styles 3, mostly club-shaped : stigmas capitate. Fruit berry-like, 
edible in several species, with many seeds, enveloped in pulp, on 3 parietal 
placentae. Fl. summer, open for only one day. 

* Wild species of the country, herbaceous, smooth, with 3-lobed leaves. 
P. llltea. Low grounds, from S. Penn. to 111. & S. : slender, low-climbing, 

with the short and blunt lobes of the leaves entire, and a greenish-yellow flower 

of no beauty, barely 1' wide. 2/ 
P. incarn^ta, the fruit, called Maypops in S. States, edible, as large as a 

hen's egg : trailing or low-climbing, with deeply 3-cleft serrate leaves, a pair of 

glands on the petiole and one or more on the small bracts, tlie intrple crown 

of the handsome flower (2' -3' across) rather longer than the pale petals. 

Dry ground, from Virginia and Kentucky S. 11 

* * Cult, from South America. Stems iroody, except the first. (These arc the 

commoner species : there are a few hybrids and rarer cues.) 



158 GOURD FAMILY. 

-t- Leaves palmateJy lobed : flower widely spreading. 

P. gracilis. Slender herb, with roundish and slightly 3-lobed otherwise 
entire leaves, and whitish merely 5-cleft flower only 1' in diameter, destitute of 
true petals. Recently introduced, remarkable for the quick movement of its 
tendrils. (T) 

P. cserulea, the Common or Blue Passion-flovter ; with leaves very 
deeply cleft or parted into .5 or 7 lance-oblong entire divisions, pale ; and flower 
almost white, except the purple centre and blue crown banded with whitish in 
the middle. 

P. edulis, Granadilla ; the purplish edible fruit as large as a goose-egg : 
leaves dark green and glossy, deeply cleft into 3 ovate pointed lobes beset with 
callous teeth ; bracts under the flower also toothed ; the crown crisped, 2' across, 
whitish with a blue or violet base, as long as the white petals. 

1- -<- Leaves entire, feather -veined : flower hell-shaped. 

P. quadrangularis, Large Granadilla. Very large, with the branches 
4-sided and the angles wing-margined ; leaves 4' - 8' long, ovate or oval, or 
slightly heart-shaped, bright green, with 2-4 pairs of glands on the petiole; 
flower about 3' long, fragrant, crimson-purple and the violet or blue crown 
variegated with white. Fruit rarely formed here, edible, 6' long. 

52. CUCURBITACE^, GOURD FAMILY. 

Mostly tendril-bearing herb^, with succulent but not fleshy herb- 
age, watery juice, alternate palmately ribbed and mostly lobed or 
angled leaves, monoecious or sometimes dioecious flowers ; the calyx 
coherent with the ovary, corolla more commonly monopetalous, 
and stamens usually 3, of which one has a 1 -celled, the others 
2-celled anthers ; but the anthers are commonly tortuous and often 
all combined in a head, and the filaments sometimes all united in 
a tube or column. Fruit usually fleshy. Embryo large, filling the 
seed, straight, mostly with flat or leaf-like cotyledons. — Besides 
those here described, there are occasionally cultivated for curiosity 
the following annuals : — 

MOMORDICA ElATERIUM Or ECBALIUM AGRESTE, the SQUIRT- 
ING Cucumber, a homely hairy herb without tendrils, and pro- 
ducing an oblong hairy pulpy fruit (of violently purgative qualities), 
which when ripe bursts suddenly at the touch, and discharges the 
contents with violence (whence the name Ecbalium). 

Trichosanthes colubrina, Snake-Cucumber or Vege- 
table Serpent, a tall climber with the staminate flowers orna- 
mental, the lobes of the white corolla being cut into a lace-like 
fringe of long and very delicate capillary lobes (whence the name 
of the genus), and the fruit very like a snake, 3 or 4 feet long, 
green and striped, turning red when ripe. 

§ 1. Flowers large or middle-sized, on separate simple peduncles in the axils: anthers 
with long and narrow cells, bent up and down or coiitorted: ovules and seeds 
many, horizontal, on mostly 3 simple or double placentas: fruit {of the sort 
called apepo) large, fieshy or puljjy jcith a harder rind. 
* Both kinds offiowers solitary in the axils. 
1. LAGENARIA. Tendrils 2-forked. Flowers rausk-scented, with a funnel-form 
or bell-shaped calyx-tube, and 5 obcordate or obovate and mucronate white 
petals; the sterileon a long, the fertile on a shorter peduncle. Anthers lightly 
cohering with each other. Stigmas 3, each 2-lobed. Fruit with a hard or 
woody rind and soft flesh. Seeds margined. Petiole bearing a pair of glands 
at the apex. 



GOURD FAMILY. 159 

2. CUCURBIT A. Tendrils 2-5-forked. Flowers large, with a bell-shaped or 

short funnel-form 5-cleft yellow corolla, its base adherent to the bell-shaped 
tube of the calyx. Stamens from the bottom of the flower: anthers long- 
linear, much curved, all three united into a small head. Stigmas 3, each 
2-lobed. Fruit fleshy with a firmer rind. Seeds mostly margined. 

3. CITRULLUS. Tendrils 2-3-forked. Flowers with a short bell-shaped calyx- 

tube, and a deeply 5-cleft widely open pale yellow corolla. Stamens with 
very short filaments: anthers lightly cohering. Stigmas 3, kidney-shaped. 
Seeds marginless, imbedded in the enlarged pulpy placentse. 

* * Sterile Jtowers clustered, fertile ones solitary in the axils. 

4. CUCUMIS. Tendrils simple. Corolla of 5 almost separate acute petals. 

Stamens separate: anthers with only one bend. Stigmas 3, blunt. Fruit 
with a fleshy rind. Seeds not margined. 

§ 2. Flowers small, one or both sorts in racemes, panicles, or corymbs. 

* Ovules and seeds many, horizontal, on Z placentm: filaments separate: anthers 

straiffhiish • tendrils simple : fruit a small berry. 

5. MELOTHRIA. Flowers yellow or greenish, the sterile in small racemes, the 

fertile solitary on a long and slender peduncle. Corolla open bell-shaped, 
5-cleft. Anthers slightly united, soon separate. Fertile flower with calyx- 
tube constricted above the ovary. 

* * Ovules and seeds 1-4, large and vertical : filaments monadel2)hous : anthers 

tortuous : tendrils ^-forked: fruit prickly or bristly. 

6. ECHINOCYS TIS. Flowers white, the sterile in compound racemes or pani- 

cles, the fertile solitary or in small clusters from the same axils. Corolla 
wheel-shaped, of 6 narrow petals united at the base. Anthers more or less 
united in a mass. Style hardly anj': stigma broad. Fruit oval or roundish, 
beset with weak simple prickles, bursting irregularly at the top when ripe; 
the outer part fleshy under the thin green rind, becoming dry; the inner part 
a fibrous net-work making 2 oblong cells, each divided at the base into two 
1-seeded compartments. Seeds large, blackish, hard-coated, erect from the 
base of the fruit. 

7. SICYOS. Flowers greenish-white, the sterile in corymbs or panicles, the fer- 

tile (very small) in a little head on a long peduncle, mostly from the same 
axils. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped, 5-cleft. Anthers short, united in a little 
head. Style slender: stigmas 3. Ovary tapering into a narrow neck below 
the rest of the flower, 1-celled, becoming a dry and indehiscent, ovate or 
flattish-spindle-shaped, bur-like fruit, beset with stiff and barbed bristles, 
filled by the single hanging seed. 

1. LAGENARIA, BOTTLE GOURD. (From the Latin lagena, a bottle.) 
L. vulgaris, Common Gourd, Calabash. Cult, from Africa and Asia; 

climbing freely, rather clammy-pubescent and musky-scented, with rounded 
leaves, long-stalked flowers, white petals greenish- veiny, and fruit of very various 
shape, usually club-shaped, or long and much enlarged at the apex and slightly 
at base, the hard rind used for vessels, dippers, &c. (T) 

2. CUCURBIT A, PUMPKIN and SQUASH. (Latin name.) The 
very numerous cultivated forms, strikingly different in their fruit, have been 
reduced to three botanical species, 1. C. Pepo, 2. C. maxima, 3. C. moschata, 
which answer to the following sections. These all (T). 

§ 1 . Stalks and somewhat lohed leaves rough-hristhj , almost pridchj : flower-stalks 
obtusely angled, that of the fruit strongly 5 - 8-rid(jed and trith intervening 
deep grooves, usualhj enlarging next the fruit : hollow interior of the fruit 
traversed bg coarse and separate soft or pulpy threads. 

C. P6po, Pumpkin. Cult., as now along with Indian Corn, by the North 
American Indians before the coming of the whites ; large round fruit mostly 
yellow, smooth, the flesh not hardening. 

C. ovifera, Ouange-Gourd, Egg-Gourd, &c. : so called from the snu\ll, 
orange-like, egg-shaped or pear-shaped, yellow or white or variegated fruit, used 
for ornament : wild in Texas, probably the original of all this group. 



160 GOURD FAMILY. 

C. verruc6sa, Warty, Long-xeck, and Crook-neck Squash, Vege- 
table Marroav, &c. Fruit mostly hard-fleshed at maturity, the surface 
warty, ribbed, or sometimes smooth and even, from 2° to a few inches in length 
in the very various forms, in a remarkable one 3° - 4° long and little thicker 
than a man's arm. 

§ 2. Stalks and bright green 5 - 1-lohed leaves pubescent with soft hairs : fruit-stalk 

^-ridged, prominently enlarged where it joins the fruit, the central pulp 

hardly thready. 

C. moschata. Musky, China, or Barbary Squash, &c. Cult, for 

the edible fruit, which perfects only S., and is club-shaped, pear-shaped, or 

long-cylindrical, with a glaucous-whitish surface. 

§ 3. Stalks and almost kidney-shaped slightly or obtusely b-lobed leaves roughish- 

hairy : fower-stalks terete ; that of the fruit thick, many-striate but not ridged 

and groored : inner pulp copious and not thready. 

C. maxima, Great or Winter Squash, &c. Fruit rounded, depressed, 

often much wider than high, or (as in Ohio S.) ovate and pointed, usually 

banded lengthwise, varying from 6' to 3° in length or breadth, the hard flesh 

commonly yellow or orange. The crowned or Turban Squashes have the 

top of the fruit projecting beyond an encircling line or constriction which marks 

the margin of the adherent calyx-tube. 

3. CITRTJLLUS, WATERMELON. (Name made from Citrus, Latin 
for Orange or Citron.) (T) 

C. vulgaris. Watermelon. Cult, from Asia, Prostrate, with leaves 
deeply 3 - .5-lobed, and the divisions again lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale or 
hluish ; the refreshing edible pulp of the fruit, in Avhich the dark seeds are im- 
bedded, consists of the enlarged and juicy placentae, which are reddish or rarely 
white. — The so-called Citron of our gardens is a variety with a firm or hard 
flesh, used for preserving. 

4. CIJCUMIS, MELON and CUCUMBER. (The Latin name.) ® 
C. Melo, Melon, Muskmelon. Leaves round-heart-shaped or kidney- 
shaped, the lobes if any and sinuses rounded ; fruit with a smooth rind and 
sweet flesh, the edible part being the inner portion of the pericarp, the thin and 
watery placentse being discarded with the seeds. The Serpent Melon, some- 
times called Serpent-Cucumber, is a strange variety, occasionally met with, 
with a long and snake-like fruit. 

C. sativus, Cucumber. Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes acute, the 
middle one more prominent, often pointed ; fruit rough or muricate when young, 
smooth when mature, eaten unripe. 

5. MELOTHRIA. (An ancient Greek name for some sort of grape.) % 
M. pendula, from Virginia S., is a delicate low climber, with roundish 

or heart-shaped and 5-angled or lobed roughish leaves, minute flowers, in sum- 
mer, and oval green berries. 

6. ECHINOCYSTIS, WILD BALSAM-APPLE. (Name from Greek 
for hedgehog and bladder. ) 

E. lobata. Low grounds, chiefly N. & W., and cult, for arbors : tall- 
climbing, smoothish, with strongly and sharply 5-lobed leaves, copious and 
rather pretty Avhite floAvers, produced all summer, and oval fruit 2' long, dry 
and bladdery after opening ; seeds flat. (T) 

7. sic YOS, STAR-CUCUMBER. (Ancient Greek name of Cucumber.) 
S. angulatus. A weed in damp or shady grounds, commoner S., climb- 
ing high, clammy-hairy, with roundish heart-sha])ed and 5-angled or slightly 
lobed leaves, inconspicuous flowers, and little bur-like fruits beset with decidu- 
ous barbed prickles. The tendrils are very active in their movements, and in a 
warm day coil by a visible motion after contact with a solid body. (I) 



BEGONIA FAMILY. 161 

53. BEGONIACE^, BEGONIA FAMILY. 

Somewhat succulent herbaceous or more or less woody-stemmed 
house-plants, of peculiar aspect, with alternate and unequal-sided 
leaves, deciduous stipules, and monoecious flowers, in cymes or clus- 
ters on axillary peduncles, numerous stamens, inferior triangular 
ovary, becoming a many-seeded pod, — represented in choice culti- 
vation by the genus 

1. BEGOlSriA, ELEPHANT'S-EAR. (Named for M. Begon, Gover- 
nor of St. Domingo 200 years ago.) FloAvers with the calyx and corolla 
colored alike, sometimes dull but usually handsome, both kinds commonly in 
the same cyme, and flat in the bud ; the outer pieces answering to sepals 
mostly 2, valvate in the bud ; the inner, or true petals, 2, or in the fertile 
flowers usually 3 or 4, or not rarely wanting ; in the sterile flowers surround- 
ing a cluster of numerous stamens with short filaments ; in the fertile are 3 
styles with thick or lobed stigmas. Ovary and pod triangular, often 3-winged. 
— These curious plants are remarkable for the readiness with which they may 
be propagated by leaves used as cuttings. The following are the commonest 
pure species. There are several rarer ones and many hybrids. 

* Leaves and ivho/.e plant smooth and naked : father tall-growing, leafy -stemmed. 
■I- Leaves ovate-ohlong , serrate with bristle-tipped teeth, not at all heart-shaped. 

B. fuehsioides, so-called because the bright scarlet flowers, hanging on 
a slender drooping stalk, may be likened to those of Fuchsia ; the crowded and 
small green and glossy leaves only a little unequal-sided at base. 

•*- -t- Leaves very obliquely heart-shaped or half heart-shaped at base, almost entire. 

B. nitida, Avith obliquely heart-shaped glossy leaves green both sides, and 
with large light rose-colored flowers. 

B. sanguinea, Avith large and fleshy obliquely ovate-heart-shaped leaves, 
having a narrow revolute margin, pale green above, red beneath, as are the 
stalks ; the flowers Avhite, not showy. 

B. maculata, cult, under the name of B. ARGYROsrfGMA, both names 
referring to the silvery-Avhite spots scattered over the upper face of the 
leaves, which are narrower and more oblong than in the preceding, purplish 
or crimson beneath, the margin cartilaginous but not revolute, the flowers Avhite 
or flesh-colored. 

B. COCCinea, with scarlet flowers, as the name denotes, and oblong half 
heart-shaped leaves glossy above, and green both sides or purple at the margin, 
which is a little wavy-toothed. 

* * Leaves slightly bristly-hairy above and more so on the sharp teeth : stems 

elongated, nafced, bearing tubers or bulblets in the axils. 
B. Evansiana (or B. discolor), an old-fashioned species from China, 
now rare, almost hardy even N., producing all summer showy rose-colored 
flowers in the open ground ; the ovate and heart-shaped pointed leaves not very- 
oblique, red beneath. 

* * * Leaves smooth and naked above, bristle-benrinq on the toothed or cut margins 

and long petioles : stems fleshy, erect or ascending ; flowers with the 2 colored 

sepals, but seldom any petals. 
B. manieata, a handsome species of the conservatory, remarkable for the 
purple bristle-bearing scales or fringes on the a])ex or u])])cr part of the ]>etiole, 
and similar smaller tufts on the ribs of the lower face of the large and broadly 
Ovatc-heart-shai)ed leaves ; floAvcrs small, but numerotis and elegant, in an open 
panicle on a very long naked ])eduncle, flesh-colored. 

B. phyllomaniaea, has the stem thickly beset Avith leaf-like scales or 
little adventitious leaves, from Avhich the ]>lant may be propagafod, both 
leafstalks and ])eduTH'les bristly, the large leaves ovate-heait-shaped and tapering 
to a narrow point, their margins cut-toothed, and rather large but not shoAVj 
flowers. 

11 



162 PARSLEY FAMILY. 

* * * * Leaves, or especially the petioles, and the peduncles or scapes, hristly- 
hairy, these all from a fleshy tuberous or creeping rootstock. 

■I- Leaves large, obliquely heart-shaped, toothed or merely wavy-margined, variously 
silvered or variegated above, reddish or purple beneath : flowers rather large 
but not showy : cultivated for their foliage, now much crossed and mixed. 
B. Rex, the most prized and now the commonest species of the group, with 
the leaf silver-banded or silvery all over the upper face, and smooth pale rose- 
colored flowers. 

B. Grififithii, like the preceding, but leaves and stalks more downy-hairy, 
and the almost Avhite flowers hairy outside. 

B. xanthina, with leaves, &c. much as in the two preceding, but the 
flowers yellow. 

-1- -I- Leaves deeply about 1 -cleft : flowers with only the 2 sepals, no petals. 
B. heraeleifolia, with rather large and rounded hardly oblique leaves, 
smooth above and sometimes variegated, the lobes broad lanceolate and cut- 
toothed, and small pale rose or whitish flowers. 



54. UMBELLIPER^, PARSLEY FAMILY. 

Herbs, some innocent and many of them aromatic, others acrid- 
narcotic poisons, with small flowers in umbels, calyx adherent to 
the 2-celled ovary which has a single ovule hanging from the sum- 
mit of each cell, 5 minute calyx-teeth or none, 5 petals, 5 stamens, 
and 2 styles ; the dry fruit usually splitting into 2 seed-like portions 
or akenes : seed with hard albumen and a minute embryo. Eryn- 
gium and one or two others have the flowers in heads instead of 
umbels. Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, more commonly 
compound or decompound. Umbels mostly compound : the circle 
of bracts often present at the base of the general umbel is called 
the involucre ; that at the base of an umbellet, the involucel. 

The flowers being much alike in all, the characters have to be 
taken from the form of the fruit, and much stress is laid upon the 
receptacles of aromatic oil {vittce or oil-tubes) which are found in 
most species and give characteristic flavor. The family is too dif- 
ficult for the beginner. So that only the common cultivated, and 
the most conspicuous or noteworthy wild species are given here. 
For the remainder the student is referred to the Manual, and to 
Chapman's Southern Flora. 

§ 1. Fruits covered toith little scales or tubercles, crotoded (as are the jloioers) in a 
head instead of an umbel, and loith a pointed scaly bract under each flower. 

1. ERYNGIUM. Flowers blue or white, with evident awl-shaped calyx-teeth, 

and top-shaped fruit without any ribs. Leaves in our species simple and 
with bristly or prickly teeth. 

§ 2. Fruits covered with bristly prichles, bur-like : umbels compound. 

2. SANICULA. Flowers greenish or yellowish, so short-stalked or nearly sessile 

that the umbellets appear like little heads, each with some perfect and fertile 
and some staminate flowers. Fruits ovoid or globular, not readily splitting 
in two, not ribbed, completely covered with short hooked prickles. Leaves 
palmately parted. 

3. DAUCUS. Flowers white or cream-color, in a regular compound umbel: the 

petals tinequal, or those of the marginal flowers larger. Prickles in rows on 
the ribs of the short fruit, which splits in two when ripe. Leaves pinnatelj'^ 
compound or decompound. 



PARSLEY FAMILY. 163 

^ 3. Fruits naked {not prickly), splitting when ripe and dry into two one-seeded pieces 
or carpels, each usually with 5 7'ibs or some of them may be wings. 

* Umbels simple or sometimes proliferous, one over the other. Leaves simple. 

4. HYDROCOTYLE. Flowers white. Fruit much flattened contrary to the line 
of junction of the two carpels: no oil-tubes. Leaves rounded. 

* * Umbels compound. Fruits mostly loith oil-tubes in the form of lines or stripes, one 
or more in the intervals betiueen the ribs, and some on the inner face, sometimes 
also under the ribs. 

•h- Fruit wingless. 
++ Seed concave on the inner face : marginal flowers larger and irregular, 
b. CORIANDRUM. Fruit globular, not readily splitting in two, indistinctly 
many-ribbed: a pair of large oil-tubes on the inner face of each carpel. 
Flowers white. Leaves pinnately compound. Plant strong-scented. 

++ +-)• Seed deeply grooved down the inner face : flowers all alike, white. 

6. OSMORRHIZA. Fruit long and slender, club-shaped, or tapering at the base, 

somewhat sweet-aromatic: no obvious oil-tubes. Leaves twice or thrice 
ternate. Root sweet-aromatic. 

7. CONIUM. Fruit short, broadly ovate, rather strong-scented, compressed at the 

sides, each carpel with 5 strong and more or less wavy ribs: oil-tubes many 
and minute. Leaves pinnately decompound. 

•w- ++ +-<■ Seed slightly if at all hollowed out on the inner face. 

8. CICIJTA. Fruit globular and contracted on the sides, each carpel with 5 broad 

and thickened blunt ribs, and an oil-tube in each interval: the slender axis 
between the carpels splitting in two. Flowers white. Leaves pinnately 
decompound, not aromatic. Fruit aromatic. 

9. SIUM. Fruit globular or short-oblong and contracted on the sides, each carpel 

with 5 strong or corky ribs, and commonly 2 or more oil-tubes in the narrow 
intervals. No axis or hardly any left when the carpels separate. Flowers 
white. Leaves pinnate. Not aromatic. 

10. APIUM. Fruit ovate or broader than long, flattened on the sides, each carpel 

5-ribbed and a single oil-tube in the intervals: axis left when the carpels sep- 
arate not splitting in two. Flowers white. 

11. CARUM. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattish on the sides; each carpel with 5 

narrow ribs, and a single oil-tube in the intervals: the axis from which the 
carpels separate splitting in two. Flowers mostly white. Leaves decom- 
pound. Fruit or foliage aromatic. 

12. FCEiSICULUM. Fruit oblong; the two carpels with a broad flat face, 5 stout 

ribs, and a single oil-tube in the intervals between the ribs. Flowers yellow. 
Leaves decompound : the leaflets slender thread-shaped. Whole plant sweet- 
aromatic. 
-»- •»- Fruit winged or wing-margined at the junction of the two carpels, which are flat 
on the face and flat or flattish and 3-ribbed on the back. Leaves pinnately or 
ternately compound. 

•M- Wing double at the margins of the fruit. 

13. LEVISTICUM. Fruit ovate-oblong, with a pair of thickish marginal wings, 

and single oil-tube in each interval. Involucre and involucels conspicuous, 
the bracts of the latter united by their margins. Flowers white. Plant 
sweet-aromatic. 

14. ARCH ANGELIC A. Fruit ovate or short-oblong, with thin or thickish margi- 

nal wings, and many small oil-tubes adherent to the surface of the seed. In- 
volucels of separate mostly small bracts: involucre hardly any. Flowers 
white or greenish. 

++++ Wing surrounding the margin of the fruit single, splitting in two only tchen the 
ripe carpels separate. 

15. HERACtEUM. Fruit, including the thin and broad wing, orbicular, very flat, 

and the three ribs on the back very slender: the single "oil-tubes in the inter- 
vals reaching from the summit only half-way down. Flowers white, the 
marginal ones larger and irregular. Leaves ternately compound. Plant 
strong-scented. 

16. PASTINACA. Fruit oval, very flat, thin-winged: the single oil-tubes ruinnng 

from top to bottom. Flowers yellow, the marginal ones not larger. Leaves 
pinnately compound. 



164 PARSLEY FAMILY. 

1. ERYNGIUM, ERYNGO. (Ancient name, of obscure meaning). Fl. 
in summer. 

B. yucesefdlium, Button-Snakeroot. Sandy and mostly damp ground, 
from New Jersey S. & W. : stout herb, 2° -3° high, smooth, of aspect quite 
unlike most Umbelliferous plants, having linear and tapering grass-like leaves, 
parallel-veined in the manner of an Endogen, and fringed with bristles, a few 
globular thick heads in place of umbels, a very short involucre, and white 
flowers. 2/ 

E. Virginianum. Wet grounds from New Jersey S. : with lance-linear 
rather veiny leaves showing some distinction between blade and petiole, the 
former with rigid teeth, and involucre longer than the bluish heads. ® There 
are several other species from North Carolina S. 

2. SAKtCUIjA, SANICLE. (Latin name, from sano, to heal.) Common 
in thickets and open woods. Flowers greenish, crowded in small and head- 
like umbellets, in summer. 2/ 

S. Canadensis. Stems l°-2° high; leaves thin, palmately 3-.5-parted 
into wedge-obovate or oblong sharply cut and toothed divisions, the side ones 
often 2-lobed ; umbellets rather few-flowered, with the sterile flowers in the 
centre almost sessile ; styles shorter than prickles of the bur-like fruit. 

S. Marilandica. Stems 2° - 3° high ; leaves of firmer texture, with nar- 
rower divisions and rigid teeth ; umbellets with many flowers, the sterile ones 
on slender pedicels, fertile ones with long styles. 

3. DAtrCUS, CAKROT. (Ancient Greek name.) El. in summer. 

D. Carota, Com^ion C. Cult, from Europe for the root, occasionally mn 
wild : leaves cut into fine divisions ; umbel concave and dense in fruit, like 
a.bird's nest; involucre of pinnatifid leaves. (2) 

4. HYDROCOTYLE, WATER-PENNYWORT. (Erom Greek words 
for water and flat dish.) Low and small very smooth herbs, growing in water 
or wet places, mostly with creeping or rooting stems, and simple rounded 
leaves either kidney-shaped or peltate. El. all summer. 2/ 

* Leaves peltate from the centre, on long petioles which, as well as the peduncles, 

rise from slender running rootstocks • fruit sharp-margined. 

H. umbellata. Along the coast and rivers from Mass. S. : flowers many 
in the umbel, on slender pedicels ; petioles and peduncles 3' - 8' high. 

H. interrupta. Same range, smaller than the other, with fcAv flowers on 
short pedicels in each of the little umbellets growing one above the other to form 
an interrupted spike. 

* * Leaves not peltate : peduncles and pedicels both short : stems slender, branched. 

H. Americana. Shady damp places ; leaves thin, small, crenate and 
lobed, on short petioles, with minute flowers in their axils. 

There are two larger, long-petioled, but less common species from Pennsyl- 
vania S., viz. H. REPANDA and H. ranunculoides. 

5. CORIANDRUM, CORIANDER. (Name from Greek word for bug: 
the herbage has a bedbug-like scent.) 

C. sativum. Cult, from the Orient, for the aromatic coriander-seed : low, 
with small umbels of few rays ; fl. summer. ® 

6. OSMORRHIZ A, SWEET CICELY, not the European plant of that 
name, which is Myrrhis odorXta, with much more sweet-scented fruit. 
(Name, Greek for scented root, the root being sweet-aromatic.) Rich moist 
woods, common N. : fl. late spring and summer. 2/ 

O. longistylis, the smoother species, with the sweeter root, has slender 
styles, and ovate cut-toothed short-pointed leaflets, Avhich are slightly downy. 

O. brevistylis, has conical styles not longer than the breadth of the ovary, 
and doAvny-hairy taper-j)oiuted almost pinnatifid leaflets. 



PARSLEY FAMILY. 165 

7. CONIUM, POISON HEMLOCK. (Greek name of the Hemlock by 

which criminals and philosophers were put to death at Athens.) 
C. maculatuni, Spotted H. Waste grounds, run wild, from Eu. : 
a smootli, branching herb, with spotted stems about 3° high, very compound 
leaves with lanceolate and pinnatitid leaflets, ill-scented when bruised : a virulent 
poison, used in medicine : fl. summer. (D 

8. CICIJTA, WATER-HEMLOCK. (Ancient Latin name of the true 
Hemlock, transferred to some equally poisonous plants.) Fl. summer. 2/ 

C. maculata, Spotted Cowbane, Musquash-Root, Beaver-Poison, 
&c. Tall smooth stem sometimes streaked with purple, but seldom really 
spotted ; leaflets lance-oblong, coarsely toothed or sometimes cut-lobed, veiny, 
the main veins mostly running into the notches ; fruit aromatic when bruised ; 
root a deadly poison. 

9. SIXJM, WATER-PARSNIP. (Old name, of obscure meaning.) 11 
S. lineare, the common species, in water and wet places : tall, smooth, 

with grooved-angled stems, simply pinnate leaves, the long leaflets linear or 
lanceolate, very sharply serrate and taper-pointed, and globular fruit with 
wing-like corky ribs : fl. all summer. Root and herbage also poisonous. 

10. APIUM, CELERY, &c. (Old Latin name.) One species cult.: viz. 
A. graveolens. A strong-scented, acrid, if not poisonous plant, of the 

coast of Europe ; of which the var. dulce, Garden Celery, is a state rendered 
bland and the base of the leafstalks enlarged, succulent and edible when 
blanched, through long cultivation ; leaves pinnately divided into 3-7 coarse 
and wedge-shaped cut or lobed leaflets or divisions ; umbels and fruits small. 
Var. rapaceum, Turnip-rooted Celery, is a state with the root enlarged 
and eatable. © 

11. CARUM, CARAWAY, &c. (Name perhaps from the country, Cana.) 
§ L True Caraway, with finely pinnately compound leaves, and white fiowers. 
C Carui, Garden Caraway : cult, from Eu., for the caraicay-seed, the 

oblong highly aromatic fruit ; stem-leaves with slender but short thread-shaped 
divisions. 

§ 2. Parsley or Petroselinum, xvith coarser leaves and greenish flowers. 
C. Petroselinum (or Petroselinum sativum). Parsley: cult, from 
Eu., especially the curled-leaved state, for the pleasant-flavored foliage, used in 
cookery, chiefly the root-leaves, which have ovate and wedge-shaped 3-lobed and 
cut-toothed divisions ; fruit ovate. ® 

12. FCENICULUM, FENNEL. (Name from the Latin /(c«»m, hay.) 
F. vulgare, Common F. Cult, from Eu., for the sweet-aromatic foliage 

and fruit : stout very smooth herb 4^ - 6° high ; leaves with very numerous 
and slender thread-shaped divisions ; large umbel with no involucre or involu- 
cels ; fruit ^' or \' long, in late summer. % 

13. LEViSTICUM, LOVAGE. (Ancient Latin name.) One species. 
L. officinale, Garden L. Cult, in old gardens, from Eu. : a tall, very 

smooth, sweet aromatic herb, with large ternately or pinnately decompound 
leaves, coarse wedge-oblong and cut or lobed leaflets, a thick root, and small 
many-flowered umbels. 2/ 

14. ARCH ANGELIC A. (Genus established on a v«;pecies of Angelica.) 
Fl. summer. 2/ 

A. atropurptirea, Great A. Moist deep soil N. : strong-sccntod, 
smooth, with very stout dark-purple stem 3° - 6° liigh, large leaves tornatcly 
compound, and the divisions with 5-7 pinuate leaflets, which are ovate and 



166 GINSENG FAMILY. 

cut-serrate ; petioles with large inflated membranaceous base ; flowers greenish- 
white ; fruit smooth and thin-winged. 

A. hirsuta. Dry ground, commoner S. : stem 2° - 5° high, rather slen- 
der, downy at top, as are the umbels and broadly winged fruits ; leaflets thick- 
ish, ovate-oblong, serrate; flowers bright white. 

15. HERACLEUM, COW-PARSNIP. (Named after Hercules.) Fl. 
summer. 2/ 

H. lan^tum, Downy C, wrongly called Masterwort. Damp rich 
ground N. : very stout, 4° - 8° high, woolly-hairy when young, unpleasantly 
strong-scented, with large cut and toothed or lobed leaflets, some of them heart- 
shaped at base, and broad umbels with white flowers and large fruits. 

16. PASTINACA, PARSNIP. (Latin name, ^om pastus, food.) 

P. sativa, Common P. Run wild in low meadows, and then rather 
poisonous, cult, from Eu. for the esculent strong- seen ted root : tall, smooth, 
with grooved stem, coarse and cut-toothed or lobed leaflets, and umbels of small 
yellow flowers. @ 

55. ARALIACE.^, GINSENG FAMILY. 

Like the foregoing family, but often shrubs or trees, usually more 
than two styles and cells to the ovary and fruit, the latter a berry 
or drupe. Besides a few choice and uncommon shrubby house- 
plants, represented only by the two following genera. The flowers 
in both are more or less polygamous, and the lobes or margin of 
the calyx very short or none. Petals and stamens 5. 

1. ARALTA. Flowers in simple or panicled umbels, white or greenish: the petals 

lightly overlapping in the bud. Styles 2-5, separate to the base, except in 
sterile flowers. Leaves compound or decompound. Root, bark, fruit, &c. 
warm-aromatic or pungent. 

2. HE D ERA. Flowers in panicled or clustered umbels, greenish : petals valvate 

in the bud. Ovary 5-celIed: the 5 styles united into a conical column. 
Leavps simple, palmately 3 - 5-lobed or angled. Woody stems climbing by 
rootlets. 

1. ARALIA. (Derivation obscure : said to be a Canadian name under 
which a species Avas sent from Quebec to the Garden of Plants at Paris.) ^ 

§ 1. Wild Sarsaparilla, &c. Flowers perfect or polygamous with both fertile 
and sterile on the same plant : umbels more than one : fruit black or dark 
purple, spicy : seeds or cells and styles 5. 

* Large and leafy -stemmed, ivith very compound leaves sometimes 2° or 3° across, 

and with many umbels in a large compound panicle : fl. in summer. 

A. spinbsa, Angelica Tree, Hercules' Club. River-banks from 
Penn. S., and planted : a shrub or low tree, of peculiar aspect, the simple stout 
trunk rising 6° - 20° high and beset Avith prickles, bearing immense leaves with 
ovate serrate leaflets, and coiymbed or panicled umbels. 

A. racemdsa, Spikenard. Woodlands in rich soil, with herbaceous 
stems 3° - ,5° high from a thick aromatic root, not prickly, widely spreading 
branches, heart-ovate leaflets doubly serrate and slightly downy, and racemed- 
panicled-umbels. 

* * Smaller : short stems scarcely woody at base : few umbels : fl. early summer. 
A. hispida, Bristly Sarsaparilla. Rocky places : bristly stems 1° - 

2° high, leafy below, naked and bearing corymbed umbels above ; leaves twice 
pinnate, the leaflets oblong-ovate and cut-toothed. 

A. nudicaillis, Common Wild S. Low ground: the aromatic horizontal 
slender roots running 3°- .'jO long, used as a substitute for officinal Sarsaparilla ; 
the smooth proper stem rising only 2' - 4' inches, bearing a single long-stalked 



DOGWOOD FAMILY. . 167 

leaf of 5 ovate or oval serrate leaflets on each of the 3 divisions of the petiole, 
and a short peduncle with 2-7 umbels. 

§ 2. Ginseng. Sterile and fertile flowers on separate simple-stevuned plants, in 
a single slender-stalked umbel, below it a single whorl of dig date leaves: 
styles and cells of the fruit 2 or 3. 

A. quinquefolia, Ginseng. Rich woods N. : root spindle-shaped, warm- 
aromatic, 4' - 9' lon«^ ; stem 1° high; leaflets .5 at the end of each of the 3 
petioles, slender-stalked, thin, obovate-oblong, pointed, serrate ; fl. in summer ; 
fruit red. 

A. trifolia, Dwarf G. or Ground-nut. Low woods, N. : 4' - 8' high 
from a deep globular pungent-tasted root ; leaflets 3 or sometimes .5 sessile on 
the end of each of the 3 petioles, narrow-oblong and obtuse : fl. in spring ; fruit 
orange-yellow. 

2. HEDERA, IVY. (The ancient Latin name.) Fl. late summer. 

H. Helix, True or English Ivy, from Europe. Woody climber, with 
evergreen glossy rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped and 3-lobed or 3-angled 
leaves, or in some varieties more deeply 3 - 7-cleft, yellowish-green flowers, and 
blackish berries ; covers shaded walls, &c., adhering by its rootlets, but scarcely 
stands far N. without some protection. 

56. CORNACE^, DOGWOOD FAMILY. 

Shrubs, trees, or one or two mere herbs, with simple leaves, small 
flowers, calyx-tube in the perfect or pistillate ones coherent with the 
surface of the 1 — 2-celled ovary, which is crowned with the small 
calyx-teeth or minute cup, bearing the petals (valvate in the bud) 
and stamens of the same number : style and stigma single : ovule 
and seed solitary in the cells, hanging from the summit : fruit a 
small drupe or berry. 

Garrya ELLiPTiCA, a Singular Californian shrub, with thick op- 
posite leaves, and dioecious greenish flowers in hanging catkin-like 
spikes, is rarely cultivated or planted. 

1. CORNUS, Flowers perfect, in cymes, close clusters, or heads (with or with- 

out a corolla-like involucre). ^Minute teeth of the calyx, petals, and sta- 
mens 4. Style slender: stigma terminal. Berry -like little drupe with a 
2-celled 2-seeded stone. Leaves entire, opposite except in one species, 
deciduous. Bark very bitter, tonic. 

2. AUCUBA. Flowers dioecious, dull purple, in axillary panicles. Teeth or lobes 

of the calyx and petals 4. Stamens in the sterile flowers 4, with short fila- 
ments and oblong anthers. Fertile flowers with a 1 celled ovary, becoming 
an oblong red berry in fruit: style short: stigma capitate Leaves opposite, 
coriaceous and glossy, evergreen", smooth, more or less toothed. 

3. NYSSA. Flowprs polygamous or dia;cious, greenish, crowded or clustered on 

the summit of an axillary peduncle, the sterile ones numerous, the fertile 
2-8 m a bracted cluster, or rarely solitary. Calyx of 5 or more lobes 
or teeth. Petals small and narrow,' or minute, or none. Style slender or 
awl-shaped, bearing a stigma down the whole length of one side, revolute. 
Ovary and stone of the drupe 1-celled and 1-seeded. Trees, with deciduous 
alternate leaves, often crowded on the end of the branchlets, either entire, 
angled, or few-toothed. 

1. CORNUS, CORNEL or DOGWOOD. (Name from cornu, horn, from 
the hardness of the wood.) Fl. late spring and early summer. 

§ I. Flowers greenish, crowded in a head or close cluster, which is surrounded hu 
a showt/ corolla-like (white or rarely pinkish) -i-hari'd inro/ucre : fruit 
bright red. 

C. Canadensis, Dwarf Cornkl, Bunch-hkuky. Danjp woods N. : 
a low herb, tiie stems springing from creeping slender subterranean shoots 



168 DOGWOOD FAMILY. 

which are slightly woody, bearing 4-6 ovate or oval leaves at the summit, as 
if in a whorl, below the stalked flower-head ; petal-like leaves of the involucre 
ovate ; fruits globular, in a cluster, rather eatable. 

C florida, Flowering Dogwood. Rocky woods, also planted for orna- 
ment : tree 12° -30° high, with ovate pointed leaves, petal-like leaves of the 
involucre (1^'long) obcordate or obovate and notched, and oval fruits in a 
head. According to common tradition flowering just at the proper time for 
planting Indian Corn. 

§ 2. Flowers yellow [earlier than the leaves), in a small umbel, surrounded by 

a small and dull-colored involucre of 4 scales : fruit bright red. 
C. Mas. Sparingly planted from Eu. : a tall shrub or low tree, with oval 
pointed leaves and handsome oblong fruit, the pulp eatable and pleasantly acid. 

§ 3. Flowers ichite in open and flat cymes, without involucre, in early summer : 
fruit small, globular, not eatable, blue or white, in an exotic species black. 
* Branches of the previous year red or purple, especially in spring. 
C. sanguinea, European Red-Osier D. Sometimes planted from Eu. : 
erect, with ovate leaves rather downy beneath, and black or dark purple fruit. 

C. Stolonifera, Wild Red-Osier D. Shrub 3° -6° high, in wet places 
N., spreading by prostrate or subteiTanean running shoots, smooth, with ovate 
abruptly pointed leaves roughish both sides and whitish beneath, small cymes, 
and white or lead-colored fruit. 

C. sericea, Silky D. or Kinxikinnik (the dry bark smoked by the In- 
dians W. ) : in wet places, has dull red branches, the shoots, cymes, and lower 
face of the narrow ovate or oblong pointed leaves silky-downy ; fruit bluish. 
* * Branches brownish or gray. 

C. asperifolia, Rough-leaved D. Dry soil from Illinois S. : shrub 
3° - 5° high, with branches and small oblong or ovate leaves pubescent, upper 
face of the latter rough, the lower downy ; cymes small and flat ; fruit bluish. 

C. Stricta, Stiff D. Wet grounds S' : shrub 8° -15° high, with ovate 
or lance-ovate taper-pointed leaves smooth and green both sides, loose flat 
cymes, and pale blue fruit. 

C. paniculata, Panicled D. Moist grounds, common N. : shrub 3° -8° 
high, much branched, smooth, with ash-colored bark, lance-ovate pointed leaves 
acute at base and whitish beneath, and proportionally large and numerous con- 
vex cymes, often panicled ; fruit white. 

* * * Branches green streaked with brownish or whitish. 

C. circinata, Round-leaved D. Wooded hillsides, &c. : shnib3°-10° 
high, with Avarty-dotted branches, pretty large round-oval and short-pointed 
leaves downy beneath, small flat cymes, and light blue fruit. 

C. alternifolia, Alternate-leaved D." Hillsides and banks of streams : 
shi-ub or tree 8° - 25° high, with streaked alternate and spreading branches, 
ovate or oblong taper-pointed leaves acute at base and only minutely pubescent 
beneath, mostly alternate, but crowded at the end of the branches ; cymes large 
and flat, very open ; fruit bright blue on reddish stalks. 

2. AUCXJBA. The Japanese name of the species commonly cultivated as 
a house-plant, viz. 

A. Japoniea. Shrub, with large ovate-oblong leaves bright green and 
usually marbled with yellow, the flowers inconspicuous, but the red berries 
when formed handsome. 

3. NYSSA, TUPELO, PEPPERIDGE, SOUR GUM-TREE. (The 

Greek name of a Nymph, of no very obvious application to these trees. j 
n. spring. Fruit acid. 

* Sterile flowers in loose clusters : fruit blue, not eatable. 

N. multiflora, Common Tupelo or Sour Gum, in rich woods, N. & S. : 
tree 30° - 50° high, with horizontal branches and Beech-like spray, ovate or 
obovate leaves entire and smooth or glossy when old, fertile flowers 3 - 8 on the 



HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 169 

slender peduncle, and dark blue oval fruit ^' long. Wood tough, hard to split. 
Leaves changing to bright crimson in autumn. 

"N. aquatica, Water Tupelo, of the S., in pine-barren swamps ; with 
smaller leaves than in the preceding (1'- 2' long) and varying from lance-oblong 
to roundish, short peduncles, the fertile 1 - 2-ilowered, and smaller oval fruit. 

N. unifl6ra, Large Tupelo ; in water, from Virg. and Kentucky S. : 
large tree, with leaves ovate or oblong, acute, often with a few sharp teeth, 
4' - 6' long, on slender petioles, downy beneath ; fertile peduncles long and 
1 -flowered ; fruit oblong, about 1' long. Wood soft : roots very spongy, used 
for corks. 

* * Sterile flowers in a head: oblong fruit red and eatable. 

W. eapitata, Ogeechee Lime ; so called from the acid fruit (1' or more 
long) : in swamps far S. : a small tree, with oblong or obovate leaves (3' -5^ 
long) downy beneath; fertile flowers solitary on very short peduncles. 



IL MONOPETALOUS DIVISION. Includes the orders of 
this class which have both calyx and corolla, and the latter in one 
piece, that is, the petals united more or less into one body. 

57. CAPRIPOLIACE^, HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 

Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with calyx adherent to the 2 - 5-celled 
ovary (the teeth or limb above it sometimes nearly obsolete or ob- 
scure), stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla (or in Linnaea 
one fewer) and borne on its tube, and opposite leaves without 
stipules. Yet in some species of Viburnum there are little append- 
ages imitating stipules on the base of the petiole. Seeds with a 
small embryo in fleshy albumen. 

§ 1. Perennial herbs, with bell-shaped or tubular corolla, prominent awl-shaped or 
linear lubes to the calyx, and a slender style tipped with a capitate stigma. 

1. LINNiEA. A pair of flowers nodding on the summit of a slender scape-like 

peduncle. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, with 5 almost equiil rounded lobes. 
Stamens 4, two of them shorter. Ovary and small pod 3-celled, but perfect- 
ino; a seed in only one cell. Creeping evergreen herb. 

2. TRIOSTEUM. Flowers sessile in the axils of the leaves, single or in a cluster. 

Corolla oblong-tubular, with 5 short almost equal lobe?, scarcely longer than 
the leaf-like lobes of the calyx. Stamens 5, equal. Fruit fleshy, orange or 
red, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes, containing 3 bony seeds or 
rather nutlets. Erect and coarse leafy herbs; their leaves narrowed at base, 
but united around the simple stem. 

^ 2. Shrubby, with tubular or bell-shaped corolla, slender style, and capitate siigina. 

* Teeth of the calyx very short on the 2 - i-celled ovary : fruit a berry : leaves simple^ 

entire, or rarely xoavy or lobed on some vigorous young shouts. 

8. SYMPHORICARPUS. Flowers small, in close clusters or interrupted spikes. 
Corolla bell-shaped, with 4 or 5 equal roundish lobes and as many short 
stamens in the throat. Ovary 4-celled, but the berry only 2-seeded, two cells 
being empty. Low upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled leaves. 

4. LONICERA. Corolla tubular, funnel-form, or oblong, more or less irregular, 
being gibbous or bulging on one side at base, and the 5 lobes not all alike, but 
in one species nearly so. Stamens 5. Ovary 2 - 3-ceUed, becoming a sev- 
eral-seeded berry. Twining or upright shrubs. 

* * Teeth or lubes of the calyx slmder, on the summit of the slender or taper-pointed 

ovary tohich becomes a mamj-seeded 2-valved pod : leans simple, serrate. 
6. DIERVILLA. Corolla fmmel-form, almost regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. 
Ovary narrow, sometimes linear and stalk-like. Low upright shrubs, with 
flowers iu terminal or axillary loose clusters or cymes. 



170 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 

« 

§ 3. Shrubs or some low trees, with small flowers in broad cymes, short and mdely 
optn deeply b-lobed regular corolla, 1-3 sessile stigmas, and berry-like fruit, 
containing 1-3 seeds or rather seed-like stones. Calyx-teeth on the ovary veTy 
short or obscure : stamens 5. 

6. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple. Fruit containing a single flat or flattish stone. 

7. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pinnate, and the oblong or lanceolate leaflets serrate. 

Fruit containing 3 seeds or rather small seed-like stones. 

1. LINN-^A, TWIN-FLOWER. (Named for Linnceus.) Only one 
species, 

L. borealis. Mossy woods and cold bogs N, : creeping stems bearing 
round-oval and sparingly crenate somewhat hairy small leaves, and in early 
summer the sweet-scented flowers ; corolla purple and whitish, hairy inside. 

2. TRIOSTEUM, FEVER WORT, HORSE-GENTIAN. (Greek for 
three bones, from the 3 bony seeds or rather stones.) The root has been used 
in medicine, and the seeds for coffee. In rich soil : fl. early summer. 

T. perfoli^tum, the common species, is softly hairy, 2° - 4° high, with 
oval leaves abruptly narrowed at base, and brownish-purple flowers. 

T. angUStifolium, chiefly S., a smaller and bristly-hairy plant, with nar- 
rower lanceolate leaves more tapering at base, and greenish or cream-colored 
flowers. 

3. SYMPHOB-ICARPITS. (Name from the Greek, denotes crowded 
fruits.) Wild on rocky banks, especially W. & S., and cult, for the orna- 
mental insipid berries. Flowers white or slightly rose-color, produced all 
summer. 

S. racem6sus, Snowberrt. Clusters of flowers in interrupted leafy- 
spikes (rather than racemes) tenninating the branches ; berries snow-white, in 
autumn. Common in gardens. 

S. vulgaris, Coral-berry, Indian Currant. Short clusters of flowers 
in the axils of most of the leaves ; berries small, dark red. 

4. LONICBRA, HONEYSUCKLE, WOODBINE. (Named for an old 
German herbalist, Lonitzer, latinized Lonicerus. ) 

§ 1. True Honetsuckles, with twining stems {in one wild species slightly so). 

* Corolla with very long tube and 5 short almost regular lobes. 
L. sempervirens, Trumpet H. Wild from New York S., and com- 
monly cult. Leaves evergreen (as the name denotes) only at the S., thickish, 
pale beneath, the lower oblong, the uppermost pairs united round the stem ; 
flowers scentless, in spiked whorls, 2' long, scarlet with yellow inside (also 
a yellow variety), produced all summer; berries red. 

* * Corolla strongly 2-lipped; lower lip nwrow, upper one broad and A-lobed. 
-^ The 2 to 4: uppermost pairs of leaves united round the stem in the form of an oval 
or rounded disk or shalloiv cup, the flowers sessile in their axils, or paii.ly in 
leafless spiked whorls beyond : berries red or orange. 
-•-*• European Honeysuckles, cultivated for ornament : flowers purple and white or 
turning yellowish inside, sweet-scented, in summer. 

L. Caprif6Iium, Common European H., has leaves smooth on both 
sides, and flowers usually only in early summer. 

L. Etriisca, Italian or Perpetual H., has the leaves downy beneath 
and blunter, and floAvers through the summer. 

++ ++ Wild species, with flowers smooth and nearly scentless, except the first species, 
in late spring or early summer: leaves smooth [except one variety) and 
glaucous or whitish beneath. 

L. gr^ta, Sweet Wild H. Wild in Middle States and S., sometimes 
cult. : leaves obovate ; corolla white with a pink or purple slender tube, fading 
yellowish, fragrant. 



HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 171 

L. fl^va, Yellow H, Wild N. W. and along the Alleghanies ; low- 
climbing ; the broad and thickish leaves very white-glaucous both sides ; flowers 
light yellow. 

L. parvifldra, Small H. Low and bushy, with oblong leaves green 
above, but very white-glaucous beneath; the corolla (less than 1' long) strongly 
gibbous at base, greenish-yellow or whitish and tinged with purple : in the var. 
Douglasii, found only N. W., nearly crimson, and the greener leaves downy 
beneath or ciliate. 

•♦-*•++++ Wild species with clammy-pubescent orange-colored flowers. 

L. hirstlta, Hairy H. Moist or rocky grounds N. & W. : with oval and 
large dull green leaves, the lower face and branches downy-hairy. 

•t- -1- Leaves all separate and short-petioled, not glaucous, pubescent : flowers in 
pairs on axillary peduncles. 

L. Japonica (commonly so called, L. confusa, DC. ), Japan or Chinese H. 
Commonly cult. ; the slender downy stems twining freely, with oval dull green 
leaves, and flowers very fragrant at evening ; corolla deeply 2-lipped, reddish 
outside, white inside turning yellow. 

§ 2. Fly-Honeysuckles, upright or straggling bushes, never twining, with 
leaves all distinct to the base, and a pair of flowers on the summit of an 
axillary peduncle, the two berries sometimes united into one. 
* Four large leafy bracts surrounding two cylindrical {%' long) yellowish flowers. 

L. involucrata. Wild from Lake Superior to California, and sparingly 
planted : shrub 2° - 5° high, downy when young, with ovate or oblong leaves 
3' - 5' long, on short petioles, clammy flowers, and berries quite separate. 

* * The two 01- four bracts under the ovaries small or minute. 

-1- Planted for ornament from Europe : flowers rose or pink-red, profuse and shoun/. 

L. Tartariea, Tartarian H. Much-branched shrub 5° - 8° high, smooth, 
with oval heart-shaped leaves, short corolla, and red berries uniting at base as 
they ripen : fl. spring. 

-I- -i- Wild species, in moist cold woods or bogs N. ; flowers yellowish. 

L. Ciliata, Early Fly-H. Straggling, 3° - 5° high, with oval or oblong 
and partly heart-shaped leaves thin and downy beneath when young, slender 
peduncles, honey-yellow corolla {'i' long) with short nearly equal lobes and very 
unequal-sided base, and separate red berries : fl. early spring. 

L. Oblongifdlia, Swamp F. Upright, 2° - 5° high, with oblong leaves, 
long and slender peduncles, deeply 2-lipped corolla (|' long) in early summer, 
and purple berries. 

Ij. CSerulea, Mountain F., the rarest species, 10-2° high, with oval 
leaves, very short peduncle, moderately 5-lobed corolla, and two ovaries united 
to form one blue berry. 

5. DIERVILLA, BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE. (Named for one Dierville, 
who took the common species from Canada to France.) 

* Wild species, on rods and hills, with pale or honey-yellow and slender funnel- 

form corolla, not showy, and oblong pod. 

D. triflda. Common B. ; everywhere N., 10-4° high, with oblong-ovate 
taper-pointed leaves on distinct petioles, mostly 3-flowercd peduncles, and slen- 
der pointed pods : fl. all summer. 

D. sessilif61ia, only along the Alleghanies S., has lance-ovate sessile 
leaves, many-flowered peduncles, and short-pointed pods : fl. summer. 

* * Planted for ornament from Japan and China ; the shoicy rose-colored corolla 

broadly funnel form' with an abruptly narroiccd base, irry shnder stalk-like 
ovary and linear pod. 
D. Jap6nica. Shrub 2° - .5° high, loaded with the handsome flowers in 
late spring ; corolla 1' or more long ; leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed. 



172 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 

6. VIBURNUM, ARROW- WOOD, &c. (Ancient Latin name, of un- 
certain meaning. ) Flowers white, or nearly so, in spring or early summer : 
fruit ripe in autumn. 

§ 1 . Flowers all alike, small, and perfect. 
* Cult, or planted from S. Europe, with evergreen smooth entire leaves. 

V. Tinus, Laurestixus. Not hardy N., but a common house-plant, 
winter-flowering, or planted out in summer ; leaves oblong ; fruit dark purple. 



* * 



Wild species, some occasionally planted : leaves deciduous, at least N. 



-»- Leaves not lobed nor coarsely toothed, smooth or with some minute scurf: fruit 
black or with a bluish bloom. 
•*-*• Leaves glossy , finely and evenly serrate with very sharp teeth. 

V. LentagO, Sheep-berry. Tree 15°- 30° high, common in moist 
grounds, chieily N. ; leaves ovate, conspicuously pointed, on long margined 
petioles ; cyme broad, sessile ; fruit oval, ^' or more long, sweet, eatable. 

V. prunifolium, Black Haw. Dry soil, from Conn, to 111. and S. : 
hardly so tall as the preceding, with smaller and oval mostly blunt leaves. 
■t-t- ++ Leaves entire or with a few wavy or crenate small teeth, thickish. 

V. obovatum. Along sti-eams from Virginia S. : shrub with obovate 
leaves seldom over 1' long, and small sessile cymes. 

V. nudum, Withe-rod. Swamps, from New England to Florida ; with 
leaves oval, oblong, or almost lanceolate, not glossy ; cyme on a peduncle ; fruit 
roundish. 

•»- -I- Leaves coarsely toothed, strongly feather-veined, the veins prominently marked, 
straight and simple or nearly so : fruit small : cyme peduncled. 

V. dentatum, Arrow-wood (the stems having been used by the Indians 
to make arrows). Common in wet soil, 5°- 10° high, smooth, with ash-colored 
bark, pale and broadly ovate evenly sharp-toothed leaves, on slender petioles, 
and bright blue fruit. 

V. moile. Soft A. From Kentucky S., soft-downy, with less sharply 
toothed oval or obovate leaves, on slender petioles, and blue oily fruit. 

V. pubeseens, Downy A. Rocky grounds, N. & W. ; a low and strag- 
gling shrub, with ovate or oblong and acute or taper-pointed leaves, having 
rather few coarse teeth, their lower surface and the very short petioles soft-do^vny ; 
fruit dark purple. 

-»--*- H- Leaves both coarsely toothed and somewhat 3-lobed, roundish, 3 - 5-ribbed 
from the base and veiny : cymes slender-peduncled, small : fruit red. 

V. acerifolium. Maple-leaved A. or Dockmackie. Shrub 3° -6° 
high, in rocky woods, with S-ribbed and 3-iobed leaves soft-downy beneath, their 
pointed lobes diverging ; stamens slender. 

V. pauciflorumr Cold woods, only far N. or on mountains ; with almost 
smooth leaves 5-ribbed at base and 3-lobed at summit ; cyme few-flowered ; 
fruit sour. 

§ 2, Flowers round the margin of the cyme neutral {without stamens or pistils) and 
very much larger than the fertile ones, Hydiangea-like and showy : petioles 
bearing evident appendages lohich imitate stipules : fruit red, sour. 

V. Opulus, Cranberry-tree. Tall and nearly smooth shrub, with gray 
bark, scaly buds, 3 - 5-ribbed and strongly 3-lobed leaves, the lobes pointed and 
commonly few-toothed, and cymes peduncled. The wild form in low grounds 
N. & E. ; the juicy acid fruit bright red, used as a substitute for cranberries 
(whence the name of High Cranberry-bush). The long-cultivated form 
from Europe, planted for ornament, under the name of Guelder Rose or 
Snowball-tree, has most of the flowers of the cyme changed into enlarged 
corollas. 

V. lantanoides, Hobble-bush (popular name from the straggling or 
reclining branches taking root at the end, and forming loops ; the botanical 
name because the leaves resemble the V. Lantana or" Wayfaking-tkee of 



MADDER FAMILY. 173 

Europe, occasionally planted (but that has no enlarged neutral flowers) : cold 
moist woods N., with naked buds, large round-ovate leaves heart-shaped at base 
and abruptl}^ pointed at the apex, closely serrate, and pinnately many-veined, 
the veins and netted veinlets prominent underneath and covered, like the stalks 
and branchlets, with rusty scurf ; cymes showy, very broad, sessile ; fruit not 
eatable, coral -red turning crimson. 

7. SAMBUCUS, ELDER. (Erom Greek name of an ancient musical in- 
strument, supposed to have been made of Elder stalks.) 

S. Canadensis, Common or Black-berried Elder. Alluvial soil, 
fence-rows, &c. Stems woody only towards the base, 5° -6° high, with white 
pith, 7-11 oblong smooth or smoothish leaflets, the lowermost often 3-parted ; 
flat cymes in early summer, and small black-purple fruit. 

S. ptlbens, Red-berried E. Rocky woods chiefly N., with more woody 
stems and warty bark, yellow-brown pith, fewer and more lanceolate leaflets 
downy underneath, panicle-like or convex cymes, in spring, followed by bright 
red berries. 

58. RUBIACE^, MADDER FAMILY. 

Like the preceding family, but with stipules between the opposite 
(or sometimes ternately whorled) entire leaves, or else (in the true 
Madder Family) the leaves whorled without stipules. An immense 
family in the tropics, and here represented by several wild and a 
few commonly cultivated species. (The commonest in choice con- 
servatories, not here described, are Burchellia Capensis, a shrub 
with a head of orange-scarlet flowers, the corolla almost club-shaped; 
Manettia cordifolta, a twiner with ovate somewhat heart- 
shaped leaves, and long tubular somewhat 4-sided scarlet corollas, 
or M. bicolor, with lanceolate leaves, and corolla red toward the 
base, yellow toward the summit ; Pentas carnea, with ovate- 
oblong hairy leaves, and terminal cyme of handsome flowers, with 
salver-form flesh- colored corolla, hairy in the enlarged throat and 
5-lobed.) 

L MADDER FAMILY proper. Leaves in whorls, without 
stipules. Ovary 2-celled, forming a small and twin, fleshy or berry- 
like, or else dry and sometimes bur-hke, 2-seeded fruit. Calyx above 
the ovary obsolete. 

1. RUBIA. Like the next, but the divisions of the corolla and the stamens 5. 

Fruit berry-like. 

2. GALIUM. Flowers small or minute, mostly in clusters, with a wheel-shaped 

4-pai'ted (or sometimes 3-parted) corolla, and as many short stamens. 
Styles 2. Slender herbs, with square stems, their angles and the edges of the 
leaves often rough or almost prickly. 

IL CINCHONA FAMILY, &c. Leaves opposite, or some- 
times in threes or fours, and with stipules. 

§ 1. Only a single ovule and seed in each cell. 

* Loio herbs, with narrow funnel-form or saher-form corolla, its lobes {valvate in the 
bud ) a7id the stamais 4. 

8. DIODIA. Flowers sessile in the axils of the narrow leaves. Stipules sheath- 
ing, dry, fringed with long bristles. Ovary 2-celled, in fruit splitting into 
2 hard and dry closed nutlets. 



174 MADDER FAMILY. 

4. MITCHELLA. Flowers in pairs at the end of branches, the two ovaries united 

into one, which in fruit forms a 2-eyed scarlet berry. Corolla densely white- 
bearded inside, white or purplish-tinged outside. Style 1: stigmas 4, slender. 
Seeds, or rather little stones, 4 to each of the two flowers. Stipules small, 
not fringed. 

* * Shrvhs or small trees : lobes of the corolla overlapping in the hud. 

6. CEPHALANTHUS. Flowers many and small, crowded in a close round head 
raised on a peduncle. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla tubular with 4 very short 
lobes. Stamens 4. Style long and much protruded, tipped with a capitate 
stigma. Fruit small, dry and hard, inversely pyramidal, at length splitting 
into 2 or 4 closed one-seeded portions. 

6. COFFEA. Flowers in small clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 4-5- 

toothed. Corolla with a short tube and 4 or 5 spreading lobes of about the 
same length. Stamens 4 or 5, with linear-obloug anthers. Style bearing 
2 slender stigmas. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a small berry, containing 2 hard 
plano-convex seeds with a groove down the face {coffee), enclosed in a loose 
parchment-like hull. 

^ 2. Several or many ovules and seeds in each cell of the ovar'y and fruit. 
* Shrubs or low tress., all except the first exotic house-plants. 

7. PINCKNEYA. Flowers in a terminal compound cyme. Calyx with 5 lobes, 

4 of them small and lanceolate, the fifth often transformed into a large bright 
rose-colored leaf! Corolla hairy, with a slender tube and 5 oblong-linear 
recurving lobes. Stamens 5, protruding. Fruit a globular 2-celled pod, filled 
with very many thin-winged seeds. 

8. GARDENIA. Flowers solitary at the end of the branches or nearly so, large, 

very fragrant. Calyx with 5 or more somewhat leaf-like lobes. Corolla 
funnel-shaped or salver-shaped, with 5 or more spreading lobes convolute in 
the bud, and as many linear anthers sessile in its throat. Style 1 : stigma 
of 2 thick lobes. Fruit fleshy, surmounted by the calyx-lobes, ribbed down 
the sides, many-seeded. 

9. BOUVARDIA. "Flowers in clusters at the end of the branches. Calyx with 

4 slender lobes. Corolla with a long and slender or somewhat trumpet-shaped 
tube, and 4 short spreading lobes, valvate in the bud. Anthers 4, almost 
sessile in the throat. Style 1: stigma of 2 flat lips. Pod small, globular, 
2-celled. Seeds wing-margined. 

* * Low, native herbs. 

10. HOUSTONIA. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, the 4 lobes valvate in the 
bud. Stamens 4. Style 1 : stigmas 2. Pod short, 2-celled, the upper part 
rising more or less free from the 4-lobed calyx, opening across the top, and 
ripening rather few saucer-shaped or thimbel-shaped pitted seeds in each cell. 
Stipules short and entire, sometimes a mere margin connecting the bases of 
■ the opposite leaves. 

1. RtlBIA, MADDER. (Name from Latin ruber, red, alludes to the red 
roots, which furnish the well-known red dye.) 

R. tinctdria, Common or Dyeks' M. Cult, fi-om Eu. for the red roots, 
branching from the ground, 1° -2° high, with angles of the stems and edges of 
the lance-oblong or oblanceolate leaves (mostly in sixes) very rough ; flowers 
greenish, in summer ; berry black. 2/ 

2. GALIUM, BEDSTRAW or CLEAVERS. (Name from Greek for 
milk, which some species in Europe were used to curdle.) Fl. summer. 
The following all wild species. Several have a red root like that of 
Madder. 

§ 1. Fruit a black berry, like that of Madder: but the parts of the white fower 
are only 4. Only in Southern States, in dry sandy soil. ^ 

G. hispidulum. Spreading stems 10-2° long; leaves in fours, ^' or 
less in length, lance-ovate ; peduncle 1 - 3-flowered ; berry roughish. 

G. unifldrum. Smooth, slender, 1° high ; leaves linear ; flowers mostly 
solitary. 



MADDER FAMILY. 175 

§ 2. Fruit dry when ripe, small. 

* Smooth : leaves with strong midrib but no side ribs or nerves : flowers white, 

loosely clustered at the end of spreading branches. 

G, asprellum, Rough Bedstraw. Low thickets : 3° - 5° high, as it 
were climbing', the backwardly prickiy-rougliened angles of the stem and edges 
and midrib of the lance-oblong pointed leaves adhering to contiguous plants ; 
leaves in whorls of 6 on the stem and of 4 or 5 on the branchlets : flowers 
numerous. 

G. trifl-dum, Small B. Swamps and low grounds, 6' -2° high, roughish 
or sometimes nearly smooth ; leaves varying from linear to oblong, 4 - 6 in the 
whorls ; flowers rather few, their parts often 3. 

* * Fruit smooth or slightly bristly : leaves ^-nerved : flowers white, in a narrow 

and long terminal panicle. ^ 

G. boreale, Northern B. Rocky banks of streams N. ; l°-2° high, 
smooth, erect, with lance-linear leaves in fours. 

* * * Fruit a little bur, being covered with hooked prickles. 
•^ Leaves mostly 6 or 8 in a whorl, with midrib and no side nerves : flowers whitish 
or greenish : stems reclining or prostrate, bristly-rough backwards on the angles. 

G. Aparine, Cleavers or Goose-Grass. Low grounds : leaves in 
eights, lanceolate, rough-edged, 1 ' - 2' long ; peduncles axillary, 1 - 2-flowered ; 
fruit large. ® 

G. triflorum, Saveet-scented Bedstraw. Woodlands, especially N. : 
leaves mostly in sixes, lance-oblong, bristle-pointed ; peduncles terminating the 
branches, 3-flowered. Sweet-scented in drying. 2/ 

•<- -I- Leaves all in fl)urs, more or less 3 nerved : flowers not white : stems ascending, 
about 1° high, rather simple, not prickly -roughened. If. 

G. pil6suni. Commonest S., in dry thickets : leaves oval, dotted, downy, 
1' long; flowers brown-purple or cream-colored, all pedicelled, the peduncle 
2-3-times forked. Var. puncticul6sum is a smooth form S. 

G. eircSBSans, Wild Liquorice, the root being sweetish : common in 
thickets ; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, ciliate ; peduncles once forked, their 
long branches bearing short-pedicelled dull or brownish flowers along the sides, 
the fruit reflexed. 

G. lanceolatum, like the preceding, common N. ; but with lanceolate or 
lance-ovate tapering leaves, 2' long, 

3. DIODIA, BUTTON-WEED. (Name from Greek for a thoroughfare, 
being humble weeds, often growing by the wayside.) El. all summer, white 
or whitish. 

D. Virginica. Sandy banks from Maryland S. ; Avith spreading stems 
1° - 2° long, broadly lanceolate sessile leaves, salver-shaped corolla ^' long, 
2-parted style, and oblong fruit crowned Avith 2 calyx-teeth. 2/ 

D. tdres. Sandy fields from N. Jersey and Illinois S. ; Avith slender stems 
3' - 9' long, linear and rigid leaves, small corolla rather shorter than the long 
bristles of the stipules, undivided style, and obovate little fruit croAvned Avith 
the 4 short calyx-teeth. (T) 

4. MITCHELLA, PARTRIDGE-BERRY. (NamedforDr. J. J//te/je//, 
Avho corresponded from Virginia Avith Linnaeus.) El. in early summer. 2}. 
M. ripens, the only species, common in Avoods ; a little herb, creeping over 

the ground, Avith the small eA^ci'grcen leaves round-ovate, very smooth and 
glossy, bright green, sometimes Avith Avhitish lines, short-petioled ; the tloAvers 
pretty and sweet-scented; the scarlet fruit remaining over Avinter, eatable, but 
dry and almost tasteless. 

5. CEPHALANTHUS, BUTTON-BUSH. (Name from Greek words 
for head i\nA flower.) El. summer and autumn. 

C. OCCident^lis, the only species, is a tall shrub, common along the bor- 



176 MADDER FAMILY. 

ders of ponds and streams, with lance-oblong or ovate-pointed leaves, on petioles, 
either in pairs or threes, and with short stipules between them ; the head of 
white flowers about 1 ' in diameter. 

6. COFFEA, COFFEE-TREE. (The Arabic name somewhat altered.) 
C. Arabiea, the species which produces Coffee, is a shrub or small tree, 

sometimes cult, in conservatories, with smooth and glossy oblong leaver-, bearing 
fragrant white flowers in their axils, folloAved by the red berries, containing the 
pair of seeds. 

7. PINCKNEYA, GEORGIA BARK or FEVER-TREE. (Named 
by Michaux in honor of Gen. Pinckney.) 

P. pubens, the only species, is a rather downy small tree or shrub, in wet 
pine barrens, S. Car. to Georgia, with large oval leaves, slender stipules, and 
purplish flowers of little beauty, but the great calyx-leaf commonly produced is 
striking. This plant is of the same tribe with the Cinchoxa or Peruvian 
BARK,~and has similar medicinal (tonic) properties. Fl. early summer. 

8. GARDENIA, CAPE JESSAMINE. Not an appropriate name, as the 
species so called does not belong to the Cape of Good Hope. (Named for 
Dr. Garden of South Carolina, who corresponded with Linnteus.) 

G. florida, Cape Jessamine. A favorite house-plant from China, 2° -4° 
high, Avith smooth and bright-green oblong leaves acute at both ends, large and 
showy very fragrant flowers, the white corolla 5 - 9-lobed, or full double, and 
large oblong orange-colored berry 5 - 6-angled and tapering at the base. 

9. BOUVARDIA. (Named for Dr. Bouvard, director of the Paris Gar- 
den of Plants over a century ago.) 

B. triphylla. Shrubby or half-shrubby house-plants, blossoming through 
the winter, and in grounds in summer, from Mexico, Avitli ovate or oblong- 
ovate smoothish leaves, in threes or the upper in pairs, and scarlet corolla, 
minutely downy outside, nearly 1' long. 

B. leiantha, now commoner and winter-blooming, has more downy leaves 
and smooth deep-scarlet corolla. 

10. HOUSTONIA. (Named by Linnaus for a Dr. Houston, an English 
physician, who botanized on the coast of Mexico, where he died early. ) 

* Delicate little plants, ivith l-flowered peduncles, Jiowerinq from early spring to 

summer : corolla salver-form : pod somewhat 2-lobed, its upper half free : 
seeds with a deep hole occupying the face. 

H. eserulea, Common H. or Bluets. Moist banks and grassy places, 
3'- 5' high, smooth and slender, erect, with oblong or spatulate leaves only 3" or 
4" long, very slender peduncle, and light blue, purplish, or almost white and 
yellowish-eyed corolla, its tube much longer than the lobes. (D 

H. minima. Dry hills from 111. S. W. : roughish, l'-4' high, at length 
much branched and spreading ; Avith leaves ovate, spatulate, or the upper linear, 
earlier joeduncles slender, the rest short, and tube of the purplish corolla not 
longer than its lobes and those of the calyx. T) (^ 

H. rotundifolia. Sandy soil from North Carolina S. : with prostrate and 
creeping leafy stems, peduncles shorter than the roundish leaves and recurved 
in fruit ; corolla Avhite. 2/ 

* * Erect, leafy -stemmed, 5' -20' high, with flowers in terminal clusters or cymes, 

in summer : corolla funnel -form : seeds rather saucer-shaped. 2/ 

H. purDUrea. "Wooded or rocky banks, commoner W. : smooth or slightly 
downy, with ovate or lanceolate 3 - 5-ribbed leaves, pale pui-ple flowers, and 
upper half of globular pod free from the calyx. 



VALERIAN FAMILY. 177 

Yar. longifolia, the common one N. ; slender or low, with 1 -ribbed leaves, 
those of the stem varying Irom lance-oblong to linear. 

H. angustifolia. Dry banks from 111. S. & W., with tvifted erect stems, 
narrow-linear and acute 1-ribbed leaves, crowded short-pedicelled flowers, lobes 
of the white corolla densely bearded inside, and only the top of the obovate pod 
rising above the calyx. 

59. VALERIANACE.^, VALERIAN FAMILY. 

Herbs, with opposite leaves, ro stipules, calyx coherent with the 
ovary, which has only one fertile one-ovuled cell but two abortive or 
empty ones, and stamens always fewer than the lobes of the corolla 
(l-o, distinct), and inserted on its tube. Style slender: stigmas 
1-3. Fruit small and dry, iudehiscent ; the single hanging seed 
with a large embryo and no albumen. Flowers small, in clusters 
or cymes. 

* Lobes of^ ilie calyx many and slender, but hardly seen when in flower, being rolled 
up inwards around the base of (he corolla; in fruit they unroll and appear 
as lunff 2>lumose bristles, resembling a pappus, lilce thistle-down. 

1. VALERIANA. Corolla with narrow or funnel-form tube usually gibbous at 

the base on one side, but not spurred, its 5 spreading lobes almost equal. 
Stamens ?. Akene 1-celled, the minute empty cells early disappearing. 
Root strong-scented. 

2. CENTRANTHUS. Corolla as in the preceding, but with a spur at the base. 

Stamen only one. 

* * Lobes of the calyx of a few short teeth or mostly hardly any. 

3. FEDIA. Corolla funnel-form, with 5 equal or rather unequal spreading lobes. 

Stamens n^ostly 3. Akene-like fruit with one fertile and two empty cells, or 
the latter confluent into one. 

1. VALEEIAWA, VALERIAN. (Name from valere, to be well, alluding 
to medical properties, the peculiai'-scented root of some species used in medi- 
cine.) Fl. early summer, often dioecious, white or purplish. 2/ 

* Garden species from Europe, producing the medicinal Valerian-root. 

V. OJ0&einalis, the commonest in gardens, 2° -3° high, a little downy, with 
leaves of 11 to 21 lanceolate or oblong cut-toothed leaflets, and rootstocks not 
running. 

V. Phu, is smoother, with root-leaves simple, stem-leaves of 5 - 7 entire 
leaflets or lobes, and rootstock horizontal. 

* * Wild species N. and chief)/ TV. : all rather rare or local. 

V. paueiiiora. Woodlands, Penn. to Illinois and S. W. ; l°-2° high, 
smooth, with thin ovate and heart-shaped toothed root-leaves, stem-leaves of 
3-7 ovate leaflets, rather few flowers in the crowded panicled cyme, and long 
slender corolla. 

V. sylvatica. Cedar swamps from Vermont W. & N. ; with root-leaves 
mostly ovate or oblong and entire, stem-leaves Avitli 5-11 lance-oblong or ovate 
almost entire leaflets ; corolla funnel-form. 

y. ednlis. Alluvial ground from Ohio W. ; l°-4°high, with a large 
spindle-sha])ed root (eaten by the Indians W.), thickish leaves mostly from the 
root and minutely woolly on the edges, those of the root lanceolate or s])atulate, 
of the stem cut into 3-7 long and narrow divisions. 

2. CENTHAWTHUS, SPURRED VALERIAN. (From Greek words 
fov spur i\x\d foiver.) Fl. summer. ^ 

C. ruber, Rep S. or Jupiter's-Beard. Cult, for ornament, from S. 
En. : a very smooth rather glaucous herb, l°-2° high, with lance-ovate nearly 
entire leaves, all the upper ones sessile, and cymes of small flowers in a narrow 
panicle, the corolla very slender, ^' long, red, rarely a white variety. 
12 



178 TEASEL FAMILY. 

3. FEDIA, CORN SALAD, LAMB-LETTUCE. (Orin-in of the name 
obscure.) Our species are a! 1 very much alike in appearance, smooth, with 
forkino- stems 6' - 20' iii<ih, tender oblong leaves either entire or cut-lobed 
towards the base, and small flowers in clusters or close cymes, with leafy 
bracts, and a short white or whitish corolla, in early summer. They 
belong to the section (by most botanists regarded as a separate genus) 
Valerianella. ® @ 
F. olitoria, Common? Corn Salad of Eu., sparingly naturalized in 

the Middle States, has fruit broader than long, and a thick corky mass at the 

back of the fertile cell. 

F. Fagopyrum, from New York W. in low grounds, has ovate-triangular 

smooth fruit shaped like a grain of buckw^heat when dry (whence the specific 

name), the confluent empty cells occupying one angle, and much smaller than 

the broad and flat seed. 

F. radiata, common from Penn. and Michigan S., has fruit mostly downy 

and somewhat 4-angled, the parallel narrow empty cells contiguous but with 

a deep groove between them. 



60. DIPSACE^, TEASEL FAMILY. 

Differs from the preceding family by having the flowers strictly 
in heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in tlie next family, — from 
which it differs in the separate stamens, hanging seed, &c. All 
are natives of the Old World. 

1. DIPSACUS. Coarse and stout herbs, with stems and midrib of leaves often 

prickly, and the heads with rigid prickly-pointed bracts or chaff under each 
flower, under the whole a conspicuous leafy involucre. Each flower more- 
over has an involucel in the form of a little calyx-like body enclosing the 
ovary and akene. Calyx continued beyond the ovary into a mere truncate 
short cup-!ike border. Corolla slender, with 4 short lobes. Stamens 4. 
Style slender. 

2. SCABIOSA. Less coarse, not prickly; the short heads surrounded by a softer 

green involucre; a short scale or soft bristle for a bract under each flower. 
Corolla funnel-form, 4-5-cIeft, oblique or irregular; the outer ones often 
enlarged. Stamens 4. Style slender. Involucel enclosing the ovary and 
the calyx various. 

1. DIPSACUS, TEASEL. (Kame from Greek word meaning to f/zn-sf; the 
united bases of the leaves in the common species catch some rain-water.) 
n. summer. 

D. sylvestris, Wild T. Run wdld along roadsides, 4° -.5° high, prickly, 
with lance-oblong leaves, the upper ones united round the stem, large oblong 
heads, purplish or lilac corollas, and slender-pointed straight chaff under each 
flo^ver. @ 

D. fullbnum, Euller's T. Less prickly than the other, w'ith involucre 
hardly longer than the flowers, the awn-like tips of the rigid chaff hooked at 
the end, which makes the t/asfl useful for carding woollen cloth r cultivated in 
fields for this purpose, sometimes escaping into w^aste places and roadsides. @ 

2. SCABIOSA, SCABIOUS. (From Latin wwd for sa/r/7/, perhaps from 
use of the plants to cure skin-diseases.) El. summei*. One JEuropean species 
is commonly cultivated for ornament, viz. 

S. atropurpiirea, Sw^eet S., or when with dark purple or crimson 
flowers called LIoukxing Bride ; the flowers are sometimes rose-colored or even 
white: plant 1°- 2° high, with obovate or spatulate and toothed root-leaves, 
pinnatcly-parted stem-leaves, the cup or involucel enclosing the ovary 8-grooved, 
calj^x proper with 5 long bristles surmounting the akene ; the outer corollas 
enlarged. ® i 



COMPOSITE FAMILY. 179 



61. COMPOSITE, COMPOSITE FAMILY. 

Herbs, or a very few shrubs, known at once by the "compound 
flower," as it was termed by the older botanists, this consisting of 
several or many flowers in a head, surrounded by a set of bracts 
(formerly likened to a calyx) forming an involucre, the stamens as 
many as the lobes of the corolla (almost always 5) and inserted on 
its tube, their anthers syngenesious, i. e. united in a ring or tube 
through which the style passes. Calyx with its tube incorporated 
with the surface of the ovary, its limb or border (named the pappus) 
consisting of bristles, either rigid or downy, or of teeth, awns, scales, 
&c., or of a cup or crown, or often none at all. Corollas either 
tubular, funnel-form, &c. and lobed, or strap-shaped (ligulate), or 
sometimes both sorts in the same head, when the outermost or mar- 
ginal row has the strap-shaped corollas, forming rays (which an- 
swered to the corolla of the supposed compound flower), the separate 
flowers therefore called ray-Jiowers ; those of the rest of the head, or 
disk, called disk-flowers. The end of the stalk or branch upon 
which the flowers are borne is called the receptacle. The bracts, if 
there are any, on the receptacle (one behind each flower) are called 
the chaff of the receptacle ; the bracts or leaves of the involucre 
outside the flowers are commonly called scales. Style 2-cleft at 
the apex. Ovar}^ 1-celled, containing a single ovule, erect from 
its base, in fruit becoming an akene. Seed filled by the embryo 
alone. For the flowers and fruit, and the particular terms used in 
describini? them, see Lessons, p. 106-108, fig. 219-221, p. 112, 
fig. 229, 230 ; p. 130, fig. 291 - 296. 

The largest family of Flowering Plants, generally too difficult for 
the beginner ; but most of the common kinds, both wild and culti- 
vated, are here briefly sketched. For fuller details as to the wild 
ones, with all the species, the student will consult the Manual, and 
Chapman's Southern Flora. There are two great divisions which 
include all the common kinds. 

I. Head with only the outermost flowers strap-shaped, and these 
never perfect, i. e. they are either pistillate or neutral, always with- 
out stamens, or else with strap-shaped corollas entirely wanting. 
Plants destitute of milky or colored juice. 

A. No strap-sliaped corollas or true rays. 

§ 1. Thistles or ThistJe-Uke, the heads with very many flowers, all alike and mostly 
perfect. Branches of the style short or united, even lo the tip. Scales of (he 
involucre many-ranked, these or the leaves commonly tipped with priikly or 
bristly points. 

* Pappus of many long-plumed bristles: receptacle with bristles between the flowers. 

1. CYNARA. Scales of the involucre of the great heads thickened and fleshy 

towards the base, commonly notched at the end, Avith or without a prickle. 
Akcnes slightly ribbed. Otherwise much as in the next. 

2. CIRSIUM. Scales of the involucre not fleshy-thickened, prickly-tipped or 

else merely pointed. Akenes flattish, not ribbed. Filaments of the stamens 
separate. 



180 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 

* * Pappus of naked, rough or shorUbarhed bristles, or none. 
•i- Filaments of the stamens united into a tube. Leaves white-variegated. 

3. SILYBUM. Scales of the involucre with the upper part leaf-like and spread- 

ing, spiny. Receptacle beset with bristles. Akenes flattened: pappus of 
many ratlier short and rigid bristles minutely bearded on their edges. 

•1— I- Filaments separate. 

4. ONOPORDOX. Heads and flowers as in triie Thistles, No. 2. Receptacle naked 

and honeycombed. Akenes 4-angled, wrinkled: pappus of many slender 
bristles united at base into a horny ring. Stems strongly leaf-winged. 

5. LAPPA. Scales of the globular involucre abruptly tipped with a spreading 

slender awl-shaped appendage, mostly hooked at its point. Receptacle bristly. 
Akenes flattened, wrinkled: pappus "of many short and rough bristles, their 
bases not united-, deciduous. Leaves and stalks not prickly. 

6. CARTHAMUS. Outer scales of the involucre leaf-like and spi*eading, middle 

ones with ovate appendage fringed with spiny teeth or little spines, innermost 
entire and sharp-pointed. Receptacle beset 'with linear chaff. Akenes very 
smooth, 4-ribbed: pappus none. Leaves with rigid or short spiny teeth. 

7. CNICUS and 8. CENTAUREA; see next division. 

§ 2. Tkistle-liJce or Scabious-like, with many-ranked imbricated acales to the involucre, 
many-flowers, and the two branches of the style united into one body almost or 
quite to the tip, as in § 1: but the outer flowers of the head different from the 
rest and sterile, except in a few species of Centaurea. Receptacle beset with 
bristles. 

7. CNTCUS. Outer flowers smaller than the rest, slender-tubular, sterile. Scales 

of the involucre tipped with a long spine-like appendage which is spiny-fringed 
down the sides. Akenes short-cylindrical, many-ribbed and grooved, crowned 
with 10 short and horny teeth, within which is a pappus of 10 long and rigid 
and 10 short naked bristles. Leaves prickly-toothed. 

8. CENTAUREA. Outer flowers sterile and with corolla lai-ger than the rest, 

often funnel-shaped and with long sometimes irregular lobes, forming a kind 
of false ray; but these are wanting in a few species. Livolucre various, but 
the scales commonly with fringed, sometimes with spiny tips. Akenes flat or 
flattisli : pappus of several or many bristles or narrow scales, or none. 

§ 3. Bur-like or achenium-like in the fruit, tchich is a completely closed involucre 
C07i/aining only one or two flowers, consisting of a pistil only, with barely a 
rudiment of corolla, therefore very different from most jylants of the family ; 
but the staminnte flowers are several and in a flat or top-shaped involucre. 
Heads therefore monoecious, or rarely dioscious: no pappus. Coarse and 
homely weeds. 

9. XANTHIUM. Heads of staminate flowers in short racemes or spikes, their 

involucre of several scales in one row: fertile flowers below them, clustered 
in the axils, two together in a 2-celled hooked-prickly bur. 

10. AI\IBROSIA. Heads of staminate flowers in racemes or spikes terminating the 

stem or branches, their involucre of several scales united in flattish or top- 
shaped cup; fertile flowers clustered below the staminate, only one enclosed 
in each small achenium-like involucre, Avhich is naked, or with a few tubercles 
or strong points near the top in a single row. 

§ 4. Plants not thistle-like nor bur-like. 

* Two kinds of flowers in the same head, the outer ones with pistils only. 

•t- Pappus none or a minute border or cup : no chaff among thefloicers : scales of the 
involucre dry, often with scarious margins, imbricated. Bitter-aromatic or 
rather acrid plants. 

11. TANACETUM. Heads of many yellow flowei-s ; the marginal ones with pistil 

only and a 3-5-toothed corolla. Akenes angled or ribbed, with a flat top, 
crowned with a cup*like toothed or lobed pappus. Very strong-scented 
herbs, with heads in a corymb. 

12. ARTE]\IISL4. Heads small, of few or many yellow or dull pui-plish flowers, 

some of the marginal ones pistillate and fertile, the others perfect, but some- 
times not maturing the ovary. Akenes obovate or club-shaped, small at the 
top, destitute of pappus. Bitter-aromatic, and strong-scented plants, with 
heads in panicles. 



COMPOSITE FAMILY. 181 

•♦- •»- Pappus none at all to the outer pistillate and fertile flowers, hut of some slender 
bristles in the central and perfect yet seldom fruit-bearing Jiovjers : scales of 
the involucre woolly. 

13. FILAGO. Heads small crowded in close clusters, of many inconspicuous 

flowers, each fertile pistillate flower in the axil of a thin and dry chaffy scale, 
and with a very slender thread-like corolla; the central flowers with a more 
expanded 4 - 5-toothed corolla. Low herbs, clothed with cottony wool : leaves 
entire, 
-t- -1- H- Pappus of all the flowers composed of bristles : no chaff among theflmoers. 

14. ERECHTHITES. Heads of many whitish flowers, with a cylindrical involucre 

of many narrow and naked scales in a single row : outer flowers with very 
slender corolla: inner with more open tubular corolla. Akenes nan'ow: 
pappus of copious very fine and soft naked white hairs. Rank coarse herb. 
37. ERIGERON. One species has such short and inconspicuous rays that it maybe 
looked for here. 

15. GNAPHALIUM. Heads of very many whitish or yellowish flowers, sxuTounded 

by an invohicre of many ranks of dry and white or otherwise colored (not 
gi*een) scarious and persistent scales woolly at base; the flowers all fertile, 
the outer ones with pistil and very slender "^corolla, the central ones perfect 
and with moi^e expanded 5-toothed corolla. Pappus a row of very slendei" 
and roughish bristles. Cottony herbs. 

16. ANTENNARIA. Like Gnaphalium, but the plants nearly or quite dioecious: 

the staminate flowers with a simple style, but the ovary sterile, and their 
pappus of stouter bristles which are thickened at the summit and there more 
or less barbed or plumed. 

* * Only one kind of flowers in the head. 
H- Scales of the involucre dry and papery or scarious, often colored (i. e. not green\ 
not withering. (Everlastings.) 
•iH- Many flowers in the head: scales of the involucre in many ranks. 

16. ANTENNARIA. Flowers dioecious, in one plant all pistillate, with very slender 

corollas and a pappus of long and very fine hair-like naked bristles ; in the other 
staminate (with a simple imperfect style), and the pappus of thicker bristles 
enlarging and somewhat plumed or "^barbed at their summit. Leaves and 
stems' cottony. 

17. RPIODANTHE. Flowers perfect, with open 5-toothed yellowish corollas. In- 

volucre (silvery or rose-colored), smooth, obovate or top-shaped. Akenes 
woolly: pappus of numerous plumose bristles. Leaves and stems smooth 
and naked. 

18. AMMOBIUM. Flowers perfect, with yellow 5-lobed corollas, surrounded by a 

silvery-white involucre. Chaffy scales on the receptacle among the flowers. 
Akenes flattish-4-sided: pappus of 4 teeth, two of them prolonged into a 
bristle. Leaves and stems white-cottony, the latter with leaf-like wings. 

++ -M- Only 3 or 4 flowers in each head. 

19. HUMEA. Flowers perfect, purplish, surrounded by a few dry and scai-ious 

scales of the involucre: no chaff' on the small receptacle. Akenes smooth: 
no pappus. Herbage green, not cottony: the small heads drooping in an 
amjjle compound panicle. 

•1—1- Scales of the involucre not dry and scarious or papery : flowers all perfect. 

■t-t- Flowers yelloio, with chaff between them : akenes flat, bearing 2-4 aions or bristles. 

53. BIDENS, and 52. COREOPSIS: a few species have no ray-flowers. 

•t-i- ++ Flowers yellow : no chaff: akenes not flat : pappus of copious very soft and fine 
down-like bristles. 

30. SENECIO, one or two species which are destitute of ray-flowers. 

++++++ Flowers not yellow nor orange : no chaff among them. 

a. Branches of the style slender and rough all over with minute bristles. 

20. VERNONIA. Heads corymbod, with an involucre of many imbricated scales, 

and 15 to 30 or more rose-purple dowers. Lobes of the corolla slender. Akenes 
cylindrical, 8everal-ribl)e(l : pai)pus of copious hair-like bristles, surrounded 
at base by an outer set of very short and fine scales or scale-like bristles. 
Leaves alternate. 



182 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 

b. Branches of (he style long and slender or mostly rather club-shaped, smoo^ or 
very minutely puberulent under a lens. 

21. LIATRIS. Heads of several or many rose-purple flowers, suTrounded by a 

more or less imbricated involucre. Lobes of the corolla rather long. Akenes 
slender, about 10-ribbed: pappus of many long and slender bristles, which are 
plumose or else beset with a short beard or roughness for their whole length. 
Leaves alternate, entire. 

22. KUHNLAl. Heads small, of 10-25 dull cream-colored flowers, surrounded by a 

few lanceolate scales of the involucre. Corolla slender, barely 5-toothed. 
Akenes cylindrical, many-striate : pappus a row of white plumose bristles. 
Leaves mostly alternate. 

23. MHvANL^. Heads of 4 flesh-colored flowers, with an involucre of only 4 

scales. Corolla 5-toothed. Akenes 5-angled: pappus a row of hair-like 
naked (barely roughish) bristles. Leaves opposite ; stem twining. 

24. EUPATORIUM. Heads of 3 or more flowers, and an involucre of several or 

many scales. Corolla 5-toothed. Receptacle flat or merely convex. Akenes 
5-angled: pappus a row of hair-like naked (barely rough) bristles. 

25. CONOCLINIUM. Heads, &c. as in the preceding, but the receptacle conical. 

Flowers ra:iny, blue or blue-purple. Leaves opposite. 

26. AGERATUM. ^ Like the preceding; but the receptacle flattish, and the pappus 

of a few chaffy scales, mostly tapering into a slender stiff rough bristle. 
Leaves opposite. 

27. PIQUERLl. Heads very small, of 3-5 white flowers, and involucre of 4 or 5 

scales. Akenes 5-angled : pappus none. Leaves opposite, 3-ribbed. 

C. Branches of the style smooth, with a conical or flat tinusally minutely hairy tip. 

28. CACALL\. Heads corymbed, with 5-30 white or whitish flowers. Scales of 

the involucre a single row, with a few small bractlets at base. Corolla 
5-cleft. Akenes oblong, smooth : pappus of very many fine and soft down- 
like naked bristles.' Leaves alternate. 
40. BELLIS. A cultivated state of the Daisy, with quilled (monstrous) flowers 
may be sought here. 

B. With strap-shaped corollas or rays at the margin of the head. 

§ 1. Herbage not spotted with large translucent or colored strong-scented glands. 

* Pappus of copious hair-like bristles: no chaff on the receptacle among the flowers. 

-t- Rnys yellow^ except in one or two species of Senecio and one Solidago, pistillate. 

29. TUSSILAGO. Ray-flowers very numerous and in many rows, fertile, with 

nan-ow ligules; the tubular disk-flowers few in the centre, and not fertile. 
Scale of the involucre nearly in one row. Pappus fine and soft. Head soli- 
tary on a scaly-bracted scape. 
SO. SENECIO. Ray-flowers several in a single row, or sometimes none: the disk- 
flowers (as in all the following) perfect and fertile. Scales of the involucre in 
a single row, or often with small bractlets at the base. Pappus very fine and 
soft. Heads mostly in corymbs. Leaves alternate, simple or compound. 

31. ARNICx\. Ray-flowers several or many in a single row. Scales of the invo- 

lucre nearly equal in 2 rows. Pappus a single row of rough rather rigid 
bristles. Akenes slender. Heads few and rather large. Leaves opposite. 

32. INULA. Ray-flowers very numei'ous in one row, with narrow ligules. Outer 

scales of the involucre leaf-like. Pappus of many slender roughish bristles. 
Akenes nan-ow. Heads large and broad, the tubular perfect flowers very 
numerous, their anthers with two tails at the base. Leaves alternate. 

33. CHRYSOPSIS. Ray-floAvers numerous in one row, scales of the involucre 

narrow, not leaf-like. Pappus of many roughish slender bristles, with also an 
oiiter row of very short and stout or chatf-like bristles. Akenes flattened, 
hairv. Heads single or corvmbed. Leaves alternate. 

34. SOLIDAGO. Ray-iflowers 1-8, or rarely 10 - 16, the tubular disk-flowers sev- 

eral, rarely many. Involucre oblong, its scales imbricated and appressed, of 
unequal lengths. Pappus a row of slender roughish bristles. Akenes nar- 
row, terete, many-ribbed. Heads in panicled racemes, corymbs, or clusters, 
mostly small. Leaves alternate. 
■»- -1- Rnys white, purple, blue, <fc. never yellow, the flowers of the disk mostly yellow. 
Asters and the like. Leaves alternate, simple. Akenes flattened or flattish. 

35. CALLISTEPHUS. Ray-flowers very numerous, usually in more than one row, 

or in cultivated varieties in several rows. Livolucre in several rows, more or 



COMPOSITE FAMILY. 183 

less leafy. Pappus of many slender and roughish bristles, surrounded at base 
by a little cup or crown, consisting of many little scales or short stitf bristles 
more or less united. Heads solitary terminating leafy stems or branches, 
large and broad. Leaves sessile, coarsely toothed. Root annual. 

86. ASTER. Ray-flowers more or less numerous in one row. Involucre imbricated 

Pappus of Very numerous slender roughish bristles ; no cup or crown of 
short bristles outside. Heads usually panicled or corymbed. Root usually 
perennial. 

87. ERIGERON. Ray-flowers numerous, narrow, and commonly occupying more 

than one row. Involucre more simple than in Aster, the scales narrower, 
appressed, mostly of equal length and occupying only one or two rows, with- 
out any leaf-like tips ; and the pappus more scanty, often some minute short 
and sometimes chaff-like bristles at the base of the long ones. 

* * Pappus not of long linir-like bristles, either a Utile cup ov crown, or of a few 
scales, teeth, awns, c/c, or none at all. 

•h- No chaff on the receptacle among (he flowers, except in 41 - 43 and some cultivated 
and altered forms of 4:4:. Leaves mostly alternate. 

•w- Akenesflat : rays pistillate, not yellow, at least in our species. 

88. BOLTONIA. Flowers resembling those of 36 and 37. Receptacle conical or 

hemispherical. Akenes very flat, obovate or obcordate with a callous margin 
or wing: pappus of several minute and short bristles, and commonly 2 or 3 
short awns. Leafy-stemmed, tall, branching herbs, with pale-green thickish 
and chieflv entire leaves often turned edgewise. 

89. BRACHYCOME. Flowers like those of 36 or 37. Receptacle conical. Akenes 

flat, wingless: pappus a ring of minute short bristles or narrow scales united 
into ^sliort crown. 

40. BELLIS. Heads with numerous white, reddish, or purple rays. Receptacle 

high conical. Akenes flat, obovate, wingless: no pappus. Low herbs, with 
solitary peduncled heads, and entire or merely toothed leaves. 

41. ACHILLEA. Heads mostly with iQVf and white (rarely rose-red or yellow) 

rays. Receptacle small, flattish, chaffy. Akenes oblong, margined: no 
pappus. 

•M. ++ Akenes not flat, nor boat-shaped: pappus a short crown or none : rays pistillate 
and fertile except in 42. 

42. MARUTA. Rays neutral, white; otherwise almost exactly as in the next. 

43. ANTHEMIS. Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous, white or sometimes yellow. 

Involucre of many small close-pressed scales. Receptacle conical, with some 
slender chaff, at least at the centre. Akenes terete, mostly ribbed. Leaves 
once to thrice pinnatelv divided. 

44. CHRYSANTHEMUM, including LEUCANTHEMUM and PYRETHRUM. 

Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous. Receptacle convex or flat, without 
chaff', except in some double-flowered varieties. Disk-flowers mostly with a 
flattened tube. Pappus none. Otherwise nearly as in Anthemis. 

4-1. ++ ++ Akenes top-shaped or oblonff, not flnttened nor incurved: pappus of 5-10 
couiipicuims thin chaffy scales with midrib more or less extended into a bristle 
or (ttcn : rays in one row, not very numerous. Wedge-shaped, 3-5 cleft or lobed, 
yellow or 2)artly reddish or brownish-purple, necer while : involucre of separate 
scales. 

45. HELENIUM. Rays pistillate. Involucre of a few small and narrow spreading 

or reflexed scales. Receptacle globular or conical. Heads mostly corymbed. 
(Akene and pappus. Lessons, p. 130, fig. 294.) 

46. GAILLARDIA. Rays neutral, often partycolored. Involucre of two or more 

rows of loose leafy-tipped scales. Receptacle convex. Disk-flowers often 
purple: the styles with very slender hispid branches. Heads solitary on slen- 
der terminal peduncles. 

++ 4-I- ++ -w- Akenes short, not inciirved, covered 7(nth extremely long soft-silky bail's 
(irhiih must not fie confounded with pappus), hiding the minute p^j'juis of' many 
delicate little scales: rai/s vuiin-roiis in one raw, neutral, yillon^ wim dark- 
colored spot at base, nearly entire : involucre of 2 or S rows of short scales 
united in a. cup. 

47. GAZANIA. Head solitary on a long terminal peduncle, large and sliowy, tlio 

rays expanding only in sunshine or bright daylight. l\ccontac1e flit. Di-;1> 
flowers yellow": their style abruptly thickened below the two short branches. 



184 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 

+H. ^-+ -w- -)-+ 4-+ Akenes incurved or boat-shaped, rough-tub ercled on ike back : no pap- 
pus: rays numerous in more than one row : jiowers all yellow or orange. 

48. CALENDULA. Heads showy, solitary terminating the bi-anches, with the very 

numerous rays pistillate and fertile, expanding in sunshine or bright daylight; 
the disk-flowers sometimes few in the centre and sterile. Involucre of nu- 
merous short green scales. Receptacle flat. Akenes all that mature belong- 
in o- to the ray-flowers, strongly incurved, some of them evpn horse-shoe- 
shaped, or coiled into a ring, and (especially the outer ones) with thickened 
margins. 

-f- -i- ^ chaff on the receptacle behind each fiower. 
++ Only the ray-flmcers fertile or maturing their akenes ; those of the disk, even if 
apparently perfect, always sterile: flowers all yellow. Coarse tall herbs. 

49. POLYMNIA. Heads rather small or middle-sized, with about 5 leaf-like scales 

to the involucre, and some thin and small inner ones, few or several ray- 
flowers producing turgid obovate or partly triangular akenes with no pappus. 
Herbage clammy-pubescent and rather strong-scented: all but the upper- 
most leaves opposite, and their petioles winged or dilated and stipule-like at 
the clasping base. 

50. SILPHIUM. Heads mostly large, with numerous somewhat leafy-tipped or 

green scales to the involucre imbricated in 2 or more rows, numerous ray- 
flowers producing very broad and flat akenes (parallel with the scales of the 
involucre), which have commonly a wing-like margin and 2 teeth or a notch 
at the top. Juice resinous. 
++ 4-t. Disk-flowers perfect and fertile, those of the ray pistillate and fertile or neutral. 
a* Akenes flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre and chaff of the recep- 
tacle, or in 53 sometimes very slender. Leaves generally opposite : involucre 
double, the outer mostly leaf-like, the inner of erect scales. 

51. DAHLIA. Rays in the natural flowers neutral or in the common species more 

or less pistillate, but in the gardens most or all of the flowers are changed into 
rays. Inner involucre of numerous more or less united scales. Akenes 
oblong, obscurely 2-horned or notched at the apex. 
62. COREOPSIS. Rays usually 8, neutral, mostly yellow, or brown-purple at base. 
Invokicre commonly of about 8 outer loose or leaf-like scales and as many 
erect inner ones. Chaff slender, deciduous with the flat akenes, which have 
mostly a pappus of 2 teeth or a-wns, the latter not barbed downwards. 

53. BIDENS. Like Coreopsis, but several without rays, and some with slender or 

needle-shaped akenes ; all bear 2 or more rigid persistent awns, which are 
barbed downwards ! 

b* Akenes flattened if at all contrary to the scales of the involucre and the chaff of 

the receptacle, having the latter usually embracing or folded round their outer 

margin. 
= Rays deciduous after flowering, yellow, sometimes brown-purple at base in 60, 61, 

or wliite in one ofbb. Leaves either opposite or alternate in same genus, in 

54-56. 

54. ACTINOMERIS. Rays neutral, few or several. Involucre of several nearly 

equal scales. Receptacle convex or conical. Akenes flat, oval, wing-mar- 
gined: pappus of 2 persistent smooth awns. Leaves simple, serrate, often 
Recurrent into wings on the stem. 

55. VERBESINA. Rays few (in ours 1-5), pistillate. Involuci-e of few erect 

scales. Receptacle rather flat. Akenes flat, winged or wingless : pappus of 
2 persistent awns. Leaves simple, decurrent into wings on the stem. 
58. XIMENESIA. Rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre spreading. 
Receptacle flattish or convex. Akenes of the ray wrinkled and wingless; 
those of the disk flat and wing-margined, with two slender awns united to 
the wing. Leaves mostly with winged petioles which are dilated and clasp- 
ing at the base. 

57. HELIANTHUS. Rays several or many, neutral. Scales of the involucre im- 

bricated. Receptacle flat or convex. Akenes flattish, more or less 4-angled 
or lenticular, marginless : pappus of 2 thin chaffy scales corresponding with 
the outer and inner angle of the akene, and sometimes with minute inter- 
mediate ones, all deciduous from the ripe fruit. (Lessons, p. 130, fig. 293.) 
Leaves simple, entire or serrate: stems not winged. 

58. HELIOPSIS. Rays 10 or more, pistiUate. Scales of the involucre in 2 or 3 

rows, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical. Akenes 4-angled, 
somewhat cubical: no pappus. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed. 



COMPOSITE FAMILY. 185 

59. EUDBECKIA. Rays several or numerous, neutral. Scales of the involucre 

in about 2 rows/spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar. Chaff soft. 
Akenes short, 4-angular, marginless, flat at the top : pappus none or a short 
even cup-border or border. Leaves alternate. 

60. LEPACHYS. Like 59, but akenes flattened, Aving-margined on the inner and 

sometimes on the outer edge, 1 -2-toothed at summit. Disk grayish. Chaff 
short and truncate. Leaves alternate, pinnately compound. 

61. DRACOPIS. Like 60, but involucre of some very small linear scales, and 

akenes terete, tapering to base, minutely striate, blunt at top, and the attach- 
ment at one side of the base. Leaves alternate, mostly entire, clasping. 
= = Rays rather persistent, long, drooping, pistillate but sterile, rose-purple. 

62. ECHINACP'A. Rays numerous. Scales of the involucre narrow and spread- 

ing. Receptacle conical; the persistent and rigid spiny-tipped chaff longer 
than the purplish disk-corollas. Akenes thick and short, 4-sided, and with a 
toothed border for a pappus. Leaves chiefly alternate, 3 - 5-ribbed. 
== = == Rays persistent on the fruit, becoming dry and papery, broad, pistillate and 
fertile, ofvario%is colors. 

63. ZINNIA. Rays several. Receptacle conical ; the oblong chaff not longer than 

the velvety-tipped disk-corollas. Akenes oblong or linear, flattened, or those 
of the ray 3-sided; pappus of a chaffy awn or tooth on each angle, or some- 
times hardly any. Leaves opposite, sessile, and entire. Heads solitary, 
terminating "the stem or branches. 

§ 2. Herbage, involucres, (fc. dotted loith large pellucid or colored glands or oil- 
receptacles imbedded in their stibstonce, making the plants strong-scented: 
involucre of one roio of scales united into a bell-shaped or cylindrical cup : no 
chaff on the flatlish receptacle: flowers yellow or orange. 

64. TAGETES. Rays pistillate. Involucre without bractlets at base. Akenes 

elongated, flat, somewhat 4-sided: pappus of 2 or more unequal rigid chaffy 
scales, often united into a tube or cup, sometimes tapering into awns. Herbs 
very glabrous. 

65. DYSODIA. Rays pistillate, mostly short. Involucre with some loose bractlets 

at the base. Receptacle beset with short chaffy bristles. Akenes slender, 
4-angled : pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough 
bristles, so as to appear at flrst sight as if capiUary. Leaves opposite. 

II. Head with all the flowers strap-shaped and perfect. Plants 
with milky juice. -Leaves alternate. (No chaff on the receptacle 
in any of the following.) 

§ 1. Pappus of many minute chaffy scales, forming a short crown or cup. 

66. CICHORIUM. Head of several blue flowers. Involucre double; the outer of 

5 short and spreading, the inner of about 10 erect scales. Akenes short, with 
broad summit. Stems twiggv, leafv mostly towards the base. (Lessons, 
p. 107, fig. 222; the akene, p. 130, fig\ 292.) 

§ 2. Pappus of rather numerous and stout long-plumose bristles. 

67. TRAGOPOGON. Head large, of many yellow or purplish flowers. Involucre 

of about 12 lanceolate rather fleshy scales in a single row, somewhat united at 
the base. Akenes terete, slender,' roughish, tapering into a long beak, Avhich 
bears the rigid long-plumed bristles of the pappiis, 5 of these longer and naked at 
the summit. Stems leafy; leaves entire, parallel-veined, clasping at the base. 

68. LEONTODON. Head rather small, of many yellow flowers. Involucre of 

many narrow equal erect scales, and a few short bractlets at base. Akenes 
spindle-shaped : pappus a single row of tawny plumose bristles. Leaves all 
at the root or base of the scapes. 

§ 3. Pappus of very many slender, bid rather stiff and rough, nalced and taivny bristles. 

69. HIERACIUM. Heads small or smallish, of 12 or more yellow flowers. Scales 

of the involucre unequal and in more tlian one row. Akenes short, oblong or 
columnar, not beaked : the fragile bristles of the pappus not very copious. 
Stems naked or leafy. 

70. NARALUS. Heads usually nodding, of 5 - 40 greenish-white or yellowish often 

purple-tinged flowers. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 - 15 linear scales in a single 
row and a few short bractlets at base. Akcuos cylindrical: pappus of very 
copious straw-colored or brownish bristles. Stems leafy. 



186 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 

§ 4. Pappus of extremely copious and fine soft hair-like nahed bristles. 
* Mature akenes with the pappus raised on a very long slender stdk-like beak. 

71. PYRRHOPAPPUS. Head of yellow flowers as in the next; but the pappus 

rusty red and with a minute ring of soft down underneath it. Stems branch- 
ing and leafy near the base, the long peduncles naked. 

72. TARAXACUM. Head of very many yellow flowers on a slender hollow and 

wholly naked scape. Involucre double, the inner of numerous nan-ow scales 
in a single row, the outer of short loose scales. Akenes terete or spindle- 
shaped, strongly ribbed and tubercled on the ribs, much shorter than its 
slender beak which elevates at maturity the soft and white pappus. (Les- 
sons, p. 130, fig. 296.) 

73. LACTL'CA. Heads of several variously colored flowers. Involucre of several 

lanceolate or ovate imbricated scales of unequal length. Akenes flat, ab- 
ruptly contracted into the slender beak which elevates the very white soft 
pappus. Stems leafy. 
* * Akenes with a short and thick beak or none : heads many-flowered. 

74. MULGEDIUM. Involucre as in 73. Flowers blue or bluish. Akenes flat^ 

tened, short-beaked. Stems leafy. 

75. SONCHUS. Involucre as in 73, or with narrow and more equal scales, and 

tumid at base. Flowers yellow. Akenes flat and short, without a beak to 
support its very soft white pappus. Stems branching and leafy. (Lessons, 
p. 130, fig. 295.) 

1. CYNARA, AKTICHOKE. (Ancient Greek name.) Two species oc- 
casionally cult, from the Old World, as esculents. 2/ 

C. Seolymus, True Artichoke, with stout stems, slightly prickly 
leaves mostly once or twice pinnatifid and cottony beneath, the ovate and usu- 
ally pointless scales of the involucre and the receptacle of the young flower heads 
fleshy, and edible when cooked. 

O. Cardunculus, Cardoon, has the leaves more deeply and compoundly 
divided and prickly, the less fleshy scales of the head prickly-tipped ; the fleshy 
leafstalks and midrib eaten after being blanched in the manner of celery. 

2. CIRSIUM, TKUE THISTLE. (Old Greek name.) Flowers purple 
or pink, occasionally yellow or white, in summer. © 2/ 

§ I. All the scales of the head armed loith spreading prickli/ tips. 
C. lanceolaturQ, Common Thistle. Nat. from Eu. in pastures, &c. ; 
the base of the rough deeply pinnatifid leaves running down the stem in lobed 
prickly wings ; fl. purple. (?) 

§ 2. All or most of the scales of the head appressed, the innermost not prickly- 
pointed, the outer with a short prickle or point, or none. 

* Leaves green both sides or a little cottony or cobwebby underneath. 

C. arvense, Canada T. a vile pest in fields and meadows N., nat. from 
Eu. : spreading by deep running roots as well as by seed : numerous short- 
pedunoled heads only 1' long, with rose-purple flowers ; leaves moderately pin- 
natifid, wcak-prickly. 2/ 

C. horridulum, Yellow T. Wild near the coast in sandy ground ; 
has very prickly leaves, rather large heads surrounded at base by an involucre 
or whorl of leaf-like very prickly bracts, and yellowish or purplish flowers. 

C. pumilum, Pasture T. Wild in dry fields, 1° -3° high, Avith lance- 
oblong pinnatifid leaves, single very large heads (almost 2' across) of fragrant 
(purple or rarely white) flowers, sometimes leafy-bracted at base. @ 

C. muticum. Swamp T. Wild in swamps and low ground; 3° -8° high, 
with deeply divided leaves, few or no prickles, and rather large naked heads, 
most of the scales pointless ; flowers purple. 2/ 

* * Leaves white-cottony underneath : flowers purple, rarely white. Wild species. 

C. altissimum, Tall T. Fields from Penn. and S. ; 3°- 10° high, branch- 
ing, leafy up to the rather small heads, the oblong leaves wavy or only slightly 
pinnatifid, except the lowest. @ ^ 



co:mposite family. 187 

C. Virgini^num, Virginia T. Chiefly S. & W. on plains and barrens, 
with rather simple stems 1° -3° high, ending in a long naked peduncle; leaves 
lanceolate and slightly or not at all pinnatitid ; head small, ij. 

C. discolor. Two-colored T. Low grounds, 3° - 6° high, branching 
and leafy, with rather small heads, and deeply pinnatitid leaves green above 
white beneath, their lobes narrow and prickly pointed. @ 

3. SILYBUM, MILK THISTLE. (An ancient Greek name.) 

S. Marianum, the only species, cult in some gardens and rarely running 
wild, from the Old World, well marked by its white-blotched or veined smooth 
leaves with clasping base and merely sinuate prickly margins ; flowers purple, 
in late summer. ® @ 

4. ONOPORDOlSr, COTTON or SCOTCH THISTLE. (The ancient 
Greek name. ) 

O. Acanthium. Nat. from Eu. in waste places : tall, white-cottony, with 
weak prickles on the sinuate-pinnatifid leaves and the broad leaf-like wings of 
the stem and branches ; "flowers purple, late summer. (2) 

5. LAPPA, BURDOCK. (Name from a Greek word meaning to lay hold 
of, from the burs or hook-awned heads.) 

L. o£B.cinalis, var. major, the Common B., with large leaves loosely 
cottony beneath, or somewhat naked, the lower heart-shaped, upper ovate, is 
common in manured soil and barnyards. Var. minor is smaller and smoother, 
with leaves tapering at the base, often cut-toothed or cleft. Fl. mostly purple, 
all summer and autumn. ® ® 

6. CARTHAMUS, SAFFLOWER, FALSE SAFFRON. (Arabic 
name of the plant, from the properties of the orange-colored flowers, which 
are used in dying or coloring yellow, as a substitute for true Saffron.) 

C. tinctorius, the only common species, cult, in country gardens, from the 
Orient ; smooth, 6' - 12' high, with ovate-oblong leaves and large head, in 
summer. ® 

7. CNICUS, BLESSED THISTLE. (Greek name of a kind of Thistle.) 
C. benedlctUS, the only species, scarce in Avaste places S., from Eu. ; has 

much branched loosely woolly stems, leafy up to the rather small heads of yel- 
lowish flowers, and pale pinnatifid leaves with slightly prickly edges. 

8. CENTAUREA, CENTAUREA or STAR-THISTLE. (Ancient 
name, after Chiron the Centaur.) Fl. summer. 

§ 1. Flowers all alike in the head, the man/inal ones not enlarged and ray-like: 
pappus of very sliort bristles : scales of head ivith dark f ringed appendage. 

C. nigra, Black C. or Knapweed. A coarse weed, in fields and waste 
places E., nat. from Eu. ; stem 2° high ; leaves roughish, lancc-oblong, the 
lower with some coarse teeth ; flowers purple. 2/ 

§ 2. Marginal flowers more or less enlarged, forming a kind of false ray, and 
sterile: pappus of bristles : scales of head with fringed appendage. 

C. Cineraria, or candid/ssima, a low species, cult, from S. Eu. Avith 
very white-woolly twice pinnatifid leaves, and purple flowers, the outermost 
little enlarged : not hardy N. 2/ 

C. AmeriCcina. Cult, from Arkansas and Texas : smooth, with stout 
stem l°-2° high, oblong or lance-oblong leaves, the upper entire, very large 
heatl of showy pale })urple flowers, the outer ones much enlarged, and the scales 
with large scarious-fringcd appendage. (J) 

C. Cyanus, Bluehottle or Cornflower. In gardens, from Eu.. s]^ar- 
ingly running wild ; loosely cottony, Avith stem-leaves linear and mostly entire, 



188 ■ CO^rPOSITE FAMILY. 

solitary long-stalked head, the outer flowers very large and Hue, with white or 
rose-colored varieties. (T) ® 

C. montana. Cult, from Eu. : low and stout stems from creeping root- 
stock, leaves lance-oblong, head larger, but flowers similar to last. 21 

§ 3. Amberb6a. Marginal sterile flowers many : pappus of narrow chaff, or 
none : scales of head naked and smooth. Cult, for ornament, from Asia. 

C. odorata, or Amberboi, Sweet Sultana. Smooth, with mostly pin- 
natifid leaves, long-stalked head of yellow fragrant flowers, the outer ranks 
enlarged, and chalfy-bristled pappus. ® 

C. mosehata, Musk-scented S., has rose-purple or white musk-scented 
flowers, the outer little enlarged, and no pappus. (T) 

9. XANTHIUM, COCKLEBUR, CLOTBUR. (Name from the Greek 
iov yellow, the plants said to yield that color.) Coarse and vile weeds, with 
stout and low branching stems, alternate and petioled merely toothed or lobed 
leaves, and obscure greenish flowers, produced all summer. (T) 

X. Strum arium, Common C. Barnyards and waste manured ground : 
rough, l°-2° high, with broadly triangular-heart-shaped toothed or slightly 
lobed leaves on long petioles ; the fruit a bur fully ^' long, with 2 straightish 
beaks at the apex. 

Var. echinatum, on sandy shores, has a turgid bur 1' long, with incurved 
beaks and more numerous prickles, beset with glandular bristles. 

X. spinosum, Spiny C. Sandy shores and waste places, E. & S. 
Hoary ; the branching stems armed with slender triple prickles at the base of 
the narrow short-petioled leaves ; bur small, with a single beak-like tip. 

10. AMBROSIA, RAGWEED. (The classical name means food for the 
Gods: perhaps sarcastically applied to these miserable weeds.) Leaves oppo- 
site or the upper alternate, mostly lobed or cut : flowers greenish, all summer 
and autumn. ® 

A. triflda, Great Ragweed. Tall coarse herb along low borders of 
streams, 4°- 10° high, rough, Avith opposite deeply 3-lobed leaves on margined 
petioles, the lobes lance-ovate and serrate, staminate heads in racemes, their in- 
volucres 3-ribbed on one side, the fertile one or fruit obovate and with 5 or 6 
ribs ending in a tubercle or spiny point. 

A. bidentata. Prairies from 111. S., lo-3° high, hairy, very leafy ; the 
leaves alternate, closely sessile, lanceolate, and with a short lobe or tooth on one 
side near the base ; heads in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre of the sterile 
ones with a large lanceolate appendaae on one side. 

A. artemisisefoiia, Roman Wormwood, Hogweed, or Bitterweed. 
Waste places and roadsides, l°-3° high, hairy or roughish ; with twice pin- 
natifid leaves either opposite or alternate, pale or hoary beneath, staminate 
heads in panicled racemes or spikes, the small roundish fruit with about 6 Uttle . 
teeth or spines. 

11. TANACETUM, TANSY. (Old name, said to be a conniption of 

Athanasiu, undying, from the durable flowers.) El. all summer. 2/ 
T. vulgare, Common Tansy, from Eu. : cult, in old gardens, and a road- 
side weed, 2° -4° high, smooth, strong-scented and acrid, with deep green 1-3- 
pinnately compound leaves, the leaflets and winged margins of the petiole cut- 
touthed ; in var. crispum, leaves more cut and crisped. 

T. Balsamita, Costmary : a garden herb, from Eu., 1° - 2° high, smooth, 
with pleasant scent, the pale leaves oblong and nearly toothed, and small heads 
of pale yellow flowers. 

12. ARTEMISIA, WORMWOOD. (Dedicated to Artemis, the Greek 
Diana.) Fl. summer. 

* Leaves hoary or cottony, at least underneath. If. 
A. AbsinthiurQ, Common Wormwood, from Eu. ; in old gardens and 
a roadside weed; strong-scented, silky-hoary, with stems 2° -4° high and rather 



COMPOSITE FAMILY. 189 

woody at base, twice or thrice pinnately parted leaves with lanceolate lobes, and 
nodding hemispherical heads. 

A. vulgaris, MUGWORT of Eu. ; in old gardens and roadsides, with 
pinnatifid leaves green above and cottony-white beneath, their lance-linear 
divisions mostly cnt and cleft, and small heads in open panicles. 

A. Ludovieiana, Western M., is wild from Michigan W. and S. "W., 
with lanceolate leaves mostly cottony-white on both sides, many of them entire 
or merely toothed, and larger heads in narrow or spike-like panicles. 
* * Leaves [and whole plant) smooth and green or nearly so, 
-t- Not very fine or finely cut. 

A. biennis, Biennial Wormwood. Gravelly banks and shores N. W., 
extending E. along railroads; l°-3° high, with small greenish heads mnch 
crowded in the axils the once or twice pinnatifid leaves, their lobes linear, in the 
loAver cut-toothed, (i) @ 

A. Draciinculus, Tarragon, is sparingly cult, from Eu. for the aro- 
matic (lance-linear entire) leaves, used as a condiment. 2/ 
■ -t- -i- Very fine thread-like or capillary dixnsions to the 1 - ^-pinnately divided 
■ leaves : heads loosely panicled. 

A. Abrotanum, Southernwood, from S. Eu. ; cult, in gardens for the 
pleasant-scented foliage, 3° - 5° high, woody-stemmed. 2/ 

A. caudata, is a wild Wormwood along the sandy coast and lake shores, 
2° - 4° high. (D 

13. FILAGO, COTTON-ROSE. (Latin name, from the cottony hairs.) 

F. Germaniea, German C. or Herba Impia of the old herbalists, 
branches with a new generation of clustered heads rising out of the parent clus- 
ter at the top of the stem (as if undutifully exalting themselves) ; stems .5' - KV 
high, crowded with the lanceolate erect and entire cottony leaves. Old dry 
fields from New York S. ; fl. summer and autumn, (i) 

14. ERECHTHITES, FIREWEED. (Ancient name of some Ground- 
sel, after Erechtheus.) El. summer and autumn. © 

E. hieracifolia, one of the plants called Fireweed, because springing 
up where woods have been cleared and ground burned over, especially N. : very 
rank and coarse herb, often hairy, l°-.5° high, with lanceolate or oblong cut- 
toothed leaves, the upper with anricled clasping base, and panicled or corymbed 
heads of dull white flowers, in fruit with copious white and very soft downy 
pappus. 

15. GWAPHALIUM, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE, CUD- 
WEED. (Name from Greek, meaning lock of wool.) Fl. summer and 
autumn. 

§ 1 . Wild species, with, croioded small heads, the slender pistillate flowers very 
numerous and occupying several rows. 

* Scales of the involucre white or yeUowish-white : stem erect, 1° - 2° high : heads 

many, corymbed. Common in old fields, copses, ^-c. 

G. polycdphalum, Common Everlasting. Leaves lanceolate, with 
narrowed base and wavy margins, the upper surface nearly naked ; the perfect 
flowers few in the centre of each head. ® 

G. deeilrrens, Decurrent E., equally common from Now Jersey to 
Michigan and N. ; leaves lance-linear, cottony both sides, the base partly clas])- 
ing and extending down on the stem ; manv perfect llowcrs in the centre of each 
head. 2/ 

* * Scales of the involucre taumy-pnrpfish or trhitish, not at all showy or petal- 

like: heads small, crowded iu. srssile clusters: stems spread iwj or ascending, 

3' -20' high. (1) 
G. Uligin6sum, Low Cudweed. A most common, insigr.ilioant little 
M'ced in wet i)laces, especially roadsides, with lanceolate or linear leaves, and in- 
conspicuous heads in terminal clusters. 



190 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 

G. purpureum, Purplish C. In sand or gravel along and near the 
sea-shore : taller, with oblong-spatulate or lanceolate leaves green above and 
white-cottony beneath, and purplish heads in axillary clusters, or spiked along 
the upper part of the stem. 

§ 2. Ornamental exotic Immortelles in the gardens, these in strictness named 
Helichrysum, with pistillate flowers fewer or in a single marginal row. 

G. braeteatum, or Helichrysum bracteatum, from Australia : tall, 
smoothish or sli<2^htly downy, with lanceolate leaves, large heads terminating the 
branches and with some leaf-like bracts on the peduncle, the permanent and 
very numerous scales of the involucre very showy and petal-like, spreading in 
many ranks, golden yellow, and with white varieties. (I) (T) 

G. (or H.) maeranthuni, from Australia, is less tall (lo-2° high), with 
roughish stern aiul lance-oblong or spatulate leaves green throughout, and the 
showy solitary heads nearly 2' across ; the scales of the involucre rose-red, or 
white on the upper face. 2/ ® 

16. A]SrTENK"ARIA, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE. (Name 
from the club-shaped pappus of the staminate flowers, which resembles the 
a?2te«?i«3 of certain insects.) 2/ 

A. margaritacea, Pearly Everlasting. Dry fields and woods, 
especially N., fl. in summer : stem about 2° high, leafy to the top ; the leaves 
lance-linear ; heads in a broad corymb, the fertile ones with a few imperfect 
staminate flowers in the centre ; scales of the involucre pearly white, rounded. 

A. plantaginiioiia, Plantain-leaved E. Dry knolls and slopes, fl. 
early spring : in patches, spreading by runners and offsets ; the root-leaves 
spatulate or obovate and tufted ; flowering stems 4' - 8' high, with few and small 
lanceolate leaves ; heads in a small corymb, the fertile ones with naiTow and 
acutish, the staminate with white and rounded scales. 

17. RHODATiTHE. (Name from Greek words for rose and flower, from 
the rose-colored pearly heads, which in cultivation are sometimes white.) ® 

R. Manglesii, cult, in gardens for ornament, from Australia : a low 
smooth herb, with oblong and alternate clasping entire leaves, and loosely 
corymbed showy nodding heads of yellow flowers, the pearly involucre obovate 
or obconical, smooth, rose or white, very ornamental, in summer. 

18. AMMOBIUM. (Name from Greek words meaning Z^ym^- m sane?.) ® 
A. alatum, of Australia, cult, for ornament : 1° -3° high, rather cottony, 

with root-leaves oblong and tapering downwards into a petiole, stem-leaves 
small and lanceolate, and extended down the branches and stems in the form of 
leaf-like Avings ; heads solitary with pearly white involucre surrounding yellow 
flowers. 

19. HIJMEA. (Named for Lady Hume.) Erom Australia, cult, for orna- 
ment. ® 

H. elegans. Tall, 3° - 6° high when in flower, with simple stem thickly 
set with the alternate lance-ovate and clasping green leaves, the summit branch- 
ing into a large drooping panicle, its branches slender, beaiing very numerous 
and small purplish heads. 

20. VERNONIA, IRON- WEED. (Named for a Mr. Vernon, of Eng- 
land, who travelled in this country.) Fl. autumn. 2/ 

V. Noveboraeensis, New York or Common Iron- Weed. Near the 
coast and along rivers : 3° - 6° high, with lanceolate serrate leaves, crowded 
along the Avhole height of the stem, heads in a broad corymb, and scales of in- 
volucre with slender aAvl-shaped or awn-like tips. 

V. fascieulata, only W. & S. in prairies, &c., has the scales of involucre 
blunt and pointless, except perhaps some of the lowest. 

V. angustlfbiia, only S., has narrow linear and more scattered leaves. 



COMPOSITE FAMILY. 191 

21. LIATRIS, BUTTON-SNAKEROOT or BLAZING-STAR. (An 

unexplained name.) Chiefly in pine-barrens or sandy soil. Fl. late summer 

and autumn. 2/ 

§ 1 . Stem commonly ivand-like and simple, rising from a round corm or short tuber, 
very leafjj ivith voxrow and entire often grass-like leaves : heads spiked or 
racemed, or occasionally branching into a panicle, with imbricated involucre: 
lobes of the rose-purple corolla long and slnider. 

* Bristles (fthe pappus plainly plumose to the naked eye. 

-t- Heads small, only 4 - 5-floivered. 

L. tenuifolia, in S. pine-barrens, has very slender mostly thread-shaped 
leaves, stem 2° - 4° high, very slender raceme, and scales of involucre erect and 
pointed. 

L. elegans, from Virginia S. ; 2° high, often hairy or downy, with com- 
pact spike, short lanceolate or linear leaves, and scales of involucre with spread- 
ing rose-purple tips. 

-t- -t- Heads large and fewer, cylindrical, many-flowered. 

L. squarrbsa, Common Blazing-Star; from Penn. S. & W. ; \°-3° 
high, with linear leaves, few heads about 1 ' long, and scales of involucre with 
spreading leaf-like tips. 

L. cylindraeea, from W. Canada S. W,, smaller than the preceding, 
6'- 18' high, the narrow heads with short and rounded appressed tips. 

* * Bristles of the pappus not plainly plumose to the naked eye. 

+- Heads 30 — 40-flowered, commonly an inch broad. 

L. SCariosa, with stout stem 2° - 5° high, lanceolate leaves, or the lower 
spatulate-oblong, and very numerous scales of the involucre with rounded tips, 
often scarious or purple on the margins. 

-1- -t- Heads 3 - \ 5 -flowered, from I' to ^' long : stem 2° - 5° high. 

Ii. pyenostachya, in prairies W., with linear or lance-linear leaves, and 
a very dense spike of about 5-flowered heads, the scales of the involucre with 
recurving purplish tips. 

L. spicclta, the commonest species; jn low grounds, with 8-12-flowered 
heads crowded in a long spike, the oblong and blunt scales of involucre without 
any obvious tips. 

L. graminifolia, in wet pine-barrens from New Jersey S., has 7-12- 
flowered heads in a looser spike or raceme, the rigid appressed scales blunt or 
slightly ]iointed. 

L. gracilis, from N. Carolina S., with spreading leaves, the lower lance- 
oblong and long-petioled, the others linear and short, and 3 - 7-flowered small 
heads on spreading pedicels. 

§ 2. No tuber or corm : leaves broad: heads small, in a corymb. 
Ij. Odoratissima, Vanilla-plant of low pine-barrens S. (also wrongly 
called Hound's-tongue) : 2°-3° high, very smooth, with pale obovate or ob- 
long leaves which are vanilla-scented in withering, the heads 7 - 8-flowered, in- 
volucre of few scales, and pappus not plumose. 

22. KUHNIA. (Named by Linnseus for Dr. Kuhn of Pennsylvania.) 

K. eupatorioides, the only species from New Jersey to Wisconsin S., 
is a rather homely herb, with lanceolate leaves, and panicled'or corymbcd small 
heads of flowers, in autumn. 2/ 

23. MIKANIA, CLIMBING HEMPWEED. (Named for a Bohemian 
botanist. Prof Mikan.) 

M. SC^ndens, a rather handsome plant, climbs over bushes in low grounds, 
with triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, and small heads of pur- 
plish flowers, in summer. If. 



192 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 

24. EUPATORIUM, THOROUGHWORT, BONESET. (Old name, 

dedicated to Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used the European spe- 
cies in medicine. Most of the species are American.) 2/ 
E. gleehonoph^llum, of Chili, and one or two other somewhat woody- 
stemmed and white-flowered species are cultivated in greenhouses for Avinter- 
blooming. — The following are the commonest wild species ; fi. late summer 
and autumn. 

§ 1 . Leaves 3-6 in a whorl : heads 5-1 5-Jloivered, cylindrical, the purplish 
scales closely imbricated in several rows : flowers Jlesh-colored. 

E. purpureum, Purple T. or Joe-Pye Weed. Low grounds, with 
simple stems 3° - 12° high, v/ith or withoiit purplish spots or dots, very veiny 
oblong-ovate roughish-toothed and pointed leaves on petioles, and dense com- 
pound corymbs. 

§ 2. Leaves opposite [or only the uppermost alternate) and sessile: heads corymbed, 
the scales more or less imbricated : flowers white. 

* Leaves united at base around the stem in pairs [connate-perfoliate). 
E. perfoliatum, Thoroughwort or Boneset. Low grounds every- 
where (the bitter infusion used as a popular medicine), 2° -4° high, hairy; the 
lanceolate leaves taper-pointed, serrate, very veiny and somewhat wrinlded, 
5' -8' long; the very numerous heads crowded in a dense corymb, 10-30- 
flowered. 

* * Leaves separate at base : heads mostly 5 - ^flowered. 

E. Sessilif61ium, on shady banks, is smooth, 4° -6° high, with lance- 
ovate serrate leaves (3' -6' long) tapering from a rounded closely sessile base to 
a slender point, and small heads in very compound flat corymbs. 

E. pubeseens, in dry soil chiefly near the coast, only 2° high, with ovate 
acute and toothed downy leaves, and 7-8 flowers in the heads. 

E. rotundiioliuni, in similar places and like the foregoing, but with 
roundish-ovate blunt leaves more deeply toothed, and 5-flowered heads. 

E. tsUGrifolium, in low grounds near the coast, roughish-pubescent, 
with ovate-oblong or lance-oblong veiny deeply few-toothed leaves and small 
corymbs. 

E. album, in sandy soil from New Jersey S., 2° high, is roughish-hairy, 
with oblong-lanceolate coarsely toothed and strongly veiny leaves, and heads 
crowded in the corymb, the lanceolate and pointed scales of the involucre white 
above and larger than the flowers. 

E. altissimum, in dry soil from Penn. to 111. and S., is stout and tall, 
3° - 7° high, downy, with lanceolate leaves (resembling those of some Golden- 
rods) tapering to both ends and conspicuously 3-nerved, either entire or toothed 
above the middle ; corymbs dense ; scales of the involucre blunt. 

E. hyssopifolilim, in dry, sterile soil, from Mass. S., l°-2° high, 
smoothish, with narrow linear or lanceolate blunt 1 - 3-nerved leaves. 

§ 3. Leaves alternate or the lower opposite, all long-potioled : corymbs compound: 
flowers 12-15 in the head, small, lohite. 

E. Serotinum, in low grounds from Maryland to 111. & S., minutely 
pubescent, tall (3° -6° high), bushy-branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate and 
taper-pointed, triple-ribbed, coarsely toothed, 5' -6' long; the involucre very 
downy. 

§ 4. Leaves opposite, petioJed, triple-ribbed : heads in corymbs, 8 -30- flowered, the 
scales of the invohicre equnl and almost in one row : flowers white. 

E. ageratoides, White Snake-root. Common in woods, especially 
N., 2° - 3° high, smooth, with broadly ovate long-petioled coarsely and sharply 
toothed thin leaves (4' - 5' long), and heads of handsome pure-white flowers in 
compound corymbs. 

E. aromatieuni, like the preceding, but commoner S. and only near the 
coast ; more slender, usually less smooth, with thicker leaves more bluntly 
toothed on short petioles, the corymbs usually less compound. 



COMPOSITE FAMILY. 193 

25. COWOCLINIUM, MIST-FLOWER. (Name from Greek, means 
conical receptacle, in which alone it differs from Eupatorium, i. e. from such 
species as those of the last section.) 2/ 

C. CCBlestinum, in rich soil from Penn. to 111. and S., sometimes cult, 
for ornament, 1 ° - 2° high, with triangular-ovate or slightly heart-shaped 
coarsely toothed leaves, and a flat corymb of small heads of blue-purple flowers, 
in autumn. 

26. AGERATTJM. (Anancient Greek name, which means nof^roM'/??^o/c?, 
probably applied originally to some sort of Everlasting. ) 

A. COnyzoides, the variety with azure-blue flowers called A. MexicXndm, 
cult, for ornament from Trop. Amer. ; 2° - 3° high, soft-downy, with ovate or 
somewhat heart-shaped petioled leaves, and corymbed heads of azure-blue flow- 
ers, produced all summer and autumn. ® 

27. PIQUERIA. (Named for an obscure Spanish botanist, Piquerio.) 

P. trinervia, from Mexico, cult, for winter-blooming ; smooth, 2° - 3° 
high, branched, with lance-oblong 3-nerved sparingly serrate leaves, and loose 
panicled corymbs of very small white-flowered heads ; much used for dressing 
larger cut flowers. (T) 

28. CACALIA, INDIAN PLANTAIN. (Ancient name, of uncertain 
meaning.) Natives of rich soil, fl. mostly in late summer. 11 

* Receptacle flat : involucre with some bracts at the base. 

C. SUaveolenSj from Conn, to Wisconsin and S., but rare ; 3° - 5° high, 
with halbeid-shaped serrate leaves on winged petioles, and rather large heads of 
20-30 flowers. 

* * Receptacle pointed in the middle : involucre 5-flowered, of 5 scales, naked. 

C. reniformis, Great I., from New Jersey to Illinois and S. along the 
mountains, 4° -9° high, with large and green repand-toothed petioled leaves, 
the lower kidney-shaped, the upper fan-shaped. 

C. atriplicifolia, Pale I. Commoner S. : pale or glaucous, with coarsely 
toothed or angled leaves, the lower almost kidney-shaped, the upper wedge-shaped. 

C. tuberosa, Tuberous I. Wet prairies W., with angled stem and 
green thickish 5 - 7-nerved mostly entire leaves, the lower lande-oval and taper- 
ing into long petioles, the upper short-petioled. Elowers in early summer. 

29. TUSSILAGO, COLTSFOOT. (Name from the Latin ^mss/s, a cough, 
for which the plant is a popular remedy.) 2/ 

T. Farfara, the only species, is wild along brooks, damp roadsides, and 
near dwellings N., probably introduced from Europe, spreading very much by 
its creeping (mucilaginous and bitter) rootstocks, which send up, in earliest 
spring, scaly-bracted scapes, 3' - 6' high, bearing a single Dandelion-like head, 
followed by the rounded and somewhat angled or toothed heart-shaped or kid- 
ney-shaped leaves, which are cottony beneath when young. 

30. SEISTECIO, GROUNDSEL. (Name from the Latin senex, an old 
man, referring to the hoary hairs of many species, or to the white hairs of the 
pappus.) 

§ 1. Wild species, chiefly qfloiv or loet grounds, ivith yellow flowers. 
* No rayfloivers, introduced from Eu. : fl. all summer. (T) 
S. vulgaris, Common Groundsel ; a low weed in waste or cultivated 
grounds IC, corymbose, nearly smooth, Avith jiinnatifld and toothed leaves. 
* * With ray flowers, native herbs : fl. spring and early summer. 
S. lob^tus, Butterweed. Low banks of streams S. & 8. AV.. very 
smooth, l°-3° high, witli tender lyrate-])innatitid or pinnate and variou;>ly 
lobed leaves, small heads in naked corymbs, and about 12 conspicuous rays, (i) 
13 



194 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 

S. aureus, Golden Ragwort or Squaw-weed. Cottony when young, 
becoming smooth with age, sometimes quite smooth when young, with simple 
stems l°-3'-' high, root-leaves simple and in different varieties either round, 
obovate, heart-shaped, oblong, or spatula te, crenate or cut- toothed, on slender 
petioles, lower stem-leaves lyrate, upper ones sessile or clasping and cut-pin- 
natifid; cor\-mb umbel-like ; rays 8 -12. 2/ 

§ 2, Exotic species, cultivated for ornament from the Old World. 

* Emilia, or CacXlia, of the older botanists, ivith no rays, but many orange- 

red disk-fuwers in a very simple cup-like involucre: ukenes with 5 acute 

and hispid-ciliate angles. (I) 
S. SOnchifolia, Tassel-Flower : cult, as a summer annual, from India, 
very smooth or a little bristly, pale or glaucous, l°-2° high, with root-leaves 
obovate and petioled, stem-leaves sagittate and partly clasping, and rather showy 
heads in a naked corymb, in summer. 

* * Heads with no rays and only 6-12 disk-flowers, small, yellov:: stem extensively 

climbing, more or less twining. 

S. SCandens, cult, as house plant under the name of Germax Ivt, but is 
from Cape of Grood Hope, and resembles Ivy only in the leaves, Avhich are 
round-heart-shaped or angled and with 3-7 pointed lobes, soft and tender in 
texture, and very smooth : the tiowers seldom produced. 2/ 

* * * Cineraria. Heads with rays and numerous disk-flowers : not climbers. 

H— Flowers all yellow. 2/ 

S. Cineraria, or CixerXria maritima, of Mediterranean coast, an old- 
fashioned house-plant, ash-Avhite all over (whence the name Cineraria and the 
popular one of Dcsty Miller) with a woolly coating; the branching stems 
somewhat woody at base ; leaves pinnately parted and the divisions mostly 
sinuate-lobed ; the small heads in a dense coiymb. 

S. K-dempferi, of Japan and China, is most probably the original of the 
Farfugium GRANDE, lately introduced into the gardens, where it hardly ever 
flowers : it is cultivated for the foliage, the thick and smooth rounded and angled 
rather kidney-shaped root-leaves blotched with white ; some of the flowers more 
or less 2-lipped. 2/ 

•*- •*- Ray-flowers purple, violet, blue, or varying to white, those of the disk of 
similar colors or sometimes yellow. 

S. Heretieri, or CinerXria laxata, from Teneriffe, with woody base 
to the stem, rounded heart-shaped 5 - 7-lobed leaves on slender petioles, very 
white-cottony beneath but soon smooth and green above, and peduncle bearing 
solitary rather large head of purple flowers, is a less common house-plant than 
the next. '21 

S. cruentus, the Common Cineraria of the greenhouses, from Tene- 
riffe, is herbaceous, smoothish, with the heart-shaped and angled more or less 
cut-toothed leaves green above and usuallv crimson or purple underneath, the 
lower with wing-margined petioles dilated into clasping auricles at the base ; 
heads numerous in a flat corymb, the handsome flowers purple, crimson, blue, 
white, &c. '2J. 

S. elegans, Purple Ragwort, from Cape of Good Hope, a smooth herb, 
with dcepiy pinnatifid leaves, the lower petioled, the upper Avith half clasping 
base, the lobes oblong and often sinuate-toothed ; heads corymbed, with yellow 
or purple disk-flowers and purple or rarely white rays, (i) And a full-double 
variety, having the disk-flowers turned into rays. 2/ 

31. ARNICA. (Old name, thought to be a corruption of Ptarmica.) The 
common European species is used m medicine. The following probably has 
similar properties. 2J. 

A. nudieaulis, so called for the naked stem, which bears only 1 or 2 pairs 
of small leaves, although l°-3° high, the main leaves being clustered at the 
root, thickish, sessile, ovate or oblong, 3 - 5-nen-ed, mostly entire, hairy ; heads 
several, loosely corymbed, pretty large and showy, in spring. Low pine-barrens 
from S. Penn. S. 



COMPOSITE FAMILY. 195 

32. INULA, ELECAMPANE. (Ancient Latin name.) El. summer. % 
I. Helenium, Common Elecampane. In old gardens and nat. from 

Ell. by roadsides ; a stout herb, with stems S'^ - 5^ high from a thick mucilagi- 
nous root (used in medicine), large entire leaves woolly beneath, those from the 
root ovate and petioled, the others partly clasping ; heads large, but the rays 
very narrow. 

33. CHRYSOPSIS, GOLDEN ASTER. (Name from two Greek words 
meaning golden in appearance, from the yellow flowers.) Low herbs, Avild 
chiefly S. & W., in dry and barren or sandy soil : fl. summer and autumn. 

C. graminifolia, from Delaware S. : silvery-silky, with long lance-linear 
and grass-like shining nerved leaves, and single or few heads. 2/ 

C. falcata, on the coast, from Cape Cod to New Jersey : only 4' - 10' high, 
woolly, clothed to the top with short and linear 3-nerved rigid leaves, Avhich are 
often curved or scythe-shaped (whence the specific name) ; heads small, 
corymbed. 2/ 

C. gOSS^pina, from Virginia S. : white-cottony all over (whence the name), 
with oblong obtuse rarely toothed leaves, and few pretty large heads. 2/ 

C. Mariana, the commonest species, from Long Island S. : silky Avi,th long 
and weak hairs, or smoothish when old, with oblong leaves, and a few corymbed 
heads on glandular peduncles. 2/ 

C. villosa, from Wisconsin S. & W. : coarsely hairy and somewhat hoary, 
leafy to the top, with corymbed branches bearing single heads on short pedun- 
cles, and narrow-oblong leaves. 21 

34. SOLIDAGO, GOLDEN-ROD. (Old name, from Latin word to make 
whole, from supposed healing qualities. ) There are very many species, flow- 
ering through late summer and autumn. See Manual and Chapman's S. 
Flora. The following are a few of the very commonest. 21 

§ 1. Heads clustered in the axils of the feather-veined leaves. 

S. bicoLor. Pale and downy or hairy, with oblong or lance-oblong scarcely 
toothed leaves, and small heads with cream-colored or nearly white ray-flowers ! 

S. latifblia, of shaded banks N. : smooth, with broadly ovate pointed and 
sharply serrate thin leaves, and bright yellow ray-flowers. 

S. cSesia is like the last, but with more branched and glaucous stems, and 
lanceolate or lance-oblong sessile leaves. 

§ 2. Heads in racemes forming a terminal panicle. 

* Leaves father-veined, not 3-ribbed. 

S. argtlta. Smooth, with the lowest and root-leaves oblong or lance-oval 
pointed and sharply toothed, the upper narrower and entire ; the slender one- 
sided naked racemes widely spreading or drooping. 

S. altissima, badly named, as it is mostly only 2° - 4° high, one of the 
earliest-flowering Golden-rods, with rough-hairy stem, small lance-ovate or 
oblong and serrate very veiny leaves, and one-sided recurving racemes of small 
heads of bright-yellow flowers. 

* * Leaves feather-veined and indistinctly triple-ribbed, entire ornear J y so, grayish. 

S. nemor^lis, in dry open ground, flowering soon after midsummer, only 
lo_2o hij,.]^^ pj^ie ^yjti^ ygyy minute down ; the leaves spatulate-oblong or oblan- 
ccolate ; one-sided dense racemes numerous and at length recurving, and flowers 
bright golden-yellow. 

* * * Leaves plainly either 3-ribb( d or triple-ribbed: racemes one-sided, croirdcd, 

spreading or rf-curving and forming an ample panicle. 

S. Canadensis, has rough-hairy stems, lanceolate and usually serrate 
pointed leaves rather doAvny beneath' but rough above, and small heads with 
short rays. 

S. gigant^a is smooth or smoothish, especially the stem, and with larger 
heads and rays than the preceding. 



196 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 

§ 3. Heads much crowded in a terminal compound corymb. 

S. rigida, in dry soil, a tall and stout species, minutely hoary-downy and 
roughish, the thick oval or oblong leaves with a strong midrib ; the remarkably 
large heads as many as 30-flowered. 

S. lanceolata, along river-banks, only 2° - 3° high, very bushy -branched, 
nearly smooth, with lance-linear 3 - 5-nen^ed leaves, and dense flat corymbs of 
small heads sessile in clusters, the small rays 15-20, the disk-flowers fewer. 

S. tenuifblia, in sandy ground, usually near the coast ; like the preceding, 
but more slender, with narrow linear mostly 1 -nerved dotted leaves, and nar- 
rower or club-shaped heads, the small rays 6 - 12. 

35. CALLISTEPHUS, CHINA-ASTER. (Name from Greek words 
m.eanmg beautiful crown.) Fl. all summer. (T) 

C. Chinensis, the well-known China-Aster, of the gardens, a native of 
China and Japan, has numerous varieties of various colors, the finest full- 
double. 

36. ASTER, STAR WORT, ASTER. (Name, aster, a star.) This vast 
genus (with which Sericocarpus and Diplopappus may be here included) 
is too difficult for beginners, and those who ai-e prepared for their study will 
naturally use the Manual for the northern species, and Chapman's Southern 
Flora for the few that are peculiarly southern. We barely mention the com- 
monest and more distinct or striking of our 40 or 50 wild species. Fl. late 
summer and autumn. 2/ 

§ 1. With heart-shaped and petioled leaves, at least the lower ones. 

* Heads in open corymbs, middle-sized : rays white or nearly so and rather few. 

In woodlands, rather early-flowering. 

A. COrymbbsus, Corymbed Aster. Rather slender, with thin coarsely- 
toothed and sharp-pointed leaves, which are considerably longer than broad, 
and only 6-9 rays. 

A. macrophyllus, Large-leaved A. Larger and stouter, 2° -3° high, 
with broader and tliickish rather rough leaves, and more rigid corymbs of larger 
heads, with 12-24 rays. 

* * Heads panicled, numerous and small. In woodlands, Sfc. 

A. cordifolius, Heart-leaved A., is smooth or smoothish, much 
branched, Avith thinnish serrate leaves on slender petioles, and very numerous 
loosely panicled small heads, the rays pale blue or whitish. 

A. undulatus, Wavy-leaved A., is minutely downy, with the leaves only 
slightly toothed or wavy, the lowest heart-shaped and on margined petioles, the 
upper abruptly contracted into short and broadly winged petioles with dilated 
and clasping base, or else sessile by a heart-shaped base ; the heads larger and 
in narrow or raceme-like panicles, and with rather shoAvy purple-blue rays. 

§ 2. With lower leaves never heart-shaped, the upper ones sessile and pmi.ly clasp- 
ing by a heart-shaped or aiiricled base : heads large or rather large, showy, 
the numerous rays purple or blue. 

* Scales of the involucre not at all leafy, but with short greenish tips, rigid, close- 

pressed in many ranks, the outer successively shorter: rays deep-colored: 
leaves entire or nearly so. Dry grounds. 

A. patens, Spreading A. Rough Avith short hairiness, l°-3° high, with 
long Avidely spreading branches, and single large heads terminating the slender 
minutely-leaved branchlets ; all the stem-leaves clasping, usually lance-oblong 
or lance-ovate, the larger ones often contracted above the heart-shaped base, 
rough-edged ; rays deep purple-A^olet. 

A. Ifevis, Smooth A. Well-known by its perfect smoothness, pale, often 
glaucoiis, Avith lanceolate or lance-ovate leaves, heads middle-sized in a rather 
close panicle, involucre of close-pressed Avhitish scales with abrupt green tips, 
and rays sky-blue. 



COMPOSITE FAMILY. 197 

* * Scales of the involucre not leafy but loose and slender, all of about the same 

length, clammy-glandular, leaves entire, 

A. 3SroV83-Allgli8e, New England A., but everywhere common in low 
grounds ; the stout hairy stem 4° - 8° high, thickly beset to the top with 
lanceolate minutely doAvny leaves, which all have an auricled clasping base ; 
heads many and large in a crowded corymb ; the rays very numerous and 
narrow, violet-purple, or in var. e6seus rose-purple or reddish. 

* * * Scales of the involucre about equal in length, loose and with more or less 

leaf like spreading tips, or the outermost wholly green : leaves serrate in the 

middle or sometimes nearly entire : heads loosely corymbed or panicled. 

Low grounds. 

A. prenanthoides. In rich woodlands chiefly N. & W. ; only l°-2° 

high, almost smooth, with lance-ovate leaves coarsely toothed in the middle, 

tapering above into a long point, and below into a portion narrower than the 

abruptly dilated heart-shaped clasping base ; rays pale blue. 

A. puniceus, Red-stemmkd A. In wet grounds, mostly 3° -6° high, 
loosely branched, rough-hairy, commonly purple-tinged, with lance-oblong or 
lanceolate sparingly serrate rough leaves, the base auricled and partly clasping ; 
scales of involucre slender ; rays long, bright or pale blue. 

A. longifolius, Long-leaved A. Smooth or nearly so, l°-4° high, 
with lanceolate or linear often entire taper-pointed rather firm and glossy leaves, 
more leaf-like scales to the involucre, and bright blue-purple rays. 

§ 3. With leaves none of them heart-shaped, those of the stem all sessile : heads very 
small and numerous, racemed or panicled : involucre imbricated in few or 
several rows : the sccdes ivith green tips, the outer successively shorter. 

* In dry open ground, about 1° high : rays white : scales of the involucre rigid and 

whitish, with abrupt and spreading conspicuous green tips. 

A. ericoides, Heath-like A. Smooth or rather hairy, with lanceolate 
or linear-awl-shaped leaves acute at both ends, and scales of the involucre broadest 
at base, the green tips acute. 

A. multiflorus, Many-flowered A. Very common in sterile dry soil, 
pale or slightly hoary with fine close down, much branched and bush-like, with 
spreading linear leaves rough or ciliate on their margins, the upper sessile or 
partly clasping by a broad base ; scales of involucre spatulate, the green tip 
shorter than the whitish lower portion. 

* ^ In low, moist, or shady places, l°-3° high: scales of involucre with short and 

close-pressed green or greenish tips. 

A. Tradescanti. Nearly smooth, with slender stems, linear or lance- 
linear leaves, and very small and numerous heads closely racemed along the 
upper side of the flowering branches, the scales of the involucre narrow linear 
and acute ; rays white. 

A. miser. Rather hairy, with lanceolate or lance-oblong thin leaves taper- 
ing to each end and sharply toothed about the middle, heads loosely racemed or 
scattered on diverging branches, and with linear rather blunt scales of the invo- 
lucre ; rays pale blue-purple or white. 

A. dumosus, Bushy A. Smooth or almost so, loosely bushy-branched, 
with mostly linear entire or slightly serrate rough-edged leaves, and loosely 
racemed flowering branchlets bearing solitary or few heads ; scales of the invo- 
lucre linear-spatulate and blunt, closely imbricated in several rows ; rays usually 
light purple-blue, sometimes nearly white. 

§ 4. With small and very rigid linear sessile leaves, a large head solitary at the 
end of the simple stem or few branches, the involucre of narrow rigid scales 
close) y imbricated in very many rows, without green tips, and showy violet- 
blue rays. 

A. Iinariif61ius, of the older botanists, strictly DiPLorAppus linakh- 
f6lius (having a double pappus, the outer of very short bristles) ; connnon in 
open gravelly or sandy ground, 6' -20' high ; the spreading leaves with rough 
margins, strong midrib, and no veins. 



198 COilPOSITE FAMILY. 

37. EBIGEHOIT, FLEABANE. (Name of Greek words, for spring and 
old man, suggested probably by tbe hoary appearance of some vernal species.) 
Ekigekon sPhCiosDM of Oregon is occasionally cultivated as a garden 

perennial, is more showy tlian any of the following, which are the common 
wild species of the country. 

§ 1. Rays conspicuous : heads more or less corymhed : stem erect. 
* Rays purple or purplish, very numerous (50- 150) : pappus simple. 2/ 

E. Philadelph-ieuni, Com^ion F. Low grounds : 2° high, rather hairy, 
with oblong mostly entire and partly clasping stem-leaves, spatuiate and toothed 
root-leaves, and several heads ; the rays very many and narrow, pale reddish- 
purple : fl. summer. 

Ij. bellidifolium, Daisy-leaved F. or Robin's Plantain. Moist 
ground, soft-hairy, 1° -2° high, with a cluster of rather large roundish root- 
leaves lying flat on the ground, the stem-leaves rather few and small ; heads 
1-9 and long peduncled, rather large, with about 50 linear light bluish-purple 
rajs : fi. late spring. 

* * Rays white, only about 30, rather broad : pappus simple. 11 

E. vernum. Low grounds from Virginia S. ; smooth, with oval or spatu- 
iate leaves all at the root, slender scape 1° - 2° high, with a few small heads : 
fl. spring. 

* * * Rays white or nearly so, 50 or more, narrow : pappus double, the outer of a 
row of minute chaffy bristles or little scales. (I) d; 

E. Strigbsum, Smaller Daisy-Fleabane. Fields : 2° - 4° high, 
smoothish, or roughish with minute close-pressed hairs ; leaves entire, the 
lower spatuiate and slender-petioled, the upper lanceolate ; rays pretty long : 
fi. all summer. 

E. annuum, Larger Daisy-Fleabane. Fields and waste places ; a 
common weed, 3° - 5° high, branched above, roughish with spreading hairs ; 
leaves ovate or lance-ovate, the lower ones coarsely toothed ; rays rather short, 
often tinged with purple : fl. all summer. 

§ 2. Rays inconspicuous, scarcely longer than the cylindrical bell-shaped involucre 
and the simple pappus, numerous, in more than one row. 

E. Canadense, Horse weed or Bctterweed. a common weed in waste 
or cult, ground, bristly hairy ; with erect strict stem 1° - 5° high, linear leaves, 
only the lowest ones cut-lobed, and very small panicled heads of whitish flowers, 
all summer, (i) 

38. BOLTONIA. (Named for J. Bolton, an English botanist.) Wild 
plants of low grounds S. & W., resembling Asters except in the akenes and 
pappus : ray-tlowers blue-purple or nearly white ; disk-flowers yellow ; in 
autumn. 2/ 

B. diffusa, of Illinois & S., has small heads loosely panicled on the slender 
open branches, which bear small awl-shaped leaves, those of the stem lance- 
linear ; pappus of several bristles and 2 short awns. 

B. glastifolia, from Penn. S. & W., has fewer larger and corymbed heads, 
lanceolate partly erect leaves, broadly winged akenes, and 2 or 3 short awns in 
the pappus. 

B. aster Oides, from Penn. S., less common, is very Hke the last, but 
with narrow margins to the akenes and no awns (only a few short bristles) in 
the pappus. 

39. BRACHYCOME. (Name in Greek means short tuft, from the pap- 
pus, in which respect mainly it differs from the Daisy-genus.) 

B. iberdif61ia, cult, for ornament, from Australia, has slender branching 
stems nearly 1° high, pinnately parted leaves with very slender divisions, and 
handsome heads with violet-blue ray-flowers and similar or darker purple 
centre, j)roduced all summer. (J) 



COMPOSITE FAMILY. 199 

40. BELLIS, DAISY. (The old Latin name of the Daisy, from hellus, 
pretty.) (Fl. spring and summer.) 

B. integrifolia, Western Wild Daisy : in open grounds from Kentucky 
S. W., has branching spreading stems 4' -10' long, bearing some lanccolatc- 
oblong or spatulate leaves, and terminal slender-peduncled heads with pale 
blue-purple rays. ® @ 

B. perennis, True or English Daisy, cult, from Eu., mostly in double- 
flowered varieties, i. e. with many or all the disk-flowers changed into rays, or, 
in the common qniiled form, all into tubes (pink or white) : in the natural state 
the centre is yellow, the rays white and more or less purplish or crimson-tipped 
underneath ; head solitary on a short scape ; leaves spatulate or obovate, all 
clustered at the root. 2/ 

41. ACHILLEA, YARROW, SNEEZE WORT. (Named after ^c/a7/fs.) 
Leafy-stemmed, with small heads in corymbs. % 

A. Millefolium, Common Y. or Milfoil, abounds over fields and hills, 
10' - 20' high, with leaves twice pinnately parted into very slender and crowded 
linear 3-5-cleft divisions, heads crowded in a close flat corymb, with 4 or 5 
short rays, white, sometimes rose-colored : all summer. 

A. Ptarmica, Sneezewort. Run Avild from Eu. in a few places, cult, in 
gardens, especially a full-double variety, which is pretty, fl. in autumn ; leaves 
simple, lance-linear, sharjjly cut-serrate ; heads in a loose corymb, with 8-12 
or more rather long bright white rays. 

42. MARIJTA, MAYWEED. (Meaning of the name uncertain.) Native 
of the Old World. 

M. Cotula, or Anthemis Cotula, the Common Mayweed, along road- 
sides, especially E. ; low, strong-scented and acrid, Avith leaves thrice pinnately 
divided into slender leaflets or lobes, rather small heads terminating the branches, 
with white rays and yellow centre ; all late summer, (i) 

43. ANTHEMIS, CHAMOMILE. (Ancient Greek name, from the pro- 
fusion of flowers.) Natives of Old World : fl. summer. Peduncles bearing 
solitary or very few heads. 

A. arvensis, Field C. Resembles Mayweed and grows in similar places, 
but rare, is not unpleasantly scented, has fertile rays and a minute border of 
pappus, (i) (2) 

A. nobiliS, Garden C, yields the Chamomile-flowers of the apothecaries, 
spreads over the ground, very finely divided foliage pleasantly strong-scented ; 
rays white ; pappus none. 2/ 

A. tinctoria, Yellow C, is cult, for ornament, but hardly common : 
2° - 3° high, with pinnately divided and again pinnatifid or cut-toothed leaves, 
and heads as large as those of Whiteweed, with golden-yellow flowers, or the 
rays sometimes white. 2/ 

44. CHRYSANTHEMUM, including LeucAnthemum and Ymk- 

TiiRUM. (Name means golden flowers in Greek; but they are of various 
colors. ) All natives of Old World. 

§ 1. Leucanthemum or Whiteweed and Feverfew : the ray-Jlowers 
white, those of the centre inost/i/ yelloic. % 

C. Leucanthemum, or Leucanthemum vulgXre, the too common 
Whiteweed or Ox-eye Daisy, filling meadows and pastures, and diflicult to 
eradicate ; has stems nearly simple and erect from the creeping base or root- 
stock, bearing cut-toothed or slightly pinnatitid leaves below (the lowest spatu- 
late, upper j)artly clasping), the naked sunnuit bearing the single sliowv head, 
in early summer. 2/ 

C. (or L.) Parthdnium, or rYUETiiuuM rAKTiiKNiuM, Feverfew. 
Cult, in old gardens, and running wild; with branching leafy stems l°-30 



200 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 

high, leaves twice pinnately divided into rather coarse ovate leaflets, and loose 
corymbs of rather small heads, in summer. A double-flowered variety has the 
disk-corollas transformed into white or whitish tubes. 

C. parthenioides, Double-fl. or Parsely-leaved Feverfew, from 
China ; probably a low, finer-leaved, and much altered full double variety of the 
foregoing', with pure white flowers all in the form of rays, produced through the 
summer and autumn. 

§ 2. Chrysanthemums of the gardens ; the flowers of various colors, hut only 
in ce)'tain varieties white. 

C. r6seuni, from Persia and N. Asia, with simple stems bearing once or 
twice pinnately divided smooth leaves Avith linear divisions, and at the naked 
summit single heads as large as those of Whiteweed, but with pale rose or bright 
pink-red rays (and in some varieties full double), is coming into ornamental 
cultivation : the pulverized flower-heads form the well-known Persian Insect 
powder : fl. summer. 2/ 

C. Indicum, parent of the Chinese Chrysanthemums, flowering in 
late autumn, of numerous forms and colors, mostly full-double, &c. from China 
and Japan. 2/ 

C. coronarium, Summer Chrysanthemum, with yellow or sometimes 
whitish flowers, cult, from N. Africa ; smooth, with branching stems, twice 
pinnately parted leaves with auricled and clasping base, and lanceolate or linear 
cut-toothed divisions ; the involucre of broad and scarious scales. ® 

45. HELEK'IUM, SNEEZEWEED. (The old Greek name of some very 
difi^erent plant named after Helen.) North American herbs. 

H. autumnale, the commonest species, wild in low grounds, l°-4° high, 
with lanceolate toothed leaves, their base often decurrent on the stem, and a 
corymb of showy yellow-flowered heads, the rays often drooping, in au- 
tumn. 2/ 

46. GAILLARDIA. (Named for Gaillard, a French amateur of botany.) 
North American Ioav or spreading herbs : fl. all summer. 

G. lanceolata, wild from Carolina S. in pine barrens, has narrow mostly 
entire lanceolate leaves, commonly small and few yellow rays, and purple disk- 
floAvers. (2) % 

G. pulehella, wild from Louisiana W. and cult, for ornament (one form 
called G. picta), has broader leaves, some of them cut-toothed or lobed, and 
shoAvy heads Avith the large rays mostly brownish crimson-purple with yellow 
tips. ©_ 

G. aristata, Avild from Missouri W., and cult., is more downy than the 
last, less branched, with large showy rays yellow throughout, or their base 
brown-purple. % 

4n. GAZA!N"IA. (Named for a learned ecclesiastic of the middle ages, 
Theodore de Gaza.) South African plants of the conserA^atory, and floAvering 
all summer AA^ien bedded out. 

G. rigens, also named splendens, of Cape of Good Hope, with short 
stems spreading on the ground, bearing spatulate entire or some pinnatifid 
leaves, which are nearly smooth and green above, but very silvery with Avhite 
cotton underneath, and a large shoAA^y head, the orange rays over 1' long, and 
with a dark eye-spot at base. 2/ 

48. CALENDULA, MARIGOLD. (Name from the Latin calendoe or 
calends ; flowering through the months.) 

C. officinalis, Garden Marigold, of the Old World ; cult, in country 
gardens, 1° high, spreading, AA^th green and succulent oblong and entire sessile 
leaves, rather unpleasantly scented, and large head of yellow floAvevs, produced 
all summer, sometimes nearly full-double, most of tlae corollas being stra}> 
shaped. ® 



COMPOSITE FAMILY. 201 

49. POLYMNIA, LEAF-CUP. (These coarse and inelegant plants are 
oddly dedicated to one of the Muses.) FI. summer and autumn. 2/ 
P. Canadensis, common in shaded r&vines N., is 3° - .5° high, clammy- 
hairy, with thin leaves, the lower pinnatifid, the upper 3 - 5-lobed or angled, 
and the few pale-yellow and broad rays of the small heads shorter than the 
involucre. 

P. TJvedalia, in rich soil from New York to 111. and S., is roughish-hairy, 
stout, 4° -10° high, with large ovate and angled or lobed leaves, the upper 
ones sessile, and rays of the pretty large head 10-15, bright yellow, longer than 
the involucre. 

60. SiliPHIUM, ROSIN-PLANT. (Ancient Greek name of some very 
different plant.) Fl. summer and autumn. % 

§ 1. Leaves alternate, large, most of them petioled. 

* The stout and rough flowering stems ( 3° - 6° high ) leafi/ up to the few large heads : 

scales of involucre ovate, with tapering and spreading rigid tips. 

S. laeiniatuni, Rosin- Weed or Compass-Plant, of prairies, from Michi- 
gan W. & S., so called because the rough-hairy deeply pinnatifid root-leaves (of 
ovate outline) incline to present their edges N. & S. 

* * The slender smooth flowering stems (4° - 10° high) leafy only near the base, 

dividing above into a panicle of many smaller heads. 

S. terebinthinaeeuni, Prairie-Dock, so called from the appearance 
of the large root-leaves, which are ovate or heart-oblong and 1° - 2° long, besides 
the slender petiole, the margins somewhat toothed : common W. 

S. composituni, from North Carolina S., is more slender and smaller, with 
round heart-shaped leaves either toothed or cut, or divided. 

§ 2. Leaves or many of them in whorls of S or 4^ along the terete stems, rather small, 
entire or coarsely toothed. 

S. trifoliatum, of S. & W., has the smooth stem 4° -6° high, lanceolate 
roughish leaves, and small heads. 

S. Asteriseus, of dry soil S., is rough-hairy, with fewer and larger heads. 

§ 3. I^eaves opposite and clasping or connate : stems leafy to the top. 

S. integrifoliuni, in prairies from Michigan W. & S. ; roughish, 2° - 4° 
high, with luncc-ovate partly heart-shaped and entire distinct leaves. 

S. perfoliatum, Cup-Plant, of rich soil W. & S. : with very smooth 
square stems 4° - 9° high, around v/hich the ovate coarsely toothed leaves are 
connate into cup Avhich holds water from the rains. 

51. DAHLIA. (Named for a Swedish professor, Dahl, contemporary with 
Linnaeus.) ^^ Two or three Mexican species, of which the most familiar is 
D. variabilis, Common Dahlia of the gardens, with pinnate leaves, ovate 

serrate leaflets, and large heads, much increased in size and altered, of all colors : 
roots fascicled and tuberous (Lessons, p. 32, fig. 60). 

52. COREOPSIS, TICKSEED. (Named from Greek word for bug, from 
the shape of the akenes. ) Many wild species : several cult, for ornament : these 
are the commonest. Fl. summer. (See Lessons, p. 106, 107, fig. 219, 220.) 

§ 1. Rays broad, coarsely 3 - 5-tonthed : outer involucre not longer than the inner : 
akenes orbicular or oval, incurved when mature. Chiefly cultivatid. 

* ® (2) Diskflowers and lower part of the rai/s dark-colored or broirn-purple : 

akenes in these species ivingless and nearly naked at top : leaves comj)ound. 
C. tinct6ria, of Arkansas, &c., the commonest Coueopsis or Calliopsis 
of aU country gardens ; smooth, with lower leaves twico-pinnately divided into 
narrow leafiots, numerous heads, and lower half or sometimes alniost the whole 
of rays brown-purple : in one variety they are changed to tubes. 



202 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 

C. Drummondii, of Texas, is low and spreading, rather hairy, with leaves 
of 3 - 7 oval leaflets, or some of them simple, heads on long peduncles, and very 
broad rays golden yellow with small dark spot at base. 

* * (f) Disk-Jiowers yellow : ray fi yeVow with a darker and purplish-streaked spot 

near the base : akenes winged and 2-toothed. 

C. COronata, of Texas, is low, with slender-petioled leaves oblong or spatu- 
late, or some of them 3 - 5-parted, and very long peduncle ; rays broad and 
handsome. 

* * * 2/ Disk-flowers and rays (1' long) entirely yell ow ; akenes orbicular, much 
incurved and broadly icinged when ripe, crowned with 2 little teeth or scales. 

C. lanceolata. Wild W. &. S., and cult, in gardens ; 1° -2° high, smooth 
or sometimes downy, in tufts, with lanceolate or oblanceolate entire leaves 
mostly crowded at the base, and long slender peduncles : flowers in early 
summer. 

C auriculata. Wild W. & S., and in some gardens ; taller, sometimes 
■with runners or suckers at base, leafy to near the top ; upper leaves obiong, 
lower roundish and sometimes auricled at base or with 3-5 lobes or leaflets. 

§ 2. Rays entire or nearly so, oblong or lanceolate : akenes oblong, with a very 
narrow wing or border, not incurved, and obscurely if at all 2-tootlicd at the 
apex : scales of outer involucre narrow and entire : heads rather small, the 
floioers all yellow. 2/ 

* Low, l°-3° high, leafy to the top: leaves really opposite and sessile, but divided 

into 3 leaflets, thus seeming to be 6 in a whort. Wild chiefly in S. States, 
all but the first are cult- in gardens. 

C. Senifolia, has seemingly 6 lance-ovate and entire leaflets in a whorl, 
(i. e. two, but each 3-divided) smooth or downy. 

C. verticillata, has the pair cut into once or twice pinnate almost thread- 
shaped divisions, smooth. 

C. delphinifblia, very like the last, but with fewer lance-linear di-\dsions. 

* * Tall, leafy to the top, with evidently opposite petioled leaves. 

C. tripteris. Rich ground W. & S., with simple stems 4° -9° high, leaves 
of 3 - .5 lanceolate entire leaflets, corymbed heads, very short outer involucre, 
and blunt rays. 

§ 3. Rays oval or oblong, golden yelloiv, slightly notched : akenes wingless, not in- 
curved, bearing 2 awns or teeth for a pappus : outer invo'ucre conspicuous 
and resembling leaves : branching plants of ivet grounds, with thin leaves 
mostly of 3 -7 pinnate toothed or cut veiny leaflets ; resembling the next 
genus, but the awns not downwardly barbed. (T) (|) 

C. trichosperraa. Swamps mostly near the coast, 1° - 2° high, with 3-7 
lanceolate or linear cut-toothed leaflets or divisions, numerous heads, and nar- 
row-oblong or linear wedge-shaped marginless akenes Avith 2 stout teeth. 

C aurea, only S., has upper leaves often simple, lower nearly as in the fore- 
going, and shorter wedge-obovate akenes with 2 or 4 short chatF-like teeth. 

C. aristosa, from Illinois S., has more compound leaves with oblong or 
lanceolate often pinnatitid leaflets, and broad-obovate very flat akenes slightly 
margined and bristly ciliate, the pappus of 2 long and slender awns, or some- 
times 3 or 4, or in one variety none at all. 

53. BIDENS, BUR-MARIGOLD, BEGGAR-TICKS. (Latin for two- 
toothed, from the usually 2 awns of the pappus. ) Our species ® or @ ; 
fl. summer and autumn. The akenes adhering to the dress or to the fleece 
of animals by their barbed awns. 

§ 1. Akenes broad and flat, with bristly ciliate margins. 
* Coarse and very homely weeds, commonly without any rays. 
B. frondosa. Common Beggar-ticks. Coarse Aveed in Ioav or manured 
grounds, 2° - 6° high, branched, Avith pinnate leaves of 3 - 5 broad lanceolate 



COMPOSITE FAMILY. 203 

coarsely toothed leaflets, outer involucre much longer than the head, and wedgc- 
obovate akenes ciliate with upturned bristles, and 2-awncd. 

B. COnnata, Swamp B. Low grounds; smooth, l°-2° high, with simple 
lanceolate and taper-pointed leaves, or the lower .3-divided and dccurrent on the 
petiole, smaller heads, narrow wedge-shaped akenes minutely and downwardly 
ciliate and bearing about 3 awns. 

* * Low smooth herbs, with showy golden yellov) rays V long. 

B. ehrysanthemoides, Larger Bur-Marigold. Shallow water or 
wet places, G'-30' high, with simple lanceolate sessile serrate leaves, outer 
involucre shorter than the rays, and wedge-shaped akenes with almost prickly 
doAvnwardly barbed margins and 2-4 awns. 

§ 2. Akenes linear or needle-sJiaped. 

B. Beekii, Water B. Immersed in water, N. and W., the single short- 
peduncled heads rising above tlie surface, and with showy rays ; leaves cut into 
very numerous fine hair-like divisions ; awns of the stout akenes 4-6, barbed 
near the tip. 

B. bipinnata. Dry soil, from Conn, to 111. and S., 1° - 3° high, branched, 
with 1 - 3-pinnately parted petioled leaves, ovate-lanceolate leaflets, small heads, 
short pale-yellow rays, and slender akenes with 3-4 barbed awns. 

54. ACTINOMERIS. (Greek-made name, alluding to the irregularity 
of the rays in the commonest species.) 2/ 

A. squarrbsa, common in low rich soil from W. New York S. & W. ; with 
branching stems 4° -8° high, lance-oblong leaves tapering to both ends, nu- 
merous rather corymbed heads, spreading involucre, 4-10 irregular rays, and 
broadly winged akenes : fl. Sept. 

A. helianthoides, in open grounds W. & S., resembles a Sunflower as 
the name denotes, 1^-3° high, with more hairy lance-ovate sessile leaves, few 
and larger heads, erect involucre, 8-15 regular rays, and slightly winged 
akenes : fl. summer. 

55. VERBESINA, CROWNBEARD. (Origin of name obscure.) Ours 
are tall (4° -7° high) branching herbs in rich soil, with compound corymbs 
of small heads : fl. summer. 21 

V. Siegesbeckia, from S. Penn. to 111. & S., has 4-winged stems, smooth- 
ish, large and thin ovate and opposite leaves pointed at both ends, yellow flow- 
ers, and Avingless akenes. 

V. Virginica, of same range, has stem, less winged, smaller lance-ovate alter- 
nate leaves soft-downy beneath, white flowers, and narrowly winged akenes. 

56. XIMINESIA. (Named for J. Ximines, a Spanish apothecary.) 

X. encelioides, of Texas and Mexico, and cult, for ornament, 2° high, 
spreading, rather hoaiy, at least the lower face of the oblong or heart-shajjed 
clasping serrate leaves ; the bright yellow heads somewhat corymbed, showy, 
the rays deeply 3-toothed : fl. all summer. ® 

57. HELIANTHUS, SUNFLOWER (which the name means in Greek). 
The following are the commonest of the numei'ous species, many of which are 
difficult. 

§ 1. ® Receptacle Jlat and very broad : disk brownish: leaves alternate, broad 
and triple-riU)ed, petioled : fl. summer. Cult, for ornament : wild only far 
S. W. : fl. all summer. 
H. ^nnuus, the Great Common Sunflower of the gardens, Avith huge 
beads ; leaves green, roughish, not hoary. 

H. argophyilus, of" Texas, cult, for its hoary-white foliage ; heads smaller. 
§ 2. 2/ Receptacle and disk convex : heads middle-sized or rat her small : jlowir- 
ing throag/iout late summer and autumn. 



204 COMPOSITE FAOTLT. 

* Disk dark purple, contrasting with the yellow rays. 
t- Leaves long and linear, 1-nerved, entire, sessile : heads small and mostly 
corymhed : involucre of leaf-like spreading scales. 

H. angUStifoliuSj of pine-barrens from New Jersey S., lias slender rough 
stems 2° - 6° high, lov/er leaves opposite and rough. 

H. orgyalis, of Kansas and Arkansas, cult., has stems (6° -10° high), and 
crowded verj narrow alternate leaves smooth : fl. late. 

-i- -I- Leaiies oval or lanceolate, opposite: stems 1° -3° high, hearing solitary or 
few long-pedunckd rather large heads: involucre of short close scales. 

H. heterophyllus, of low pine-barrens S. ; rather hairy, with lowest 
leaves oval or oblong, upper ones lance-linear and few ; scales of involucre 
lanceolate. 

H. rlgidus, of drv prairies "W. & S. ; rough, with thick firm leaves lance- 
oblong or the lower oval ; scales of the involucre ovate or oblong, blunt. 

* * Disk yellow as well as the rays, or hardly dingy-brownish. 
•*- Scales of the involucre short and broadly lanceolate, regularly imbricated, without 
leaf-like tips : leaves nearly all opposite and nearly entire. 

H. oecidentalis, of dry barrens from Ohio W. & S. : somewhat hairy, 
with slender simple stems l°-3° high, sending off runners from base, naked 
above, bearing 1-5 heads ; lowest leaves ovate or lance-ovate ; upper ones 
narrow, small and distant. 

H. mollis, of same situations, is soft white-Avoolly all over, 2° - 4° high, 
leafy to the top, the leaves heart-ovate and partly clasping. 

•i- -i- Scales of the involucre looser and leafy -tipped : stems leafy to the top. 

++ Leaves chief y alternate and not triple-ribbed. 

H. giganteus, common in low grounds N. ; rough and rather hairy, 3° - 
10° high, with lanceolate serrate nearly sessile leaves, and pale yellow rays. 

•*-*■ -i-t- Leaves mainly opposite, except in the last, 3-ribbed at base or triple-ribbed. 

H. divaricatUS, common in dry sterile soil, has smooth stem l°-3° high, 
rough ovate-lanceolate leaves tapering to a point and 3-nerved at the rounded 
sessile base. 

H. hirsutUS, only W., differs from the preceding in its rough-hairy stem 
1° - 2° high, and leaves with narrower base more or less petioled. 

H. Strumbsus, common in low grounds, has mostly smooth stems 3° -4° 
high, broadly lanceolate or lance-ovate leaves rough above and whitish or white- 
downy beneath, their margins beset with fine appressed teeth, and petioles short 
and margined. 

H. decapetalus, so named because (like the preceding) it commonly has 
10 rays ; common along streams, has branching stems 3° - 6° high, thin and 
bright-green smoothish ovate leaves coarsely toothed and abruptly contracted 
into margined petioles ; scales of the involucre long and loose. 

H. tuberosus, Jerusalem Artichoke (i. e. Girasole or Sunflower in 
Italian, corrupted in England into .Jerusalem) : cult, for the tubers and run 
wild in fence-rows, probably a state of a Avild S. W. species ; 5° -7° high, with 
triple-ribbed ovate petioled leaves, rough-hairy as well as the stems, all the 
upper ones alternate, the running rootstocks ending in ovate or oblong edible 
tubers. 

68. HELIOPSIS, OXEYE. (Greek-made name, from the likeness to 
Sunflower. ) 

H. l^vis, our only species, common in rich or low grounds, resembles 
a Sunflower of the last section, but has pistillate rays and 4-sided akenes with- 
out pappus : l°-4° high, smooth; leaves ovate or lance-ovate, triple-ribbed, 
petioled, serrate ; head of golden-yellow flowers terminating the branches, in 
summer. ^ 



COMPOSITE FAMILT. 205 

59. RUDBECKIA, CONE-FLOWER. (Named for i2Mc?iec^, father and 
son, Swedish botanists.) The following are the commonest species, all 
natives of this country : fl. summer. 

§ 1. Disk broadly conical, dark-colored, the soft chaff not pointed: rough-hairy 
plants 1° - 2° high, leafy be/oiv, the naked summit of the stems or branches 
bearing single showy heads : leaves simple. 2/ 

R. speeibsa, from Penn. W. & S., and cult, in some gardens ; leaves lan- 
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, 3-5-nei"ved, petioled, coarsely 
toothed or cut. 

R. hirta, common in open ground W. & S., introduced into meadows E. 
with clover-seed ; stems stout and mostly simple ; leaves nearly entire, triple- 
ribbed, oblong-lanceolate or the lowest spatulate, the upper sessile. 

§ 2. Disk conical, dark-purple, the chaff awn-poitited : lower leaves often pinnately 
parted or 3-cleft. (2) 

R. triloba, from Penn. to 111. & S. ; hairy, 2° -5° high, much branched, 
with upper leaves lance-ovate and toothed, and the numerous small heads with 
only about 8 rays. 

§ 3. Disk globular, pale dull brownish {receptacle sweet-scented), the chaff blunt 
and downy at the end ; lower haves 3-parted. 2/ 

R. SUbtomentbsa, of the prairies and plains W. ; somewhat downy, with 
leafy stems 3° - 5° high, ovate or lance-ovate serrate upper leaves and short- 
peduncled heads. 

§ 4. Disk oblong, or in fruit cylindrical and 1' long, greenish yellow, the chaff very 
blunt and downy at the end : leaves all compound or cleft. % 

R. laciniata, Common Cone-Flower, in low thickets ; 3° - 7° high, 
smooth, branching above ; lowest leaves pinnate with 5-7 cut or cleft leaflets, 
upper ones 3 - 5-parted, or the uppermost undivided ; heads long-peduncled, 
with linear drooping rays 1 ' - 2' long. 

60. LEPACHYS. (Supposed to be formed from Greek words for thick 
and scale.) Receptacle anise-scented when crushed. Fl. summer. 

L. pinnata, in dry soil from W. New York W. & S. : minutely roughish 
and slightly hoary ; the slender leafy stems 3° - 5° high, bearing leaves of 3 - 7 
lanceolate leaflets, and somewhat corymbed heads with the oval or oblong disk 
much shorter than the oblong drooping yellow rays ; akenes scarcely 2-toothed, 
flattish, the inner edge hardly wing-margined. "IJ. 

Ij. COlumnaris, of the plains W. of the Mississippi ; cult, for ornament ; 
l°-2° high, with single or few long-peduncled heads, their cylindrical disk often 
becoming 2' long, and longer than the 5-8 broad drooping rays, these either 
yellow, or var. pulcherrima, with the base or lower half brown-purple ; akenes 
1 - 2-toothed at top and winged down one edge. 2/ 

61. DRACOPIS. (Name refers in some obscure way to a Dragon.) ® 

D. amplexicaillis, wild far S. W., sometimes cult, for ornament ; smooth, 
l°-2° high, with clasping heart-shaped pale leaves, and long-peduncled heads, 
like those of the preceding, the broad rays mostly shorter than the cylindrical 
disk, and either yellow or the lower part brown-purple. 

62. ECHHsTACEA, HEDGEHOG CONE-FLOWER. (Name means like 
a hedgehog, viz. receptacle with prickly pointed chafl^.) Fl. summer. 2l 

E. purpurea, in prairies and open grounds from W. Penn. W. & S. : 
stems l°-2° high from a thick and black |)ungcnt-tastod root (called Black 
Sampson, by quack-doctors), bearing ovate or lanceohvte 5-nervcil and veiny 
leaves, the lower long-petioled, and terminated by a large head; rays 15-20, 
dull rose-])urple. 

E. angustifolia, from Wisconsin S., is a more slender form, with narrow 
lanceolate 3-nervcd entire leaves, and 12- 15 brighter-colored rays. 



206 COMPOSITE FAMILY. 

63. ZIN!N"IA. (Named for a German professor, Zinn.) Commonly cul- 
tivated for ornament : fl. all summer. 

Z. ^legans, the favorite Garden Zinnia, from Mexico, with ovate heart- 
shaped half-clasping leaves, and very large heads of rose-colored, purple, violet, 
red, or white flowers, 2 -3' in diameter, of late also full-double like a small 
Dahlia ; chaff of receptacle crested-toothed at tip ; akenes barely 2-toothed at 
summit. ® 

Z. multiflora, from Mexico, &c., now not common in gardens, being less 
showy, has ovate-lanceolate leaves, hollow peduncle much enlarged under the 
head, obovate red-purple rays, blunt entire chaff, and 1-awned akenes. (i) 

Z. angUStifolia, cult, as Z. aurea, from Mexico, is widely and copiously 
branched, rough-hairy, with lanceolate leaves, many small heads, oval orange- 
yellow rays, and conspicuously pointed chaff. 

64. TAGSTES, FRENCH or AFRICAN MARIGOLD, but from South 
America and Mexico. (Mythological name.) Fl. all summer, (i) 

* Plant anise-scented, with entire leaves, small corymbed heads, and few rays. 

T. lucida, now rather uncommon in gardens, has glossy lanceolate serrate 
leaves, and orange flowers. 

* * Plant strong-scented : leaves pinnate : leaflets cut-toothed : head large. 

T. erecta, Large African M., with lanceolate leaflets, inflated club- 
shaped peduncles, and heads of orange or lemon-colored flowers, often full double. 

T. patula, French M., Avith finer lance-linear leaflets, cylindrical pedun- 
cles, and narrower heads, the rays orange or with darker stripes. 

T. signata is a more delicate low much-branched species, with finely cut 
leaves, slender peduncles, and smaller heads, the 5 rays purple-spotted or spotted 
and striped with darker orange at base. 

65. DYSODIA, FETID MARIGOLD. (Name, in Greek, denotes the 
ill-scent of the plant.) Fl. late summer and autumn. 

D. ehrysanthenioides. Roadsides and river-banks W. & S. W. : a low 

weed, nearly smooth, with spreading branches, opposite pinnately parted and 
finely cut leaves, and few yellow rays scarcely exceeding the involucre, (j) 

66. CICHORIUM, SUCCORY, CICHORY, or CHICORY. (Arabic 
name of the plant.) Fl. all summer. 

C. Intybus, Common C. Nat. from Eu. by roadsides, &c. mainly E. : 
leaves runcinate, rough-hairy on the midrib, or the upper ones on floAvering 
stems small and bract-like, entire ; shoAvy blue flowers opening only in the 
morning and in cloudy Aveather ; deep root used as substitute for coffee. 2/ 

C. Endivia, Endive, cult, from East Indies, for autumn salad; leaves 
smooth, slightly or deeply toothed, or much cut and crisped, flowering stems 
short and leafy. (D ® 

67. TRAGOPOGOlSr, SALSIFY. (Greek name for goafs-beard, from 
the par-.pus. ) Fl. early summer. 

T. porrifolius, Common S. or Oyster-plant. Cult, from Eu. for the 
edible tap-root, sometimes running wild: smooth and pale, 2° -4° high, branch- 
ing, with long leaves tapering from a clasping base to a slender apex, very large 
heads on hollow peduncle much thickened upwards, and deep violet-purple 
flowers. ® 

68. LEONTODOW, HAWKBIT. (Greek name for lion-tooth, from the 
runcinate leaves of some species.) 

Ii. autumn^le, Fall Dandelion or Haavkbit. Nat. from Europe in 
meadows and lawns E. : leaves pinnatifid or laciniate; scapes slender, 8'- 12' 
high, branching ; peduncles thickish and scaly-bracted next the small head : 
fl. summer and autumn. IJ. 



COMPOSITE FAMILY. 207 

69. HIERACIUH, HAWKWEED (which the name means in Greek). 
Wild plants of the country, in dry ground : fl. summer and autumn. 2/ 

H. Canadense, chiefly N., has simple stems l°-3° high and leafy up to 
the coryuibed summit ; lanceolate or oblong acute leaves with a few coarse teeth, 
and rather large heads with loose imbricated involucre. 

H. paniculatura, in woods, has slender and branching leafy stems 2° -3° 
high, lanceolate scarcely toothed leaves, a loose panicle of very small 12-20- 
flowered heads on slender peduncles, the involucre very simple. 

H. SCabrum, in more open grounds, is roughish-hairy, with rather stout 
simple stem (2° -3° high), bearing obovate or oval nearly entire leaves, and 
a narrow panicle of many small heads, the 40 - 50-flowered invohxcre and stiff 
peduncles thickly beset with dark glandular bristles ; akenes not tapering. 

H. longipiium, in prairies W., is so named from the exceedingly long 
(often 1') straight bristly hairs of the stem; has narrow oblong entire leaves, 
panicle and 20 - 30-flowered involucre between the last and the next, and akenes 
spindle-shaped. 

H. Gronbvii, common in sterile soil, with slender stems leafy and very 
hairy below, leaves ob.ong or obovate, panicle narrow, small heads, slender 
peduncles and 20 - 30-flowered involucre sparingly glandular-bristly, and spindle- 
shaped akenes with very tapering summit. 

H. venbsum, Rattlesnake-Weed ; common in dry sandy ground, very 
smooth or with a few hairs ; with leaves cbiefly at the root, obovate or oblong, 
thin, purple- tinged beneath and purple-veiny above ; scape slender, l°-2° high, 
forking into 2-7 slender peduncles bearing small about 20-flowered heads ; 
akenes linear, not tapering. 

70. NABALUS, RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. (Name from Greek word 
for a liarp, alluding probably to the lyrate leaves of some species.) Roots 
tuberous or spindle-shaped, bitter. Fl. late summer and autumn. 2/ 

* Peduncles and 5 - \2-flowered heads smooth : leaves very variable. 

TS, altissimus, Tall R. or White-Lettuce. Rich woods N., 3° -6° 
high, with long and narrow leafy panicle, petioled leaves inclined to be ovate- 
triangular ; heads 5 - 6-flowered ; pappus dirty white. 

JN. albus, Common White-Lettuce, in open woods, chiefly N. and W., 
is glaucous, with more corymbed panicles of 8- 12-flowered heads, usually more 
cut or divided leaves, and cinnamon-colored pappus. 

iN. Fraseri, Lion's-foot, or Gall-of-the-Earth, is commonest in dry 
soil E. and S., l°-4° high, with narrow-corymbed panicles of 8- 12-flowered 
heads, and pappus dull straw-color. 

* * Pedunces and 12 - 40-Jlowered heads hairy. Chiefly West, on plains, ^x. 

N. raeembsus has smooth wand-like stem 2° - 5° high, lance-oblong 
slightly toothed leaves, the upper ones partly clasping, and a narrow spiked 
panicle of about 12-flowered heads. 

!N. asper is similar, but rough-pubescent, the 12- 14-flowered heads mostly 
erect and larger. 

N. erepedinius, only W., is smoother, with stout stem 5° -8° high, 
wide corymbed panicles of 20 - 40-flowered heads, brown pappus, and broad 
leaves 6' - 12' long on winged petioles. 

71. PYRRHOPAPPXJS, FALSE DANDELION. (Name means in 
Greek fame-colored pappus ; this and the leafy stems obviously distinguish 
this genus from the next. ) (J) @ 

P. Carolinianus, in sandy fields from Maryland S. : 1° - 2° high, with 
oblong or lanceolate leaves often pinnatifid or ciit, the upper partly clasping ; 
fl. spring and summer. 

72. TARAXACUM, DANDELION. (Greek name referring to medici- 
nal properties of the root.) @ 21 

T. Dens-lebnis, Common D., in all fields, &c., from spring to autumn. 
Inner involucre closes after blossoming till the akenes mature and the beak 



208 LOBELIA FAMILY. 

lengthens and elevates the pappus ; then the involucre is reflexed, the pappus 
spreads, and with the fruit is blown away by the wind. 

73. LACTUCA, LETTUCE. (Ancient Latin name, from the milky juice. ) 
L. satlva, Gaiiden Lettuce. Cultivated from Europe, the broad and 

tender root-leaves used for salad; stem-leaves heart-shaped and clasping; 
flowers yellow. (J) (2) 

L. Canadensis, Wild Lettuce. Open grounds, 3° - 9° high, with 
lanceolate or oblong leaves often pinnatifid, sometimes entire ; flowers pale 
yellow, sometimes purple or reddish. (2) 

74. MULGEDIUM, FALSE or BLUE LETTUCE. (Name from 
Latin mulgeo, to milk.) El. summer, in thicket-borders, &c. 

M. acuminatum, from New York to 111. & S. ; 3° - 6° high, with ovate 
or lance-ovate barely serrate leaves on winged petioles, blue flowers, and bright 
white pappus. @ 

M. Floridanum, from Penn. W. & S. ; like the first, but with all the 
leaves or the lower ones lyrate or runcinate, uppermost partly clasping. (2) 

M. leucophteum, in low grounds : resembles Wild Lettuce, and with 
equally variable lanceolate or oblong often irregularly pinnatifid leaves, very 
compound panicle of pale blue or bluish-white flowers, and tawny pappus. @ 

75. SOWCHUS, SOW-THISTLE. (Ancient Greek name.) Coarse 
weeds, with soft-spiny-toothed runcinate-pinnatifid leaves : nat. from Eu. : 
fl. summer. 

S. oleraoeus, Common S. ; in manured soil and damp waste places ; 1° - 
5° high, acute auricles to the clasping base of the leaves, pale yellow flowers, 
and akenes wrinkled transversely. ® 

S. asper, like the last, but the leaves less divided and more spiny-toothed, 
the auricles of their clasping base rounded, and akenes smooth with 3 nerves on 
each side. ® 

S. arvensis, Field S. Less common E. ; l°-2° high from creeping 
root-stocks, with larger heads of bright yellow flowers, and bristly peduncles 
and involucre. 2/ 

62. LOBELIACE^, LOBELIA FAMILY. 

Plants with milky acrid juice, alternate simple leaves, and scat- 
tered racemed or panicled flowers ; the calyx-tube adherent to the 
many-seeded ovary and pod ; the corolla irregularly 5-lobed and 
mostly split down as it were on the upper side ; the 5 stamens 
united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their 
anthers; style only one. 

Downingia elegans, under the older name of CLiisrT6NiA elegans, and 
D. pulcheila, formerly Clint6nia pulchella, are delicate little annu- 
als from California, sparingly cultivated. They resemble small Lobelias, with 
very bright blue flowers, but are known by the very long and slender 1-celled 
pod, and short tube of corolla not much split down. The first has the 2 narrow 
lobes approaching each other opposite the 3-lobed lip which has a whitish centre. 
The second has a larger corolla, with centre of the 3-lobed lip yellow and white, 
and the 2 other lobes widely diverging. — The other common plants of the 
order belong to 

1. LOBELIA (named after the herbalist Z)e /'Ote/ or Zo?)e/). Tube of the 
calyx and 2-cclled pod short. Corolla split down on one side, the .5 lobes 
more or less irregular or unequal. Two or all 5 anthers bearded at top. 



CAMPANULA FAMILY. 209 



* Exotic, cultivated for ornament. 

Ii. Erinus, from Cape of Good Hope, the common low an^ spreading little 
Lobelia of conservatories and summer gardens, with abundant small flowers 
azure-blue, usually white in the throat, and narrow toothedJpper leaves : (I) or 
continued by cuttings. *^^ 

L. laxifibra, from Mexico, cultivated in conservatories under the name of 
SiPHOOAMPYLUS BicoLOR ; tall, with curved and large red and yellow floAvers, 
hanging on long slender peduncles from the axils of the oblong or lanceolate 
toothed leaves. % 

* * Wild species of the country, one or two of them sometimes cultivated for orna- 
ment ; fl. summer : growing in wet or low grounds, except two of them. 
-I- Corolla deep red : stems tall and simple. 

L. cardinalis, Cardinal-Flower, with lance-oblong leaves and erect 
raceme of large and showy flowers, which are very rarely rose-colored or even 
white. (D IJ. 

+- -t- Flowers blue or with some white in the throat. 

L. syphilitica. Great Blue L. Slightly hairy, 1° - 3° high, leafy, with 
ovate-oblong irregularly toothed leaves, dense leafy raceme, hairy calyx, and 
corolla almost 1' long. ^2/ 

L. puberula, chiefly S. & "W. ; minutely soft-downy, with blunter and 
finer-toothed leaves, and rather 1-sided spike of smaller deeper-blue flowers. 2/ 

L. spicata, in sandy or gravelly damp or dry soil ; smoothish, with long 
and wand-like stems l°-3° high, obovate lowest leaves, narrow and small 
upper ones, and close naked raceme of very small flowers. (2) 21 

Ij. Kalmii, of wet banks N. ; smooth, with branching stems 5'- 12' high, 
obovate root-leaves, few and lanceolate or linear stem-leaves, a loose raceme 
of slender-pedicelled and small but handsome bright-blue flowers, and obovate 
pods. (D 11 

63. CAMPANULACE^, CAMPANULA FAMILY. 

Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, 
with regular 5-lobed (blue or white) corolla and 5 stamens borne 
on tlie summit of the calyx-tube which is adherent to the 2-5- 
celled many-seeded ovary and pod ; style 1 ; stigmas as many as 
the cells of the ovary. Stamens separate in all our plants of the 
order, which by this and by the regular corolla (valvate in the bud) 
are distinguished from the preceding. 

Trachelium c^huleum, of S. Europe, is an ornamental plant of 
old gardens, but not hardy, N., and rare : known by the erect stem 
terminated by a corymb of many small flowers, with very slender, 
almost salver-shaped blue corolla. 

1. SPECULARIA. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Stigmas 3. Pod linear or nar- 

row oblong, opening by a lateral valve or short cleft into each cell. Other- 
Avise as in the next. 

2. CAMPANULA. Corolla bell-shaped, or of various shapes. Stigmas and cells 

of the short pod 3-5, each cell of the latter opening by a lateral valve or 
short cleft. 

3. PLATYCODON. Corolla very broadly open from a narrow base, balloon-shaped 

in the bud. Pod top-shaped, 5-celled, opening at the top into 3-5-vnlves. 

1. SPECULARIA, VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS. (Old Latin namo 
of European species is »S/)('c?</((m Venerifi.) Fl. all summer. 

S. Speculum, Garden V., cult, from Eu. for ornament, is a low herb, 
with oblong leaves, ])rctty blue flowers terminating the spreading branches, and 
linear trianijular pod. 

14 



210 HEATH FAMILY. 

S. perfoli^ta, a wild weedy plant in sterile or sandy ground, with simple 
stems 3' - 20' high, furnished throughout with round-lieart-shaped clasping 
leaves, and small liowers in their axils, only the later ones expanding a small 
blue corolla ; pod oblong. 

2. CAMPANULA, BELLFLOWER or HAREBELL. (Diminutive of 
Italian or late Latin name for bell.) Fl. summer. (Lessons, p. 102, fig. 207.) 

* Wild species of the country, all with 3 stigmas and ^-celled pod. 

C. Americana, Tall Wild B. Rich moist ground especially \y., with 
stem 3° - 6° high, thin lance-ovate taper-pointed serrate leaves, and long loose 
spike of flowers, the almost wheel-shaped light-blue corolla 1' broad, and long 
curved style. ® @ 

C, aparinoldes, Small Marsh B. Grassy wet places, with delicate 
weak stem 8' -20' high, and rough backward on the angles, bearing small lance- 
linear leaves and a few small flowers on diverging peduncles, the beil-shaped 
corolla 3" -4" long. 2/ 

C. rotundifoiia. Common Harebell. On precipices and rocky banks 
N., with tufted spreading slender stems 5' -12' high, round or heart-shaped 
root-leaves, dying early, but narrow mostly linear stem-leaves ( the specific name 
therefore unfortunate), and a few slender-peduncled flowers, the blue bell-shaped 
corolla 6' - 8" long. % 

* * European species of the gardens : flowers mostly blue, with white varieties. 
-1- Stigmas and cells of the pod 3 : no appendages to calyx. 2/ 

C. Carpathiea. Smooth, tufted, 6'-10' high, with roundish or ovate 
petioled small leaves, slender 1-flowered peduncles, and open bell-shaped corolla 
about 1' long. 

C. rapunculoides. Weedy, spreading inveterately by the root, rather 
hairy, the erect leafy stems l°-2° high, with lowest leaves heart-shaped and 
petioled, upper lance-ovate and sessile, nodding flowers in the axil of bracts 
forming a leafy raceme, and tubular-bell-shaped corolla 1' long. 

C. Traehelium. Roughish-hairy, 2° - 3° high, with more coarsely toothed 
and broader leaves than the last, and rather larger bell-shaped corolla. 

C. psrsic^folia. Smooth, Avith upright stems lo-2'^° high, and bearing 
small lance-linear leaves, root-leaves broader, all beset with minute close teeth ; 
the flowers nearly sessile and erect, rather few in a sort of raceme, the open bell- 
shaped corolla l^'-2' long, sometimes double. 

-»- -t- Stigmas and cells of the pod 5 : calyx with reflexed leafy appendages. (T) (2) 

C. Medium, Canterbury Bells. Erect, branching, hairy, with coarse 
toothed leaves, and oblong-bell-shaped flowers 2' -3' long, often double. 

3. PLATYCODOW. (A Greek-made name, means ftroat^W/^ower.) Jl 
P. grandiflbrum. Cult, from Siberia ; very smooth, pale or glaucous, 

rather low and spreading, with lance-ovate coarsely toothed leaves, terminal 
peduncle bearing a showy flower, the broadly expanded 5-lobed corolla fully 
2' broad, blue or white, sometimes double, in summer. 

64. ERIGACEiE, HEATH FAMILY. 

Very large family, chiefly of shrubs, difficult to define as a whole ; 
the leaves are simple and mostly alternate ; the flowers almost all 
regular, and with as many or twice as many stamens as there are 
petals or lobes of the corolla; their anthers 2-cel!ed, each cell more 
commonly opening by a pore or hole at the end ; ovary mostly 
with as many cells as there are lobes to the corolla ; style only one, 
and seeds small. 

Epacris is a genus and the type of a family or sub-order of 
Heath-like shrubs, of Australia, some of them cult, in conservatories. 



HEATH FAMILY. , 211 

Epacrises and the like differ from Heaths in their stamens (often 
inserted on the tube of the corolla) having one-celled anthers. The 
Heath Family comprises the following subordinate families: — 

I. WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY, known by having the tube 
of the calyx adherent to the ovary, on wliich the monopetalous 
corolla and the stamens are therefore mounted. All are shrubs, 
with scaly buds. Fruit a berry or berry-like. 

1. GAYLUSSACIA. Stamens 10: anthers with the cells opening by a chink at 

the blunt or tapering top. Ovary 10-celled with one ovule in each cell, form- 
ing a berry-like fruit containing 10 apparent seeds, or properly little stones. 
Flowers in lateral racemes; branchlets and leaves beset with resinous or 
clammy dots or atoms. 

2. VACCINIUM. Stamens 10 or 8: anthers tapering up into a tube with a hole 

at the top. Ovary with several or many ovules in each cell, forming a pulpy 
many-seeded (rarely rather few-seeded) ben*y. 

3. CHIOGP'NES. Stamens 8: anthers with short cells minutely 2-pointed, and 

opening by a large chink down to the middle. Ovary 4-celled, in fi'uit a white 
many-seeded berry. 

IL HEATH FAMILY proper ; shrubs or small trees with 
calyx free from the ovary. 

§ 1. Heaths : the corolla persisting dry and scarioiis long after the flowers open, 
enclosing the pod; the evergreen leaves needle-shaped or minute. Lobes of 
calyx and corolla 4 : stamens 8. No scaly leaf-buds. 

4. EEICA. Corolla of various shapes, 4-toothed or 4-cleft, longer than the calyx. 

Pod loculicidal. Leaves needle-shaped or linear with margins revolute. 

5. CALLUNA. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and less conspicuous 

than the 4-colored and scarious-persistent sepals ; below these 2 or 3 pairs of 
bracts, the inner ones scale-like. Pod septicidal. Leaves very short and 
small, opposite, crowded, and imbricated. 

^ 2. Corolla deciduous {not remaining dry after flowering). 

* Monopetalous {or in No. 16 loith two of the petals nearly separate). 

•*- Fruit berry-like, containing 5-10 seeds or very small stones: calyx dry underneath. 

6. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Corolla urn-shaped, 5-toothed, enclosing the 10 sta^ 

mens ; their anthers opening at the top, and 2-awned on the back. Leaves 
alternate. 

-t- -1- Fruit a dry and many-seeded pod, 

++ But enclosed in the calyx which becomes thick and fleshy, so that the fruit imitates 
a berry, but has a dry pod inside. 

7. GAULTHEEIA. Corolla oblong or short-c3dindrical, 5-toothed. Anthers 10, 

4-awned or 4-pointed at top, opening only there. Leaves alternate, broad, 
often spicy-aromatic, evergreen. 

++ ++ Calyx dry and separate from the pod. 
a* Corolla salver-shaped, h-lobed ; anthers opening lengthwise, not appendaged. 

8. EPIGiE A. Sepals 5, thin and scale-like, ovate-lanceolate, style slender. Leaves 

evergreen, reticulated, roundish. 

b» Corolla cylindrical, urn-shaped, orate, or globular, very rarely bell-shaped, the 
oriflre b-loothed ; anthers opening wholly or mainly at the top. All belonged to 
Andromeda of Linnams, now divided as foUons. 

9. CASSANDRA. Calyx of 5 ovate and acute rigid sepals overlapping in the 

bud, and a pair of similar bractlets at its baset Corolla almost cylindrical. 
Aiithei's with tubular tips to the cells, and no awns on the back. Pod flattish 
from above, when ripe splitting into an oixter layer of 5 valves and an 
inner cartilaginous one of 10 valves. Shrub, with leaves rather sonrfy. 
10. LEUCOTHOK. Calyx of 5 almost separate sepals a little ovevlap]nng in the 
bud. Corolla ovate-oblong or almost cylindrical. Anthers without tubular 
tips. Pod flattish from above, 5-valved", loculicidal. Shrubs. 



212 HEATH FAMILY. 

11. ANDEO]\IED A. Calyx valvate in the early bud ; no bractlets. Corolla various. 

Pod globular or short-ovate, 5-valved, loculicidal. Shrubs. 

12. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx valvate in the bud; no bractlets. Corolla ovate. 

Anthers awnless. Pod conical or pyramidal, 5-valved, loculicidal. Tree. 

C. Corolla (usually large) open-bell-shaped, saucer-shaped, funnel-form^ ^r., b-lobed 
or cleft : anthers short, without awns or other appendages, opening only by 
holes at the top : f laments long and slender^ as is also the style : pod septicidal : 
leaves entire. 

= No scaly buds : bracts green, firm, and persistent. 

13. KALMIA. Corolla broadly open, slightly 5-lobed, and with 10 pouches in 

which the 10 anthers are lodged until extricated by insects, when the bent 
elastic filaments fly up and discharge the pollen."' Pod globular. Leaves 
evergreen. Flowers in umbels or corymb-like clusters. 
= = Flowers in umbel-like clusters from large scaly terminal buds, their thin scale- 
like bracts or bud-scales falling as the blossoms are developed. Calyx often 
minute or obsolete. 

14. RHODODENDRON. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, or various. Stamens 

10, often curved to the lower side. Leaves evergreen, or rarely deciduous. 
Pod mostly oblong. 

15. AZALEA. Stamens 5, or rarely more, and leaves deciduous: otherwise nearly 

as in Rhododendron. And the characters ran together, so that Azaleas would 
hardly be kept distinct, except that they are so familiar in cultivation. 

16. RHODORA. Like Azalea, but the corolla strongly irregular, the upper part 

3-lobed, the lower of 2 almost or quite separate petals ; and stamens 10. 

* * Polypetalous or nearly so : the {white) corolla of 5 equal petals, 

"«- Widely sjjreading, oval or obovate : leaves evergreen : flowers in a terminal umbel 

17. LEIOPHYLLUM. Stamens 10 : anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2 - 3-celled. 

Leaves small, smooth both sides, glossy, mostly opposite. 

18. LEDUM. Stamens 5-10: anthers opening by holes at top. Pod 5-celled. 

Leaves alternate, thinnish, rusty-woolly underneath. Flowers from scaly 
terminal buds, as in Azalea, 
-t- -»- Petals less spreading : leaves deciduous : flowers in hoary racemes. 

19. CLETHRA. Sepals and obovate-oblong petals 5. Stamens 10: anthers arrow- 

shaped and reflexed in the bud, the hole at the top of each cell then at the 
bottom. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved, 3-celled, enclosed in the 
calyx. Leaves alternate, serrate, feather-veined, deciduous. 

III. PYROLA FAMILY ; evergreen herbs or nearly so, with 
calyx free from the ovary, corolla of separate petals, anthers turned 
outwards in the bud, soon inverted, when the holes by which they 
open are at top. Seeds innumerable, with a loose cellular coat. 

20. PYROLA. Flowers in a raceme on a scape which bears rounded leaves at 

base. Petals roundish, more or less concave. Stamens 10, with awl-shaped 
filaments. Style long. Valves of pod cobwebby on the edges. 

21. M02\ESES. Flower solitary, with orbicular widely spreading (sometimes only 

4) petals, conspicuously 2-horned anthers, large 5-rayed stigma on a straight 
style, and pod as in the next genus : otherwise like PVola. 

22. CHlilAPHILA. Flowers several in a corvmb or umbel, with orbicular widely- 

spreading petals, 2-horned anthers on "filaments enlarged and hairy in the 
middle. Very short top-shaped style covered by a broad orbicular stigma, 
and valves of pod smooth on the edges. Stems leafy below: leaves narrow, 
smooth and glossy. 

IV. INDIAN PIPE FAMILY ; herbs destitute of green foli- 
age, parasitic on roots of other plants ; commonly represented by 
one common genus, viz. 

23. MONOTROPA. Calyx or 2 or more deciduous bract-like scales. Corolla of 

4 or 5 erect spatulate or wedge-shaped petals, resembling the scales of the 
, .stem. Stamens 8 or 10: anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top, 
style stout: stigma depressed. Pod 4 - 5-celled, seeds imiumerable, minute, 
resembling fiaie sawdust. 



HEATH FAMILY. 213 

1. GAYLUSSACIA, HUCKLEBERRY or AMERICAN WHORTLE- 
BERRY. (Named for the French chemist Gay-Lussac.) Flowers white 
tinged with reddish, in late spring : the edible fruit ripe late in summer, that 
of the first species largely gathered for the market. 

G. resinbsa, Common or Black H. Low or rocky ground, common ex- 
cept S. W., l°-3° high, clammy-resinous when young, with rigid branches, 
oval leaves, short one-sided racemes in clusters, rather cylindrical corolla, and 
black fruit without a bloom. 

G. frondbsa, Blue-Tangle or Dangleberry. Low grounds from New 
England S., with diverging slender branches, pale leaves white beneath, slen- 
der racemes and pedicels, short corolla, and sweet blue-black fruit with a bloom. 

G. dumbsa, Dwarf H. Sandy soil near the coast, rather hairy or bristly, 
with thickish rather shining oblong leaves, long racemes, leaf-like oval bracts 
to the pedicels, bell-shaped corolla, and insipid black fruit. 

2. VACCINIUM, CRANBERRY, BLUEBERRY, &c. (Ancient Latin 
name, of obscure meaning.) Berry edible. (Lessons, p. 104, fig. 216.) 

§ 1. Blueberries, beyond New England commonly called Huckleberries ; 

with leaves deciduous at least in the ISorthern States ; ^flowers in spring in 
clusters from scaly buds separate from and rather earlier than the leaves ; 
corolla oblong or short cylindrical, H-toothed, enclosing the 10 anthers, berries 
ripe in summer, sweet, blue or black ivith a bloom^ each of the 5 many-seeded 
cells divided into two. 

V. Pennsylvanicum, Dwarf Early Blueberry. Dry or barely 
moist grounds N. and E. : 6'- 15' high, with green angular branches, mostly 
lance-oblong leaves bristly-serrulate and smooth and shining both sides, the 
sweet berries earliest to ripen. 

V. Canadense, Canada B. Low grounds only N., is taller, l°-2° high, 
the broader entire leaves and branchlets downy. 

V. vaeillans, Low Pale B. Dry woodlands, less northern ; l°-3° high, 
with yellowish branches, smooth and pale or glaucous leaves obovate or oval 
and entire, and berries ripening later than the first. 

V. teneUum, Southern B. Low grounds from Virginia S. ; l°-3° high, 
with greenish branches rather pubescent, obovate-oblong or oblanceolate leaves 
scarcely serrulate and often pubescent, 7' - 1' long. 

V. eorymbbsum, Common Swamp B. N. & S. in wet or low grounds : 
3° - 10° high, with oval or oblong leaves, either smooth or downy, pale or green, 
and sweetish berries ripening in late summer ; in one downy-leaved variety pure 
black without a bloom. 

§ 2. Evergreen Blueberries of the South, in low pine barrens, procumbent 
or only 1° - 2° high, with 5-toothed corolla and 10 stamens. 

V. myrsinites, Avith stems 6' - 20' high, lanceolate or lance-obovate leaves 
§•' - 1' long and mostly pale beneath, and black or blue berries. 

V. crassifolium, with procumbent slender stems, thick and shining oval 
or oblong leaves ^' or less in length, their margins revolute, globular-bell-shaped 
corolla, and black berries. 

§ 3. Farkleberry and Deerberry ; erect shrubs loith single axillary or 

7'acemed flowers on slender pedicels,' in early summer, open -bell-shaped 

corolla, 10 stamens, anthers with very slender tubes and 2 awns on the back, 

and insipid berries ripening late, each of their 5 cells divided into two, and 

maturing few seeds. 

V. arbbreum, Farkleberry. Open woods from Virg. and S. 111. S. : 

8°- 1.5° high, evergreen far S., with oval glossy leaves, anthers included in the 

5-toothcd white corolla, and black mealy berries. 

V. Stamineum, Deerberry or Squaw-ITuokleberry. Dry woods, 
N. & S. : 2° - 3° high, rather downy, with dull and pale ovate or oval loaves, 
anthers much longer than the greenish or whitish 5-cleft corolla, ami large 
greenish berries. 



214 HEATH FAMILY. 

§ 4. Cranberry ; creeping or trailing very slender hardly woody plants, with 
small evergreen leaves whitish beneath, single flowers in summer^ home on 
slender erect pedicels, pale rose corolla deeply paiied into 4 narrow reflexed 
divisions, 8 anthers with very long tabes bat no awns on the back, and acid 
red berry ^-celled, ripe in autumn. 

V. OxycoCCUS, Small C. Cold peat-bogs N. & E. : a delicate little plant, 
flowering at the end of the stems, the ovate acute leaves (only |' long) with 
etrongly revolute margins, berry only half as large as in the next, often speckled 
with white, seldom gathered for market. 

V. maerooarpon, Large or American C. Bogs from Virginia N. ; 
with stems 1° to 3° long, growing on so that the flowers become lateral, ob- 
long obtuse leaves sometimes ^ long, and with less revolute margins, and 
berries ^' or more long ; largely cultivated for the market E. 

3. CHIOGENES. (Greek-made name, alluding to the snow-white berries.) 

C. hispidula, Creeping Snowberry. Cool peat-bogs and low mossy 
woods N. ; with nearly herbaceous slender creeping stems, very small ovate 
pointed evergreen leaves, their lower surface and the branchlets beset with rusty 
bristles, minute axillarv flowers in late spring, and white berries ripe in summer : 
these and the foliage have the flavor of Aromatic Wintergreen. 

4. ERICA, HEATH. (Ancient Greek name.) All belong to the Old 
World. The Heaths of the conservatories, blooming in winter, belong to 
various species from Cape of Good Hope. Of the European species one bears 
the winter well at the North, and is planted, viz. 

E. Cornea (in the form called E. herbXcea), of the Alps ; a low under- 
fihrub, with linear blunt leaves whorled in fours, and rosy or bright flesh-colored 
flowers, with narrow corolla rather longer than calyx, in early spring. 

5. CALLUNA, HEATHER, LING. (Name from Greek, to sweep, brooms 
being made from its twigs in Europe.) 

C. vulgaris, Common H. of North Europe, seldom planted, very sparingly 
found wild in E. New England and Nova Scotia, &c. : fl. summer. 

6. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, BEARBERRY (the name in Greek). 

A. Uva-IJrsi, Common B. ; trailing over rocks and bare hills N., forming 
mats, with thick smooth and entire obovate or spatulate evergreen leaves, and 
small scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in a short raceme, in early spring, fol- 
lowed by the red austere berries. Leaves used in medicine, astringent and 
somewhat mucilaginous. 

7. GAULTHERIA, AROMATIC WINTERGREEN, &c. (Named 
for Dr. Gau/thier or Gaultier of Quebec, over 130 years ago.) 



G. proeumbens, Creeping W., Boxberry, Checkerberry, &c. ; 
common in evergreen and low woods, spreading by long and slender mostly 
subterranean runners, sending up stems 3' - 5' high, bearing at summit a few 
obovate or oval leaves and in summer one or two nodding white flowers in the 
axils, the edible red " berries " lasting over winter : these and the foliage famil- 
iar for their spicy flavor, yielding the oil of wintergreen 

G. Shallon, in the shade of evergreen woods of Oregon, &c., and sparingly 
planted, a shrub spreading over the ground, with glossy ovate slightly heart- 
shaped leaves about 3' long, and flowers in racemes. 

8i EPIG.SjA. (Name in Greek means on the ground, from the growth.) 

E. repens, Trailing Arbutus, Ground Laurel, or, in New England, 
Mayflower. Sandy or some rocky woods, chiefly E., under pines, &c. ; pros- 



HEATH FAMILY. 215 

trate, with rusty-bristly shoots, somewhat heart-shaped leaves slender-petioled, 
and small clusters of rose-colored or almost white spicy-fragrant flowers in early 
spring. 

9. CASSANDRA, LEATHER-LEAF. (A mythological name.) 

C. ealyculata. Wet bogs N. and mostly E. ; low much branched shrub, 
with small and nearly CA-ergreen dull oblong leaves sprinkled with some fine 
scurf or scaly atoms, and small white flowers in the axils of the upper leaves 
forming one-sided leafy racemes, in early spring. 

10. IiEUCOTHOE. (Mythological name.) Flowers white, in naked 
scaly-bracted racemes or spikes, which are formed in summer and open the 
next year. 

§ 1. Evergreens on moist baiiks of streams, with i^ery smooth and ghssij finely 
and f'hurply serrate leaves ; the rather calkin-like dense racemes sessile in 
tlif'ir axils ; bractlets at the base of the short pedicels ; flowers in spring, 
exhaling the scent of Chestnut-blossoms. 

Tj. Catesbssi, abounds from Virginia S. along and near the mountains, 
with long recurving branches, ovate-lanceolate and very taper-pointed leaves on 
conspicuous petioles, and narrowish sepals. 

L. axillaris, belongs to the low country S., flowers very early, has broader 
less pointed leaves on very short petioles, and broad-ovate sepals. 

§ 2. Deciduous-leaved, tvith one-sided looser racemes at the ends of the branches, 
flowerinr/ in late spring or summer after the membranaceous leaves are 
developed ; bract lets close to the calyx, acute. 

L. racembsa. Low grounds E. & S. ; erect, 4° - 8° high, with oblong 
acute serrulate leaves a little downy beneath, long and upright racemes, and 
4-awned anthers. 

11. ANDROMEDA. (Mythological name.) Flowers white, rarely tinged 
with rose, mostly in spring. 

§ 1 . Flowers in naked onesided racemes crowded at the end of the branches, formed 
in summer and opening early the next spring : leaves evergreen. 

A. floriblinda. Along the Alleghanies S. and planted for ornament ; 
30 _ iQo hion^^ very leafy, the lance-oblong acute leaves serrulate with very fine 
bristly teeth, abundance of handsome flowers, the ovate-urnshaped corolla 
strongly 5-angled ; anthers 2-awned low on the back. 

§ 2. Flowers in umbel-like clusters: leaves evergreen : stamens 2-awned. 

A. polif61ia. Cold wet bogs N. ; 6' - 1 8' high, smooth and glaucous ; 
with lanceolate entire revolute leaves white beneath, flowers in a simple termi- 
nal umbel, the corolla almost globular. 

A. nitida. Low ])ine-barrcns from North Carolina S. ; 2°-C° high, very 
smooth, with .3-anglcd branchlets, ovate or oblong and entire glossy leaves, 
abundant honey-scented flowers in numerous axillary clusters, and ovate- 
cylindrical coroila. 

§ 3. Flowers in umbel-like clusters on wood of the previous year, in late spring or 
early snnnner: leaves mosfltj deciduous, but often thirk/sli or coriaceous : pods 
5-(in</led by a prominent rib or ridge at the lines of opening. 

* Flowers ^-' or more long, nodding, smrxtth, clustered mostly on leaf ess shoots : 
stamens 2-awned. Smoeith ornamental shrubs, 2° -4° high. 

A. speeibsa. Low barrens S., barely hardy N. in cultivation ; with oval 
or oblong blunt and serrate leaves, often mcaly-Avhitcncd ; corolla open bell- 
shaped. 

A. Mariana, Stagger-uush (the foliage said to poison lambs and calves). 
Low grounds K. & S. ; with glossy oval or oblong entire veiny leaves, and 
leaf-like lanceolate sepals half the length of the almost cylindricarcoroUa. 



216 HEATH FAMILY. 

* * Flowers very small, with globular and scurfy-pubescent corolla. Rusty pu- 

bescent or scurfy shrubs, 4° - 10° high. 

A. ferruginea. Low sandy grounds S. with thick and rigid mostly ever- 
green rusty obovate leaves, the margins revolute. 

A. ligustrina. Low grounds E. & S. ; with thin and green obovate-oblong 
leaves, and panicled clusters of small flowers. 

12. OXYDENDRUM, SORREL-TREE, SOUR-WOOD. (Both the 
Greek-made and English names refer to the sour-tasted leaves.) One species. 
O. arbbreum. Rich woods, Penn. to Ohio and S. ; tree 15° -40° high, 

smooth, with oblong-lanceolate pointed seniilate leaves (resembling those of the 
Peach), on slender petioles, and white flowers in long one-sided racemes clus- 
tered in a loose panicle at the end of the branches of the season, in early 
summer. 

13. KALMIA, AMERICAN or MOUNTAIN LAUREL. (Named for 
Peter Kalm, pupil of Linneeus, who travelled in this country before the 
middle of the last century. ) Ornamental shrubs, scarcely found W. : foHage 
thought to poison cattle. El. spring and early summer. 

K. Iatif61ia, Large Mouxtain-L., also Calico-bush, Spoon-wood, &c., 
in Middle States. Common N. in damp grounds and along the mountains S., 
where it forms very dense thickets, 4° -10° or even 20° high, Avith mostly 
alternate lance-ovate leaves bright green both sides ; the large and showy 
clusters of rose-color or white or crimson-spotted flowers terminal and clammy, 
in early summer. 

K. angustif61ia, Narrow-leaved or Sheep L., Lamkill. Low or 
dry grounds ; 2° - 3° high, with narrow-oblong short-petioled leaves opposite or 
in threes and pale beneath, and corymbs of smaller crimson-purple flowers lat- 
eral (in late spring), their pedicels recurved in fruit. 

K. glatica, Pale L. Cold bogs N. ; l°-2° high, with 2-edged branches, 
opposite sessile oblong or linear leaves white beneath and with revolute margins, 
the corymbs of lilac-purple flowers terminal, in spring. 

14. RHODODENDRO]^, ROSE-BAY. (The name in Greek means 
Rose-tree.) Very ornamental shrubs or small trees. Caljrx in our species 
small or minute. 

* Leaves thick and evergreen, smooth : branches stiff and erect : flowers in early 

summer from very large terminal buds: corolla broadly bell-shaped. 

R. maximuni, Great R. or Wild Laurel. Mountain-sides, abundant 
through the Alleghanies, and N. sparingly to Maine and Canada ; 6° - 20° 
high, with lance-oblong leaves (4' -10' long) narrowish below, clammy pedi- 
cels, and pale rose or nearly white corolla (1' broad) greenish in the throat, on 
the upper side more or less spotted with yellow or reddish : fl. midsummer. 

R. Catawbiense, Catawba R. High Alleghanies from Virginia S., and 
planted ; 3° - 6° high, with oval or oblong leaves rounded at bo'th ends and 
pale beneath (3' -5' long), usually rusty pedicels, and large purple corolla: 
fl. early summer. This, hybridized with other less hardy species, especially 
with the next, and with the tender R. arboreum of the "^ Himalayas (cult, in 
conservatories) gives rise to most of the vai'ious Rhododendrons of ornamental 
grounds. 

R. Pontieum, from Pontus, &c., hardy when planted N. only as a low 
shrub, has obovate-lanceolate leaves tapering to the base, and a very open beU- 
shaped purple corolla, in late spring. 

* * Leaves evergreen, but thi»nish ; branches slender and spreading or drooping : 

flowers in early summer. 
R. punctatum, Dotted R. Along the mountains E. from N. Carolina 
S., and sparingly planted ; 4° - 6° high, with oblong or lance-oblong leaves 
acute at both ends, 2' -4' long, and sprinkled, like the branchlets and outside 
of the rather small short funnel-shaped rose-colored corolla, with rusty dots or 
atoms. 



HEATH FAMILY. 217 

* * * Leaves tardily deciduous, thickish : Jfoioers home on the naked shoots in 

earliest spring : corolla almost wheel-shaped, bright rose-purple. 

R. Dauricum, cult, from Siberia ; a low shrub, with small oblong leaves 
(1' -2' long) sprinkled with minute dots, becoming rusty beneath. 

15. AZALEA. (Name in Greek means arid ; not applicable to these orna- 
mental shrubs, which grow in low, wet, or shady grounds.) 

§ 1. Chinese Azaleas, with thicJdsh almost or quite evergreen leaves, rather 

leafy calyx, short-tubed corolla approaching to bell-shaped, and often 10 

stamens, — therefore in strictness rather Khododendrons : 

A. indica, cult, from China and Japan, &c., is however the Azalea of 

florists, tiowering in late winter and early spring in conservatories, with red, 

purple, pink, white or variegated showy flowers, green rather shining leaves, 

and shoots beset with appressed awl-shaped rusty bristles. 

§ 2. True Azaleas or False Honeysuckles, with deciduous leaves, slen- 
der cylindrical tube to the corolla, the chiefly 5 stamens and the style long 
and protruded : hardy ornamental shrubs. 
* Flowers developed later than the leaves, in summer, very fragrant. 

A. viscosa, Clammy A. Swamps E. & S. ; 4° - 10° high, with bristly 
branchlets, oblong-obovate mostly smooth leaves commonly pale or whitish 
beneath, often glossy above, and white or rosy-tinged very clammy flowers. 

* * Flowers developed with or rather before the thin and veiny mostly pubescent 

leaves, in late spring, slightly fragrant. 

A. nudiflbra, Purple A. or Pinxter-flower. Swamps, chiefly E. & S. ; 
3° - 6° high, with oblong or obovate leaves ; branchlets and narrow tube of the 
rose or pink-red corolla rather glandular-pubescent, and calyx xery small. 

A. ealendulaeea, Flame-colored A. In and near the Alleghanies, 
especially S., and cult, in hybrid forms ; has yellow or flame-colored corolla and 
larger calyx-lobes than the preceding. 

A. Pontica, planted from the Old World, a native of the Caucasus ; has 
larger (2' or more broad) golden or orange-yellow flowers, terminating naked 
branches, the tube clammy-downy. 

16. RHODORA. (Name made from the Greek word for Rose, from the 
color of the flowers and general likeness to Rhododendron.) 

R. Canadensis. Cold Avet grounds, from Penn. N. & E. : low shrub, with 
handsome rose-pink flowers in spring, somewhat earlier than the pale rather 
hairy leaves. 

17. LEIOPHYLLUM, SAND -MYRTLE. (Name from the Greek, 

meaning smooth hf. ) 

Ij. buxifolium. In sand, from New Jersey S. ; evergreen shrub a few 
inches high, miich branched, with oval or oblong Myrtle-like leaves (from 4' to 
near ^' long), and umbels of small white flowers in late spring. 

18. LEDUM, LABRADOR TEA. (An old Greek name.) Fl. early 
summer. 

L. Iatif61mm, Common or Broad-leaved L. Low and damp or wet 
grounds from Penn. N. ; 2° -5° high, with oblong leaves, usually 5 stamens, 
and oblong pods. 

19. CLETHRA, WHITE ALDER. (Old Greek name of Alder, from 
some resemblance in the foliage.) Fl. in summer. 

C. alnifolia, the only common species, in low grounds. 3° - 10° high, with 
wedge-obovatc sharply serrate straight-veined leaves, and upright panicled 
racemes of fragi*ant small flowers. 



218 HOLLY FAMILY. 

20. PYROLA, WINTERGREEN, SHIN-LEAF. (Old name, diminu- 
tive of Pyrus, the Fear-tree, the application not obvious.) Flowers mostly 
greenish-white, in summer.) 

* Flowers nodding, the petals partly expanding, the hanging style more or less 

curved, tipped with a narrow stigma, and stamens ascending. 

P. rotundifolia. Damp or sandy woods ; has thick and shining round 
leaves on short petioles, many-flowered raceme, and blunt anthers : a variety in 
bogs has rose-purple flowers. 

P. elliptiea. Rich woods N. ; has thinnish and dull upright leaves on 
rather long and margined petioles ; the greenish-white flowers nearly as in the 
preceding. 

P. chlorantha. Open woods N. ; smaller, the scape only 5' -6' high, with 
a few greenish-white flowers, thick but dull roundish leaves only 1' long, and 
anthers short-horned. 

* * Flowers all turned to one side, rather spreading than nodding, the petals con- 

niving, stamens and style straight, stigma large and 5-rayed. 
P. seciinda. Rich woods N. & E. : slender, 3' - 6' high, with thin ovate 
leaves and dense spike-like raceme. 

21. MONE3BS, ONE-FLOWERED WINTERGREEN. (Name, from 
the Greek, refers to the solitary flower. ) Flowering in early summer. 

M. uniflora. Cold woods N. E. : with roundish and serrate veiny leaves 
about ^' long, scape 2' -4' high, and rather large white or rose-colored flower. 

22. CHIMAPHILA, PIPSISSEWA or PRINCES -PINE. (Name 

fi-om Greek, means lover of winter, i e. Wintergreen ) Plants of dry woods, 
branched at base, 3'- 10' high, with fragrant wax-like mostly flesh-colored 
flowers, in early summer. 

C. umbell^ta, Common P. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, not 
spotted ; flowers 4-7, with violet-colored anthers. 

C. maculata, Spotted P. Lower, 3' -6' high, with ovate-lanceolate 
remotely toothed leaves blotched with white, and 1-5 flowers. 

23. MONOTROPA, INDIAN PIPE. (Name from the Greek, refers to 
the flower or summit of the stem turned over to one side or hanging : in 
fruit it straightens.) Fl. summer. 

M. uniflora, Common Indian Pipe or Corpse-plant; in rich woods ; 
smooth, waxy-white all over, 3' - 6' high, Avith one rather large nodding flower 
of 5 petals and 10 stamens. 

M. Hypopitys, Pine-sap or False Beech-drops ; in Oak and Pine 
woods; rather downy, tawny or reddish, fragrant, 4' -12' high, with several 
smallish flowers in a scaly raceme, having 4 petals and 8 stamens, or the upper- 
most 5 petals and 10 stamens. 

65. AQUIPOLIACE^, HOLLY FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, small mostly po- 
ly j^amous or dioecious axillary flowers, havinoj divisions of the free 
calyx, petals (these almost or quite distinct), stamens (alternate 
with petals), and cells of the ovary of the same number (4-6 or 
even 9, and fruit berry-like, containing 4-6 single-seeded little 
stones. Solitary ovule hanging from the top of each cell. Sessile 
8ti,!j:ra:is 4-6, or united into one. P'lowers wliite. 

Nemopanthes Canadensis, sometimes called Mountain Hol- 
ly, shrub with slender petals and large dull red berries, in cold 
woods or bogs N., is the only representative besides the species of 



EBONY FAMILY. 219 

1. ILEX, HOLLY. (Ancient Latin name, which hoAvever belonged rather 
to an Oak than to Holly.) Fl. early summer : fruit autumn. 

§ 1. True Holly, with thick and rigid evergreen leaves, red berries, and parts 
of the flowers in fours, rarely some in fives or sixes. 

I. Aquifolium, European Holly, is occasionally planted, not quite 
hardy N. ; tree with more glossy and spiny leaves, and brighter red berries than 

I. opaea, American H. Low grounds from E. New England S. ; tree 
20° -40° high, smooth, with gray bark, oval leaves wavy -margined and spiny- 
toothed. 

I. Dahdon, Dahoon H. Shi-ub or small tree, of low pine-barrens from 
Eastern Virginia S., a little downy, with obovate or oblong-linear short-petioled 
leaves sparingly toothed above the middle ; or, var. myrtif6lia, with narrower 
leaves bare'y 1' long and mostly entire. 

I. Cassine, Yaupon H. Shrub on the sandy coast S., with oblong or 
lance-ovate crenate leaves only 1' long, and flowers in sessile clusters. Leaves 
used for Yaupon tea. 

§ 2. Prinos, &c., shrubs with deciduous mostly thin leaves, and red berries. 
* Parts of the flower 4, 5, rarely 6 : nutlets striate on the back. 
I. decidua. Wet grounds S. & W. ; with wedge-oblong or lance-obovate 
obtusely serrate leaves downy on the midrib beneath, when old glossy above, 
and with acute calyx-lobes. 

I. ambigua. Wet grounds S. ; with the thin oval or oblong pointed 
leaves smooth or smoothish and sharply serrate, and obtuse ciliate calyx-lobes. 

I. mollis. Shady grounds along the Alleghanies from Penn. S. ; like the 
last, but soft-downy, and fertile peduncles very short. 

* * Parts of the blossom 6 {or somrtimes 5-9) in the fertile, 4- 6 ?n the sterile 

flowers : nutlets of the berry smooth and even. 

I. verticillkta, Common Winterberry or Black Alder. Common 
in low grounds ; with obovate or wedge-lanceolate serrate leaves (l^'-2' long) 
acute or pointed at both ends, the lower surface often downy, very short-pedun- 
cled flowers mostly clustered, and very bright scarlet-red berries ripening late in 
autumn. There is nothing whorled in the leaves or flowers, so that the name 
is rather misleading. 

I. ISBVigata, Smooth W. Wet grounds along the coast of Ncav England 
to Virginia ; has smoother and narrower minutely serrate leaves glossy above, 
long-peduncled sterile flowers, and larger less bright berries ripening earlier. 

§ 3. Inkberry ; shrubs with thickish evergreen leaves glossy above, often blackish- 
dotted beneath, parts of the flower 6, or rarely 7-9, and with black 
astringent berries, their nutlets smooth and even, 
I. glabra, Common Inkberry. Along sandy coast from Mass. S., 2° -4° 
high ; with wedge-oblong few-toothed near the apex, flowers several on the 
sterile, solitary on the fertile peduncles. 

I. COri^cea. Wet soil from Carolina S. ; 4° -8° high, with larger obovate- 
oblong or oval leaves entire or with scattered sharp teeth. 

66. EBENACE^, EBONY FAMILY. 

Trees, with hard wood, no milky juice, alternate entire leaves, 
from 2 to 4 times as many stamens as there are lobes to the corolla, 
several-celled ovary, with a single ovule hanging in each cell, and 
berry with large hard-coated seeds. Represented only by 

1. DIOSPYROS, PERSIMMON, DATE -PLUM. (Ancient Greek 
name.) Flowers poly!^;amous or dia>cious, the ferti e ones single in axils of 
leaves, the sterile smaller and often clustered. Calyx and corolla oacli 4 - G- 
lobed. Stamens about 16 in the sterile, 8 imperfect ones in the fertile flowers, 



220 STORAX FAMILY. 

inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers turned inwards. Berry edible 

when very ripe, plum-like, globular, surrounded at base by the persistent 

thickish calyx. Fl. early summer. 

D. Virginiana, Common P. Southern New England to Illinois and S. : 
tree 20° - 60° high, with very hard blackish wood, nearly smooth thickish ovate 
leaves, very short peduncles, 4-parted calyx, pale yellow 4-cleft corolla, 4 styles 
2-lobed at tip, 8-celled ovary, and plum-like fruit green and very acerb, but yel- 
low, sweet, and eatable after frost. 



67. BtJMELIACE^, SAPPODILLA FAMILY. 

Mainly tropical trees or shrubs, with hard wood, and in other 
respects also resenibling the last family, but mostly with milky- 
juice, perfect flowers, anthers turned outwards, erect ovules, and 
bony-coated seeds. Represented S. by a few species of 

1. BUMELI A. (Ancient name of a kind of Ash, transferred to this genus. ) 
Flowers small, white or whitish, in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 
5-parted. Corolla .5-cleft, and with a pair of internal appendages between the 
lobes, 5 good stamens before them, and as many petal-like sterile ones or 
scales alternating. Ovary 5-celled, hairy : style 1, pointed. Fruit cherry- 
like, containing a single large stony-coated seed. Small trees or shrubs, with 
branches often spiny, and deciduous but thickish leaves entire. Fl. summer : 
fruit purple or blackish. Natives of river-banks, &c. 

B. lyeioides, from Virginia to Illinois and S., is smooth, with obovate- 
oblong or lance-wedge-shaped leaves 2' - 4' long, and greenish flowers. 

B. tenax, still more southern, has smaller leaves brown-silky underneath, 
and a shorter white corolla. 

B. lanuginosa, in dry soil from S. Illinois S. ; has leaves rusty-hairy or 
woolly beneath, and wliite corolla. 



68. STYRACACE^, STORAX FAMILY. 

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, perfect flowers with 
4-8 petals more or less united at the base, and bearing twice as 
many or indefinitely numerous partly monadelphous or polyadel- 
phous stamens, only one style, and a 1 - o-celled 1-5-seeded fruit. 
Ovules as many as 2 in each cell. Calyx in ours coherent more or 
less with the 2 - 4-celled ovary. 

1 STYRAX, Flowers from the axils of the leaA^es, white, showy, on drooping pe- 
duncles. Calyx scarcely 5-toothed, its base coherent merelV with the base of 
the 3-celIed many-ovuled ovary. Corolla open bell-shaped, mostly 5-parted, 
rather downy outside. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, 
with flat filaments monadelphous at base, and"" linear anthers. Fruit diy, 
1-celled, with visually only one globular hard-coated seed at its base. 

2. HALESIA Flowers 'in fascicles on hanging pedicels from the axils of the 

deci(h:ous leaves of the preceding year, white, showy. Calyx 4-toothed, the 
tube wholly coherent with the 2 -4-celled ovary. P'etals 4,' or united into a 
bell-shaped corolla. Stamens 8-16: filaments monadelphous at the base: 
anthers hnear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and dry, 2-4- 
wiiiged, within bony or woody and 1-4-celIed, a singleseed filling each 
sle:xler cell. 

3. SY?iIPLOCOS Flowers yellow, in the axils of the thickish leaves, not droop- 

ing. Calyx 5-cleft-, coherent with the lower part of the S-celled ovary. 
Petals 5, "broad, nearly separate. Stamens very many in 5 clustei's, one 
a^tfiched to the base of each petal : filaments very slender : anthers very 
short. Fruit 1-celled, l-seeded, small and dry. 



PLANTAIN FAMILY. 221 

1. STYBAX, STOEAX. (The ancient Greek name.) Leaves, &c. with 
some scurf or starry down. Shrubs, in low pine woods or barrens, from Vir- 
ginia S. : fl. late spring. 

S. grandifolia, has obovate leaves (2' -6' long) white downy beneath, and 
flowers mostly numerous in racemes. 

S. puiverulenta, has oval or obovate leaves less than 2' long, their 
lowsr face scurfy-downy, and fragrant flowers few together or single. 

S. Americana, has oblong almost glabrous leaves acute at both ends, and 
flowers 2-4 together or single. 

2. HALESIA, SNOWDROP- or SILVER-BELL-TREE. (Named for 
Stephen Hales, early writer of essays in vegetable physiology.) Tall shrubs 
or small trees, flowering in spring juBt as the leaves appear. 

H. tetraptera, Eour-wikged H. Along streams from Virginia and the 
Ohio River S., planted for ornament and hardy N. : tall, smoothish, with oblong 
finely serrate leaves, 4-lobed corolla, 12-16 strongly monadelphous stamens, 
and 4-winged fruit. 

H. diptera, Two-wikged H., confined to low country S. ; has coarsely 
serrate more downy oval leaves, 4 nearly distinct petals (1' long), 8-12 nearly 
distinct stamens, and 2-winged fruit. 

3. SYMPLOCOS, [A (jXQQ\in2iraQ,vciQQ.n?, growing together.) Fl. spring. 

S. tinctoria, Sweet-Leaf, Horse-Sugak. Shrub or small tree, in rich 
ground S., with coriaceous oblong nearly entire almost evergreen leaves, pale 
beneath, and small odorous flowers in close sessile bracted clusters. Leaves 
sweet-tasted, greedily eaten by cattle. 

69. PLANTAGINACE^, PLANTAIN FAMILY. 

Consists almost entirely of the very familiar weedy genus 

1. PLANTAGO, PLANTAIN, RIBGRASS. (The old Latin name.) 
Flowers in a spike, on a naked scape, small, whitish. Sepals 4 (or rarely 3 
from two of them growing together), imbricated, persistent. Corolla short 
salver-form, thin and membranaceous, usually becoming scarious and dry, or 
withering on the pod ; lobes 4. Stamens 4 (or rarely 2) borne on the tube of 
the corolla : filaments usually lengthening suddenly at flowering time and 
hanging (as in Grasses), bearing the 2-celled anthers. Style and long hairy 
stigma single and thread-like. Ovary 2-celled. Pod 2-celled, a pyxis, the top 
falling off as a lid, and the partition then falling out along Avith the 2 or more 
seeds. Leaves parallel-ribbed, all from the ground. The following are the 
common species : fl. summer. 

§ 1 . Floioers all alike and perfect, in each the style protruded a day or two before 
the anthers open or are hung out : lobes of corolla remaining wide open. 

P. major, Common Plantain, in yards, &c. Usually smooth or smooth- 
ish, with ovate or oval 5 - 7-ribbed leaves, a slender spike, and 7 - IG-scedcd 
pod. 11 

P. lanceolata, Ribgrass, Ripplegrass, or English Plantain. Nat. 
from Eu. in fields : rather hairy, with lanceolate or lance-oblong 3 - 5-ribbed 
leaves, a grooved-angled scape, thick and close spike, two of the sepals mostly 
united into one, and 2-sceded pod. 2/ 

P. maritima, Seaside P. Salt-marshes N. E. ; smooth, with linear thick 
and fleshy sometimes almost terete leaves, showing no ribs, slender spike, and 
2 - 4-seeded pod. (T) 2/ 

§ 2. Flowers almost dioecious, or of 2 sorts, one ivith 4 long stamens and open 
corol a, the other with minute short stanmis, and corolla closing jni-mancntly 
over the pod. 

P. Virginica. Sandy grounds mostly S. : small, pubescent, Avifh obovate 
or lance-spatulatc 3 - 5-ribbed leaves, a small spike, and 2-secded pod. 



222 PRIMROSE FAMILY. 

70. PLUMBAGINACE^, LEADWORT FAMILY. 

Known bj the flowers with parts five throughout, viz. 5-lobed 
plaited calyx, 5 stamens opposite as many petals or lobes of the 
corolla and almost separate from them, 5 styles or 5 stigmas, and 
the free ovary 1 -celled, containing a single ovule hanging on a 
slender stalk which rises from its base ; the fruit a small utricle. 

§ 1, L'no hmxly herbs, loith leaves all from the root, and flowers on scapes, having 
a funnel-shaped scarious calyx, nearly or quite separate petals tapering at base, 
and b almost or quite separate styles. 

1. AR^IERIA. Tufted plants with evergreen very narrow and entire leaves, 

simple scapes bearing a head of rose-colored flowers, and styles plumose- 
hairy towards the base. 

2. STATICE, Broadish-leaved herbs, with scapes branching into a panicle, 

bearing 3-bracted flowers or clusters : styles smooth. 

§ 2. Plants of warm regions, with branching mostly woody stems bearing alternate 
entire leaves, and bracted spikes of handsome fluicers, having a tubular calyx 

and corolla, ana one style bearing 5 stigmas. 

3. PLU^IBAGO. Cah-x o-toothed at the apex, glandular along the 5 ribs or 

angles. Corolla salver-form, with long tube. 

1. AEMERIA, THRIFT. (Old Celtic name latinized.) Fl. summer. 11 
A. vulgaris (also called A. maritim.a:), Commox Thrift, wild on shores 

of Eiirope, &c., cult, in gardens for edgings, &c., with short spreading leaves 
and scape 3' - 6' high. 

2. STATICE. (Ancient Greek, meaning astringent, the roots used as such 
in popular medicine.) A few species of the Old World are cult, in choice 
gardens, but not commonly. 2/ 

S. Limdnium, Sea-Lavexder or Marsh-Rosemary. Along the coast 
in salt-marshes : with oblong or spatulato thick and pale leaves on slender 
petioles, scapes 1° - 2° high, bearing lavender-colored flowers all summer. 

3. PLUMBAGO, LEAD WORT (which the Latin name denotes). The 
following are cult, in conser\^atories, or turned out to flo^'cr all summer. 

P. Capensis, Cape L., with somewhat climbing angled stems, oblong 
spatulate leaves, and large pale or lead-biue corolla, the tube l^' long. 
* P. coecinea, Red-flowered L., of the East Indies, is more tender, with 
deep red flowers. 

P. Zeylanica, White-flowered L., of the East Indies, with smaller 
white flowers. 

71. PRIMULACE^, PRIMROSE FAMILY. 

Herbs with regular perfect flowers, the stamens borne on the 
corolla, and as many as its divisions and opposite them, one style 
and stisma, and many or sometimes few ovules on a free central pla- 
centa of the one-celled ovary, in fruit a pod. 

§ 1. With leaves all from the root and simple, the flowers on a scape, 
* From a flbrous-rooted crown or root-stock. 

1. PRIMULA. Calyx .5-toothed or o-cleft, often angled. Corolla salver-shaped 

or funnel-shapecl with o spreading lobes ; the stamens included in its tube. 
Pod opening by valves or teeth at the top. Flowers in an umbel, which is 
sessile in one species, but usuallv raised on a scape. 

2. DODECATHEON. Calyx o-parted, reflexed. Corolla 5-parted; the divisions 

lanceolate, strongly reflexed. Stamens conniving in a long slender cone, tiie 
linear anthers very much longer than the short partly monadelphous fila- 
ments. Pod splitting into 5 valves. Flowers in an umbel. 



PRIMROSE FAMILY. 223 

* * From a depressed or biscuit-shaped Jleshy corm. 

8. CYCLAMEN. Flower resembling that of Dodeciitlieon, but only one on a 
scape or stalk. Anthers sessile, pointed. 

§ 2. With leafy stems, the leaves simple and chiejfy entire, 
* In one whorl at the summit of the slender stem : parts of the flower 7. 

4. TRIENTALIS. Calyx and corolla wheel-shaped, of mostly 7 divisions united 

only at base, those of the former linear-lanceolate, of the latter oblong, of 
both pointed. Filaments united in a ring at base : anthers oblong, curving 
when old. Flowers white. 
* * I?i pairs or whorls along the stems : parts of the flower mostly 5. 

5. LYSIMACHIA. Corolla yellow, wheel-shaped, 5-parted (or rarely of 5, 6, or 

even 7 nearly or quite separate narrow petals). Filaments beardless, often 
monadelphous at base. Pod splitting into valves. 

6. ANAGALLIS. Corolla red, blue, or white, wheel-shaped, the 5 divisions broad. 

Filaments bearded. Pod (a pyxis) open by a transverse division, the top 
falling oft' as a lid, many-seeded. 

* * * Alternate leaves along the branching stems : base of calyx and ovary coherent. 

7. S A:\I0L US. Calyx 5-clefc. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with a little body 

like a sterile filament in the clefts. Stamens included. Pod many-seeded, 
splitting into 5 valves. Flowers small, white, in racemes. 

§ 3. With hollow inflated leafy stems ; the leaves whorled or scattered, the lower ones 
pinnatdy parted: parts if the flower 5. 

8. HOTTONIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short salver-shaped: stamens included. 

Pod opening by 5 clefts down the side, many-seeded. Flowers small, in 
whorls along the upper part of the stem and branches. 

1. PRIMULA, PRIMROSE, COWSLIP, «&c. (Name from primus, 
spring, from the flowering-time of true Primrose.) If. Two small species 
are scarce along our northern borders (see Manual) : the following are the 
common ones cult, for ornament. 

* Tender house-plant, with inflated conical calyx, and round-heart-shoped 7-9- 

lobed leaves. 

P. Sinensis, Chinese Primrose, a downy plant, with often proliferous 
umbels of large and showy flowers, purple, rose, or white, sometimes double, 
in one variety cut-fringed. 

* * Hardy or nearly so, from Eu , loith large tubular or oblong-bell-shaped angled 

calyx, and wrinkled-veiny oblong or spatulate leaves tapering into short wing- 
margined petioles : flowirs naturidly yellow, in spring. 

P. grandifl6ra (or acaulis), True Primrose, has leaves somewhat 
hairy beneath, and the large flowers rising on slender pedicels from their axils, 
the proper scapes not developed ; corolla flat, sulphur-yellow. 

P. oflO-CinMis (or veris), English Cowslip; somewhat pubescent with 
minute pale down, scapes bearing the umbels above the leaves, much smaller 
flowers of deeper color, and the limb of corolla rather concave or cup-like, the 
throat commonly orange. The sorts of Polyanthus are cultivated varieties, 
with flowers enlarged, of various colors, or partycolored, often more or less 
double. 

* * * Scarcely hardy N., with bell-shaped calyx mucli shorter than the funnel- 

shaped corolla, and smooth and thick obovate leaves, mostly covered icith 
some fine mealiness. 

P. Auricula, Auricula, of Southern Europe ; low, with sessile loaves, 
and scape bearing a few fragrant flowers, these pale yellow, with varieties white, 
purple, or of various hues, sometimes full double. 

2. DODEGATHEOTT. (Fanciful name, from Greek for twelve gods.) % 
D. Meadia, called Siiooting-Stau at the West, or sometimes Amkrican 

Cowslip : in i-ich o])en woods from Pcnn. S. and especially W., and cult, for 
ornameiU ; smooth, with a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves tu-ound the base 



224 PRIMROSE FAMILY. 

of a simple scape, 6' -2° high, which has an umbel of several or many hand- 
some rose-purple or often white flowers nodding on the slender pedicels, becom- 
ing erect in fruit : fl. late spring. 

3. CYCLAMEN". (Classical name for the wild plant of Europe called 
Sowbread.) Cult, in this country as house-plants for winter-flowering. 
Flowers rose-colored, pink, or white* nodding on the apex of the stalk, the 
reflexed lobes turned upwards. 2/ 

C. Europseum, Common C. Corm l'-2' in diameter, sending up heart- 
shaped thick sometimes angled leaves, often marked with Avliite above and 
crimson-purple or violet beneath, on slender petioles, and flowers with open 
throat and oval or oblong divisions, the flower-stalks coiled up after flowering 
so as to bring the pod to the ground to ripen. 

C. Persicum, Persian C, is more tender, with longer and lanceolate 
divisions and less open throat to the corolla, the flower-stalks not coiling after 
blossoming. 

4. TRIENTALIS, CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN. (From Latin 
for the third part of a foot, the usual height of the European species. ) Jl 
T. Americana, American C. or Star-flower. In open low woods, 

especially N. : a pretty plant, the stem bearing a few scales below, and at top 
a whorl of long-lanceolate leaves tapering to both ends, also 2 or 3 slender- 
stalked delicate flowers with taper-pointed petals, in spring. 

5. LYSIMACHIA, LOOSESTRIFE (which the name means in Greek). 
Fl. summer. 2/ 

§ 1 . Wild species of the country, in low or wet grounds : corolla yellow. 

L. thyrsiflbra. Wet swamps N. : smooth, with simple stem leafless at 
base, above with lanceolate sessile leaves, in the axils of one or two of them 
a short-peduncled oblong spike or cluster of small flowers, having slender fila- 
ments and lance-linear mostly separate purplish-dotted petals, and as many little 
teeth between them. 

L. striata. Common N. & S. : smooth, very leafy, branching, with mostly- 
opposite lanceolate sessile dark-dotted leaves tapering to each end, flowers on 
slender pedicels in a terminal long raceme leafy at base, unequal filaments mo- 
nadelphous, and lance-oblong lobes of corolla blackish-streaked. 

L. quadrifolia. Sandy moist gi-ound : rather hairy, with ovate-lanceolate 
sessile leaves 4 (or 3 - 6) in a whorl, slender peduncles in the axils of the upper 
ones, and ovate-oblong lobes of corolla dark-streaked. 

L. ciliata. Low thickets ; with erect stems 2° - 3° high, opposite dotless 
leaves lance-ovate with rounded or heart-shaped ciliate base and on fringed 
petioles, flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the upper axils, light yellow 
corolla not streaked nor dotted, the lobes round-ovate and wavy-margined or 
denticulate, little longer than the sepals. 

L. radieans, from Virginia S. W., resembles the foregoing, but stems or 
branches reclined and rooting, and leaves and flowers smaller by half 

L. lanceolata, commonest W. & S., is similar, but with oblong or linear 
leaves mostly narrowed into short and margined petioles. 

L. longifdlia, from Western New York W., has similar but deeper yellow 
flowers, and sessile linear blunt stem-leaves of thicker texture. 

§ 2. European species in cultivated grounds, Sfc. 

L. vulgaris, Common L. of Europe : a rather stout downy plant, 2° - 3° 
high, with oblong or lance-ovate leaves 3 or 4 in a whorl, flowers in panicles, 
and monadclphous filaments. 

L. nummularia, Moneywort : trailing and creeping in damp garden- 
grounds, or running wild sometimes ; smooth, with opposite small round 
leaves, and solitary flowers in their axils on short peduncles. (Lessons, p. 77, 
fig. 155.) 



BLADDERT70RT FAMILY. 225 

6. ANAGALLIS, PIMPERNEL. (Old Greek name, meaning delightful.) 
Low herbs ot" tho Old World, flowering all summer. 

A. arvensis, Commox P. or Poor-Man's AVeather-glass, the small 
(red, jiurple. or white) flowers said to close at the approach of rain ; in gardens 
and running wild in sandy tields ; spreading on the ground, with pale ovate 
leaves shorter than the peduncles, and rounded petals fringed with minute 
glandular teeth. i^ 

A. caerulea, Bll-e P., of the gardens, a tender mostly larger form of the 
preceding, with larger blue flowers, (i) 

7. SAMOLUS, WATEK-PIMPEENEL, BROOKWEED. (Old name, 
of unknown meaning.) Fl. late summer. @ 2/ 

S. V^lerandi, var. Americ^nus. Along rills and wet places ; spread- 
ing, 6' - 10' high, with obovate leaves, and very small flowers on slender pedi- 
cels, which bear a bractlet at the middle, but no bract at base. 

8. HOTTONIA, WATER VIOLET or FEATHERFOIL. (Named 
for a I^ruf. Ilutton of Holland.) Fl. summer. ^J. 

H. inflata. A singular plant in pools and ditches, smooth, with stems and 
branches much inflated except at the joints, bearing finely cut pectinate leaves ; 
flowers white. 



72. LENTIBULACE^, BLADDERWORT FAMILY. 

Aquatic or marsh herbs, witli the ovary and pod as in Primrose 
Family, but with irregular bihibiate flowers bearing a spur or sac 
underneath, and only 2 stamens : — represented by the two follow- 



1. UTRICULAPvIA. Calyx parted into 2 nearly entire lips. Corolla deeply 2- 

lipped, the lower lip bearing above a prominent palate closing the throat, and 
below a large spur. Anthers 2, converging in the throat of corolla. Stigma 
2-lipped. Leaves finely cut, mostly into threads or fibres, many bearing 
little air-bladders; some are leafless. 

2. PIXGUICULA. Upper lip of calyx 3-cleft, lower 2-cleft. Lips of corolla 

distinctly lobed, the hairy or spotted palate smaller, so that the throat is 
open. Otherwise as in Otricnlaria. Leaves all in a tuft at base of the 
1-flowered scapes, broad and entire, soft and tender. 

1. UTRICULARIA, BLADDERWORT. [Utriculus, a little bladder.) 
Fl. all .>ummer. The following arc the commonest species. 

* Flouting, branching, bladder-hearing : corolla violet-purple. 

IT. purpurea. Only E. & S., with 2-4 flowers on the peduncle, and a 
rather short spur appressed to the 3-lobcd lower lip of corolla. 

* * Floating, branching, bladder-bearing : corolla yellow. 

U. inflata. Only E. & S. : swimming free, the petioles of the whorl of 
leaves around base of the 5-10-flowered scape inflated into oblong bladders, 
besides little bladders on the thread-like divisions of the leaves. 

U. vulgaris, Large B. Common in still or slov/ water ; the stems lo-3° 
long and ^ ery bladder-bearing on the thread-like many-parted leaves ; flowers 
5 - 10 in raceme, large, with spur rather shorter than lower lip. 

U. interraedia. Chiefly N. in shallow water, with stems 3' -6' long, 
bearing rather rigid leaves with linear-awl-shaped divisions, and no bladders, 
these being on separate leafless branches, the slender raceme few-flov/cred ; 
spur near y equalling the very broad lower lip. 

IJ. gibba. Chiefly Middle States : small, with short branches bearing 
sparse rhread-like leaves and some bladders, 1 -2-flowered peduncles on'y l'-3' 
liigli, and b:unt conical spur shorter than lower lip. 
15 



226 BIGNONIA FAMILY. 

IT. biS[6ra. Chiefly S. : stems 4' - 6' long, bearing rootlet-like leaves and 
many bladders, 1 - 3-flowered peduncles 2' - 4' high, and awl-shaped spur as 
long as lower lip, 

* * * Simple and erect naked scape-like stem rooting in wet soil, with minute and 

fugacious grass-like leaves seldom seen : commonly no bladders : Jlowers 
yiJlow. 
U. SUbulata, from N. Jersey S. in wet sand ; very slender, 3' - 5' high, 
with several very small slender-pedicelled flowers. 

XJ. corntlta. In bogs N. & 8. ; 6'- 15' high, bearing 2-4 large flowers' 
crowded together on short pedicels, or S. with 4-12 more scattered and smaller 
flowers. 

2. PINGUICULA, BuTTERWORT. (Name from Latin, pinguis, fat. 
Both names from the fatty or greasy-looking leaves, which in ours are more 
or less clammy-pubescent.) 

* Corolla violet-purple ; the upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed. 

P. vulgaris, is scarce on wet rocks along our northern borders ; scape 2' 
high ; upper lip of corolla short ; spur straightish and slender : fl. summer. 

P. pumila, in moist sand from Georgia S. & W., has rather large flower 
on scape 2' -6' high, with blunt sac-iike spur: fl. spring. 

P. elatior, borders of ponds from N. Carolina S., has scapes near 1° high, 
and large corolla (1' wide) with blunt spur : fl. summer. 

* * Corolla yellow, more bell-shaped, less distinctly 2-lipped, the 5 lobes often cleft. 

P. lutea. Wet pine barrens S. ; whole plant yellowish, with nodding 
flower (1' or more wide) on scape 6' -12' high, in spring. 



73. BIGNONIACE^, BIGNONIA FAMILY. 

Woody plants, or a few herbs, with more or less bilabiate flowers, 
diandrous or didynaraoas stamens (often with rudiments of the 
wanting ones), 2-lipped stigma, free variously 1 - 4-celled ovary, 
and fruit, usually a pod, containing many large mostly flat and 
winged seeds, filled with the large embryo : no albumen. 

I. BIGNONIA FAMILY proper ; almost all woody plants, 
with opposite leaves, 1-2-celled pods, and flat winged seeds. (Les- 
sons, p. 135, fig. 316.) 

§ 1. Climbers, with compound leaves and 4c fertile stamens in two pairs. 
* Barely woody or herbaceous : ovary and pod one-celled with 2 parietal placentce. 

1. ECCREMOCARPUS. Calyx 5-cleft, short. Corolla tubular, with 5 short and 

round recurved lobes. Pod short. Seeds winged all round. 

* * Woody-stemmed : ovary and pod 2-celled, but the placentae, parietal: valves of pod 
falling away from the partition : seeds loith a broad thin wing. 

2. BIGNONIA. Calyx nearly truncate. Corolla tubular bell-shaped, 5-lobed. 

Pod flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Climbing by leaf- 
tendrils. 

3. TECOMA. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, tubular, or bell-sbaped, 

5-lobed. Pod flattish or flattened contrary to the partition, the edges of 
which separate from the middle of the valves. Leaves in ours odd-pimiate. 
The hardy species climb by rootlets. 

§ 2. Trees, toiih simple leaves and 2 or rarely 4: fertile stamens. 

4. CAT ALP A. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla inflated bell-shaped, the 5-lobed 

border more or less 2-lipped and wavy. Pod very long and slender, hanging: 
the partition contrary to the valves. Narrow wings of the seed lacerate- 
fringed. (For corolla' and stamens, see Lessons, p. 95, fig. 196.) 



BIGNONIA FAMILY. 227 

II. SESAMUM FAMILY, &c. ; herbs, with simple leaves, 
some of the upper ones alternate, and 4-celled ovary and fruit 
(but the stigma of only 2 lips or lobes), containing flat but thick- 
coated wingless seeds. 

6. SESAMUM. Calyx 5-parted, short. Corolla tubular bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the 
2 lobes of the upper lip shorter than the others. Stamens 4. Fruit an 
oblong obtusely 4-sided pod, 2-valved. Flowers solitary in the axils of the 
leaves, almost sessile. 

6. MARTYNIA. Calyx 5-toothed, often cleft down one side. Flowers large, in 
terminal corymb or raceme. 

1. ECCREMOCARPUS. (Name, from the Greek, means hanging fruit.) 
E. SCaber, or CalAmpelis caber, from Chili, cult, in gardens and con- 
servatories ; tender, climbs by branched tendrils at the end of the twice pinnate 
leaves ; leaflets roughish or smoothish, thin, ovate or heart-shaped ; flowers in 
loose drooping racemes ; corolla infiated-clubshaped and gibbous, orange-red, 
about 1' long. 

2. BIGNONIA. (Named for the French Ahh€ Bignon.) Our only true 
native Bignon i a is 

B. capreolata. Climbing trees from S. Virg. to 111. and S. ; smooth, 
the leaves evergreen at the south, with a short petiole and often what seems 
like a pair of stipules in the axil, a single pair of lance-oblong leaflets heart- 
shaped at base, and a branched tendril between them ; flowers several in the 
axils, the corolla 2' long, orange-red outside, yellow within, in spring, 

3. TECOMA, TRUMPET-FLOWER. (Mexican name abridged.) 
Formerly under Bignonia, which name the species still bear in cultivation. 
Fl. late summer. 

T. radicans, Wild T. or Trumpet-Creeper. Wild from Penn. and 
111. S., planted farther N. ; climbing freely by rootlets ; leaves of 5 - 1 1 ovate or 
lance-ovate taper-pointed and toothed leaflets ; flowers corymbed ; orange-yellow 
and scarlet corolla funnel-shaped. 

T. grandifiora, Great-flowered T. Cult, from Japan and China, 
not quite hardy N., climbing little, with narrower leaflets, and 5-cleft calyx 
nearly equalling the tube of the corolla, which is bell-shaped, 3' long and 
broad, much wider than in the foregoing. 

T. CapeDSis, Cape T. of conservatories, has smaller and rounder leaflets, 
naked-peduncled cluster of flowers, long-tubular and curving orange-colored 
corolla 2' long, and stamens protruded. 

T. jasminoides. A fine greenhouse species, from Australia, twining, 
very smooth, with lance-ovate entire bright green leaflets, and white corolla 
pink-purple in the throat. 

4. CATALPA, or INDIAN BEAN. (Aboriginal name; the popular 
name alludes to the shape of the pods.) 

C. bignonioides, Common Catalpa. Tree wild S. W., and Avidcly 
planted ; with large heart-shaped pointed leaves down}^ beneath, open panicles 
(in summer) of white flowers (1' long) variegated and dotted within with some 
yellow and purple, and pods 1° long. 

C. Kajmpferi, of Japan, beginning to be planted, has smooth leaves, 
many of them 3-lobed or angled, and flowers one half smaller. 

5. SESAMUM, SESAME. (The Greek name, from the Arabic.) (^ 

S. Indicum, from India and Egypt, somewhat cult, or running -wild in 
waste places far S. ; rather pubescent, Avith oblong or lanceolate leaves, the 
lower often 3-lobed or ])artcd, pale rose or white corolla 1' long, and sweet 
oily seeds, used in the East for food, oil, &c. 



228; BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. 

6. MARTYNIA, UlS^CORN-PLANT. (Named by Linnaus for Prof. 
Martijn.) Clammy-pubescent and heavy-scented rank herbs, with long- 
petioled rounded and obliquely heart-shaped wavy-margined leaves, and large 
flowers, in summer. ® 

M. proboseidea, Common U. Wild S. W., and cult, in gardens; 
coarse, with nearly entire leaves, large corolla whitish with some purple and 
yellow spots, and long-beaked fruit. 

M. fragrans, Sweet-scexted U. Cult, from Mexico ; less coarse and 
clammy, with somewhat 3-lobed or sinuate-toothed leaves, and showy violet- 
purple vanilla-scented flowers. 

74. GESNERIACEiE, GESNERIA FAMILY. 

Tropical plants, with 2-lipped or somewhat irregular corollas, 
didynamous stamens, a one-celled ovary with two parietal many- 
seeded placentse, — therefore botanically like the next family ; but 
with green herbage, and not parasitic, and the common cultivated 
species have the tube of the calyx coherent at least with the base 
of the ovary. Many, and some very showy, plants of this order 
are in choice conservatories ; the commonest are the following. 

Gloxinia speciosa. An almost stemless herb, with ovate and crenately 
toothed leaves and 1 -flowered scape-like peduncles ; the deflexed corolla 2' long, 
ventricose, between bell-shaped and funnel-form, gibbous, with a short and 
spreading somewhat unequal 5-lobed border, violet with a deeper-colored throat, 
in one variety white. 2/ 

Gesneria zebrina. Stem tall, leafy ; leaves petioled, cordate, velvety, 
purple-mottled ; a terminal raceme of showy flowers nodding on erect pedicels ; 
corolla tubular-ventricose, with a small 5-lo'bed and somewhat 2-lipped border, 
glandular, scarlet, with the under side and inside yellow and dark-spotted. — 
There are several other species. 2/ 

Achimenes longiflora. Stem leafy ; flowers in the axils of oblong or 
ovate hairy leaves, which they exceed ; tube of the obliquely salver-shaped 
corolla oveV an inch long, naiTow, the very flat 5-lobed limb 2' or more broad, 
violet-colored above, — also a white vai'iety. Propagates by scaly bulbiets from 
the root. 2/ 

75. OROBANCHACE^, BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. 

Low, root-parasitic perennials, destitute of green herbage, and 
with yellowish or brownish scales in place of leaves, the monopet- 
alous corolla more or less 2-lipped or irregular, 4 didynamous 
stamens, and one-celled ovary a,nd pod with the 2 or 4 parietal pla- 
centae covered with innumerable small seeds. Ours occur in woods, 
and mostly parasitic on the roots of trees. 

1. EPIPHEGUS. Stems slender and bushy-branching, with small and scattered 

scales and two sorts of flowers, scattered in loose spikes or racemes, with 
minute bracts. Upper flowers conspicuous, but seldom ripening fniit, with 
tubular 4-toothed corolla, and long filaments and style; lower flowers small 
and short, seldom opening, but fertilized in the bud. 

2. CONOPHOLIS. Stems thick, covered Avith finn overlapping scales, each of 

the upper ones with a flower in its axil, fonning a spike. Calyx 4- 5-toothed, 
and split down on the lower side. Corolla short, strongly 2-lipped; upper 
lip arched and notched; lower one spreading and 3-cIeft. Stamens pro- 
tniding. 

3. APHYLlON. Stems are chieflv slender 1-flowered scapes fi'om a scaly 

mostly subterranean base. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla with a long curved 
tube, and a spreading slightly 2-lipped or irregular 5-lobed border; the lobes 
all nearly ahke. Stamens included in the tube. 



FIGWORT FAMILY. 229 

1. EPIPHEGUS, BEECH -DROPS, CANCER -ROOT. (Name in 
Greek means on the Beech : the plant chiefly found parasitic on the roots of 
that tree.) One species, 

E. Virginiana. Common, about 1° high, with purplish flowers |' or more 
long, in late summer and autumn, 

2. CONOPHOLIS, SQUAW-ROOT, CANCER-ROOT. (The name 
is Greek for cone-scale, the plant having the aspect of a slender fir-cone when 
old. ) One species. 

C. Americana. Not widely common, in oak woods, forming clusters 
among fallen leaves, 3' - 6' long, as thick as the thumb, yellowish : fl. early 
summer. 

3. APHYLLON, NAKED BROOM-RAPE or ONE-FLOWERED 

CANCER-ROOT. (Name in Greek means without leaves.) El. spring and 

early summer. 

A. uniflorum. Open woods or thickets : slightly clammy-pubescent, with 
1-3 scapes (3' -5' high) from a subterranean scaly base, and lance-awl-shaped 
calyx-lobes half the length of the violet-purplish corolla. 

A. faseiculatum, the other species, occurs only from Northern Michigan 
W. ; has scapes from a scaly base rising out of the ground, and short triangular 
calyx-lobes. 

76, SCROPHULARIACEiS, FIGWORT FAMILY. 

Known on the whole by the 2-lipped or at least more or less 
irregular monopetalous corolla, 2 or 4 didynamous stamens, single 
style, entire or 2-lobed stigma, and 2-celled ovary and pod contain- 
ing several or many seeds on the placentae in the axis ; these with 
a small embryo in copious albumen. But some are few-seeded, a 
few have the corolla almost regular, and one or two have 5 stamens, 
either complete or incomplete. A large family, chiefly herbs, some 
shrubby, and one species is a small tree. 

§ 1. Intermediate between this family and the Nightshade Family ; the flowers ter- 
minal or lateral, never really from the axils of the leaves or bracts ; the 
corolla hardly if at all sensibly '2,-lipped, sometimes almost regular, the lobes 
plaited in the bud: stigma enlarged^ often 2-lipped. All garden exotics. 

* With 4 stamens only, included loilhin the narrow throat of the salver-shaped corolla : 

leaves alternate and entire. 

1. BRUNFELSIA. Shi'ubs, with glossy oblong leaves. Corolla with 5 rounded 

and about equal lobes, two of them, however, a little more united. Anthers 
all alike. Fi'uit fleshy. 

2. BROWALLIA. Herbs, mostly a little pubescent and clammy. Corolla with 

somewhat unequally 5-lobed border, the lobes with a broad notch. Two of 
the anthers shorter and only 1-celled. Fruit a dry pod. 

* * With 4 anther-bearing stamens and a sterile f lament : corolla with wide throat. 

3. SALPIGLOSSIS. Herbs, with cut-toothed or pinnntifid alternate leaves. 

Corolla funnel-form, with very open throat, a little oblique or irregular, the 
lobes all with a deep notch at the end. Pod oblong. 

§2. Corolla imbricated and not plaited in the bud; the smaller lip o-parted ; the 
larger 5-cleft, and the lobes again 'i-cleft or deeply notehtd. Flowers terniinal, 
panided. 

4. SCHIZANTHUS. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow. Corolla with tube 

shorter than the divisions, which appear as if cut up, the nruUUc lobe of the 
smjiller lip, towards which the stamens and style are inclined, more or less 
hooded or sac-like. Stamens with ffood anthers 2, the 2 or 3 others small tuid 
abortive. Stigma minute. Leaves alternate, phmate, or piuuately cut. 



230 FIGWORT FAMILY. 

§ 3. Corolla with lobes imbricated and not plaited in the bud, either 2-lipped or more 
or less irregular, the divisions or lubes at most 5. Peduncles fru/n the axil of 
haves or bracts, nofiower ever really terminating the main stem, or branches. 
* Tree, with large and opposite Cutalpa-like leaves. 

5. PAULOWNIA. Calyx very downy, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla decurved, with a 

cylindrical or funnel-form'tube, and an enlarged oblique border of 5 rounded 
lobes. Stamens 4, included. Pod turgid, thick, filled with very numerous 
winged seeds. 

* * Herbs, or a few becoming low shrubs. 
•t- With 5 anther-bearing stamens and a wheel-shaped or barely concave corolla. 

6. VERBASCUM. Flowers in a long terminal raceme or spike. Calyx 5-parted. 

Corolla with 5 broad and rounded only slightly unequal divisions. All the 
filaments or 3 of them woolly. Style expanding and flat at apex. Pod 
globular, many-seeded. Leaves alternate. 

-1- -1- With only 2 or 4 anther-bearing stamens. 
•*-*■ Corolla wheel-shaped, or at least with wide spreading border mostly much longer 
than the short tube : flowers single in the axils of the leaves or collected in a 
7'aceme or spike. 

7. CELSTA. Like Verbascum, but with only 4 stamens, those of 2 sorts. 

8. ALONSOA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla very unequal, turned upside down by 

the twisting of the pedicel, so that the much larger lower lobe appears to be 
the upper and the two short upper lobes the lower. Stamens 4. Pod many- 
seeded. Lower leaves opposite or in thi-ees. 

9. VERONICA. Calyx 4-parted, rarely 3 -5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, or 

sometimes salver-shaped, with 4 or rarely 5 rounded lobes, one or two of 
them usually rather smaller. Stamens 2, with long slender filaments. Pod 
flat or flattish, 2 - many-seeded. At least the lower leaves opposite or some- 
times whorled. 
*+ ++ Corolla salver-shaped, with almost recjnlnr 4 - b-lobed border : flowers in a 
terminal spike. Here one species of No. 9 would be sought. 

10. BUCHNERA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla with a slender tube, and 

the border cleft into 5 roundish divisions. Anthers 4 in 2 pairs, one-celled. 
Style club-shaped at the apex. Pod many-seeded. Leaves mainly opposite, 
roughish. 

4-(-4-*.4H. Corolla either obviously 2-lipped, or funnel-form, tubular, or bell-shaped. 
= Corolla 2-parted nearly to the base, the 2 lips sac-shaped or the lower larger one 
slipper-shaped : stamens only 2 {or very rarely 3), and no rudiments of more. 

11. CALCEOLARIA. Calyx 4-parted. The two sac-shaped or slipper-shaped 

divisions of the corolla entire or nearly so. Pod many-seeded. Leaves 
chiefly opposite, and flowers in cymes or clusters. 
= = Corolla almost 2-parted, the middle lobe of the kmer lip folded together to form 
aflat pocket which encloses the 4 stamens and the style. 

12. COLLTNSIA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla turned down ; its short titbe 

laterally flattened, strongly bulging on the upper side : upper lip 2-cleft and 
turned back; the lower one larger and 3-lobed, its middle and laterally 
flattened pocket-shaped lobe covered above by the two lateral ones. A little 
rudiment of the fifth stamen present. Pod globular, with few or several seeds. 
Flowers on pedicels single or mostly clustered in the axils of the upper oppo- 
site (rarely whorled) leaves, which" are gradually reduced to bracts, forming 
an interrupted raceme. 

== = == Corolla not 2-pnrted nor salver-shaped, but with a tube of some length in 

proportion to the 2-lipped or more or less irregular {rarely nearly regular) 

4 - b-lobed border, and 
a* With a spur or sac-like projection at the base on the lower side, and a projecting 

palate to the hnoer lip, which commonly closes the throat or nearly so : stamens 

4, and no obvious rudiment. 

13. LINARIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, and with a spur at base. 

(Lessons, p. 102, fig. 211.) Pod many-seeded, opening by a hole or chink 
which forms below the summit of each cell. 

14. ANTIRRHINUM. No spur, but a sac or gibbosity at the base of the pei'sonate 

corolla (Lessons, p. 102, fig. 210): otherwise like 13. 



FIGWORT FAMILY. 231 

b* Neither spur nor sac at base of the corolla, nor a projecting palate in the throat, 
nor with the dipper lip laterally compressed or foldtd and narrow and arched. 

1, Stamens with anthers 4, and no rudiment oftheffth : peduncles 1-Jloioered. 

15. MAURANDIA, including LOPHOSPERMUM. Herbs with alternate or partly 

opposite leaves, and solitai-y long-peduncled flowers in their axils, chnibin'g 
by their coiling leafstalks and llowerstalks. Calyx 5-parted, foliaceous. 
Corolla open-mouthed, between bell-shaped and inflated-tubular, with 2 
plaits or hairy lines running down the tube within, the border obscurely 2- 
lipped or oblique, but the 5 spreading roundish lobes nearly similar, the upper 
ones outermost in the bud. Pod as in 14. 

16. DIGITALIS. Herbs with erect simple stem, alternate leaves, and a simple 

terminal raceme of hanging flowers. Calyx 6-parted, foliaceous, the upper 
sepal smallest. Corolla declining, with a long more or less inflated tube and 
a short scarcely spreading border, distinctly or indistinctly lobed, the lower 
lobe or side longest, the lateral ones outermost in the bud. Pod 2-valved, 
many-seeded. 

17. GERARDIA. Herbs with branching stems, opposite or some altei'nate leaves, 

and above with single flowers in their axils or those of the bracts. Calyx 
5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla inflated bell-shaped or tubular-funnel form, 
with an oblique or rather unequal border, the 5 lobes somewhat equal, the 
lower and lateral ones outside in the bud. Two pairs of stamens of quite 
unequal length. (Lessons, p. 95, fig. 194.) Pod globular or ovate, pointed, 
2-valved, many-seeded. 

18. SEYMERIA. Herbs, like 17; but corolla with a short and broad bell-shaped 

tube, not longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly eq\ial spreading lobes ; and 
the stamens almost equal, their anthers blunt at base. 

19. MIMULUS. Herbs, with opposite leaves, and single flowers in the axils of the 

upper ones. Calyx prismatic, with 5 projecting angles, 5-toothed. Corolla 
tubular or funnel-form, 2-lipped, the upper lip of 2 rounded and recurved 
lobes, the lower of 3 rounded spreading lobes. Stamens included. Stigma 
of 2 flat lips. Pod 2-valved, many-seeded. 

20. TORENIA. Trailing herbs, with opposite leaves and axillary flowers. Calyx 

prismatic, with sharp angles, 2-lipped at summit, the lips 2-toothed and 
3-toothed. Corolla short-funnel-shaped or tubular with inflated throat, 
4-lobed, the upper lobe (sometimes slightly notched) outermost in the bud. 
Filaments arched and their anthers brought together in pairs under the upper 
lobe, the longer pair almost equalling the upper lobe and bearing a short 
naked branch or appendage at base; the shorter pair simple and included. 
Stigma 2-lipped. Pod many-seeded. 

2* Stamens with good anthers only 2, a. pair of sterile ones or abortive f laments 
genernUy present also: flowers small: calyx 5-parted: corolla 'i-lipped : leaves 
oj)p<)site, uiith single jiowers in the axil of the upper ones : jjeduncles simple 
and bractless. 

21. ILYSANTHES. Spreading little herbs. Upper lip of the short corolla erect 

and 2-lobed: the lower larger, spreading, 3-cleft. Upper pair of stamens 
with good anthers, included in the tube of the corolla; lower pair borne in 
the throat and protruded, 2-forked, without anthers. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod 
many-'jeeded. 

22. GRAT'IOLA. Low herbs. Upper lip of the corolla either entire or 2-cleft; 

lower 3-cleft. Stamens included; the upper pair wilh good anthers; the 
lower pair short with rudiment of anthers or a mere naked filament, or none 
at all. Si-igma 2-lipped. Pod many-seeded. A pair of bracts at the base 
of the calyx. 

3. Stamens with anthers 4, the ffth stamen present as a barren filament or a scale: 
calyx h-p>irted or of b i/'nhricafed sepals: stigma, shi/ple : leaves chiefly oppo- 
site : floir.ers in the. axils 'f the upper leaves, or when these are rcdiutd to 
brnets fnrming a termiwd. pamele or raceme: pediuichsfcw-Jlowcred, or when 
one-jlmvered bearing a pair of bractlets, from the axils (f whiih fowers may 
spri7ig : pad many-seeded. 

23. SCROPHULARTA. Homely and rank erect herbs. Corolla small, with a 

globular or oval tube, and ii^short border composed of 4 short erect lobe.^' and 
one (the lower) spreading or reflexed. Fertile stamens short and i'H^luded; 
the rudiment which answers to the fifth is a little scale at the sununit of the 
tube of the corolla. 



232 ^ FIGWORT FAMILY. 

24. CHELONE. Low upright smooth herbs, with flowers sessile in spikes or 

clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and accompanied by closely imbri- 
cated concave roundish bracts and bractlets. Corolla short-tubular and 
inflated, concave underneath, with the 2 broad lips only slightly open; the 
upper arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower one 
woolly bearded in the throat and 3-lobed at the end. Filaments and anthers 
woollv: sterile filament shorter than the others. Seeds winged. 

25. PENTSTEMON. Herbs (or a few shrubby at base), with mostly upright 

stems branching only from the base, and panicled or almost raceme'd flowers. 
Corolla tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-form, &c., more or less 2-lipped, open- 
mouthed. Sterile filament conspicuous, usually about as long as the anther- 
bearing ones. Seeds wingless. 

26. EUSSELLIA. Eather shrubby spreading plants, or with pendulous angular 

branches ; the fiowers loosely panicled or racemed. Corolla tubular with 5 
short spreading lobes, the 2 upper a little more united. Sterile filament 
smaU and inconspicuous near the base of the corolla. Seeds wingless. 

C. Neither spur nor sac at base of the corolla, the narroio laterally compressed or 
infolded upper Up of which is helmet-shaped or arched, entire or minutely 
notched, and enclosing the 4 stamens ; no sterile f lament. Often showy but 
uncultivable plants. 

27. CASTILLEIA. Herbs with simple stems, alternate leaves, some of the upper, 

with flowers chiefly sessile in their axils, colored like petals, and more gay 
than the corollas." Calyx tubular, flattened laterally, 2-4-cleft. CoroUa 
tubular, with a long and narrow conduplicate erect upper lip, and a very- 
short 3-lobed lower lip. Cells of the anther unequal. Pod many-seeded. 

28. PEDICULARIS. Herbs with simple stems, chiefly pinnatifid leaA'es and 

spiked flowers. Corolla tubular, with a strongly arched or flattened helmet- 
shaped upper lip, and the lower erect at base, 2-crested above and 3-lobed. 
Seeds several in each cell. 

29. MELAMPYRUM. Low herbs with branching stems, opposite leaves, and 

flowers in their axils, or the upper crowded in a bracted spike. Calyx bell- 
shaped, 4-cleft, the lobes taper-pointed. Corolla tubular, enlarging above, 
with the lower lip nearly equalling the nan-OAV upper one and its biconvex 
palate appressed to it, 3-lobed at the summit. Cells of the anther minutely 
pointed at base. Pod oblique, with only 2 seeds in each cell. 

1. BRUNFELSIA. (Named for the old herbalist, 0«o Srun/^^/s.) Con- 
servatory shrubs, from Brazil, cult, under the name of Fkanciscea ; with 
showy flowers, blue or violet turning paler. 

B. latifbiia, is very smooth, with oval or oblong leaves, and few flowers 
at the end of the branches 1^' across. 

B. Hopeana, with lance-oblong leaves 2' long, and flower only 1' wide. 

2. BEOWALLIA. (Named for Dr. Browall, of Sweden, first a friend, 
later a bitter opponent of Linnseus.) 

B. deraissa (named also B. el\ta when the plant and the man it was named 
for grew exalted), from S. America; cult, in the gardens, l°-2° high, bushy- 
branched, with ovate leaves and handsome bright violet-blue flowers (1' or less 
across, at length as it were racemed) produced all summer. ® 

3. SALPIGLOSSIS. (Greek for trumpet-tongue, from the curved apex of 
the style with dilated stigma likened to the end of a trumpet. 

1. S. sinuata. Cult, from Chili as an ornamental annual or biennial, under 
various names and varieties according to the color of the large flowers, dark- 
purjDle, or straw-colored and mostly striped : fl. all summer. In appearance 
resembles a Petunia. 

4. SCHIZANTHUS. (Greek for cut flower, the corolla being as if cut 
into slips.) Cult, for ornament, from Chili : fl. summer. (T) 

S. pinnatUS, the common species, of seA^eral varieties ; slender, 1°- 2° high, 
pubescent with fine glandular hairs, with leaves once or twice pinnate or parted 
into narrow divisions, and numerous handsome flowers barely 1' in diameter, 



FIGWORT FAMILY. 233 

usually pink and white variegated with yellowish and some deeper purple spots 
on the larger lobe. — There are one or two larger flowered but less common 
species. 

5. PAULOWNIA. (Named for a Eussian Princess.) Only one species. 
P. imperialis, of Japan, cult, for ornament, scarcely hardy far N. ; the 

heart-shaped very ample leaves resembling those of Catalpa but much more 
downy, flowers in large terminal panicle, in spring, the violet corolla 1^' -2' 
long. 

6. VERB ASCUM, MULLEIN. (Ancient Latin name.) Natives of the 
Old World, here weeds, often hybridizing: fl. summer. 2/ ® 

V. Thapsus, Common M. Fields : densely woolly, the tall simple stem 
winged from the bases of the oblong leaves, bearing a long dense spike of yellow 
(rarely white) flowers. 

V. Lychnitis, White M. Waste places, rather scarce : whitened with 
thin powdery wooUiness, the stem not winged, ovate leaves greenish above, and 
spikes of yellow or rarely white flowers panicled. 

V. Biattaria, Mqth M. Roadsides : green and smoothish, 2° - 3° high, 
slender, with ovate toothed or sometimes cut leaves, and loose raceme of yellow 
or else white and purplish-tinged flowers. 

7. CELSIA. (Named for 0. Celsius, a Swedish Orientalist.) Fl. summer. 
C. Cretica, cult, for ornament from the Mediterranean region: 2° -3° 

high, rather hairy, or the raceme clammy, with lower leaves pinnatifid, upper 
toothed and clasping at base, corolla orange-yellow with some purple (l'-2' 
across), lower pair of filaments naked, the upper pair short and woolly- 
bearded. (2) 

8. ALONSOA. (Named for Alonzo Zanoni, a Spanish botanist.) Cult, as 
annuals, from South America : fl. all summer. 

A. incis^fblia (also called urtic^f6lia) : smoothish, branching, l°-2° 
high, with lance-ovate or oblong sharply cut-toothed leaves, and orange-scarlet 
corolla less than 1' wide : several varieties. 

9. VEROKIG A, SPEEDWELL. (Name of doubtful derivation, perhaps 

referring to St. Veronica.) Fl. summer. 

§ 1. Shrubliy, tender, very leafy species, from New Zealand, with entire and 
ghssy smooth and nearly sessile evergreen leaves, all opposite, dense many- 
Jiowered racemes from the axils, and acutish pods. 

V. specibsa, is smooth throughout^ with obovate or oblong blunt or retuse 
thick leaves, and very dense spike-like racemes of violet-purple flowers. 

V. salieifolia, has lanceolate acute leaves, and longer clammy-pubescent 
racemes of blue flowers. 

V. Lindleyana, has oblong-lanceolate pale leaves, and racemes of pale 
lilac flowers. 

§ 2. Herbs, growing loild, or those of the first subdivision cultivated in gardens. 

* Spikes or dense spike-like racemes terminating the erect stem or branches and 
often clustered. "% 

V. spieata, and sometimes V. paniculXta, or hybrids between them, ai-e 
cult, for ornament, from Eu. : 9' -2° high, with opjiositc lanceolaro toothed 
leaves, lobes of mostly blue corolla much longer than the distinct tube, and pod 
notched at the end. 

v. Virginica, Culver's root. "Wild in rich woods from Yormont W. 
& S. ; remarkable for the tube of the small whitish corolla lonirer than the 
acutish lobes and much lono-cr than tlio calvx : sinvile stems 2°-()'^ hiuh, bear- 
ing whorls of lanceolate or lancc-ovatc poiutod liucly serrate leaves ; s{ ikes 
dense and clustered. 



234 FIGWORT FAMILY. 

* * Racemes in the axils of the opposite leaves ; stems creeping or procumbent at 

base, but above ascending : corolla^ as in all the following, strictly wheel- 
shaped. 2/ 

■•- Water Speedwells or Brooklime, in water or wet ground, smooth and 
with pale blue [sometimes darker striptd) flowers on slender spreading pedicels. 

V. Anagallis. In water N. : leaves lance-ovate acute, sessile by a heart- 
shaped base, 2' -3' long ; pod slightly notched, many-seeded. 

V. Americana. In brooks, much more common ; leaves mostly petioled, 
ovate or oblong, serrate ; flowers on more slender pedicels ; and pod more tur- 
gid than in the foregoing. 

V. SCUtellata. In bogs N. ; slender, with linear slightly toothed sessile 
leaves, only 1 or 2 very slender zigzag racemes, few long-pedicelled pale flowers ; 
and very flat pod deeply notched at both ends, broader than long, few-seeded. 

■t- -f- 7n dry ground, pubescent, with light blue flowers in spike-like racemes, 

V. o£3.Ginalis, Common Speedwell. Spreading or creeping, low ; leaves 
wedge-oblong or obovate, sen-ate, short-petioled ; pedicels shorter than calyx ; 
pod wedge-obcordate, several-seeded. 

* * * Raceme loose, terminating the leafy low stem or branches, or the small flowers 

in the axils of the gradually decreasing leaves. 

V. serpyllifolia, Thyme-leaved S. Creeping or spreading on the 
ground; with simple flowering stems ascending 2' -4', smooth ; leaves roundish, 
small, almost entire ; corolla pale blue or whitish with darker stripes, longer 
than the calyx. 2/ 

V. peregrina, Neckweed or Purslane-S. Common weed in damp 
waste or cult, ground ; smooth, erect, branching, with lower leaves oval or 
oblong and toothed, the upper oblong-linear and entire, inconspicuous flowers 
almost sessile in their axils, whitish corolla shorter than the calyx, and many- 
seeded pod slightly notched. ® 

V. arvensis, Corn S. Introduced into waste and cult, grounds E. ; 
hairy, 3' - 8' high, with lower leaves ovate and crenate, on petioles, the upper 
sessile lanceolate and entire, blue flowers short-peduncled, and pod obcordate. ® 

10. BTJCHNERA, BLUE-HEAETS. (Named for one Buchner, an early 
German botanist.) Flowers summer. 2/ 

B. Americana. Sandy or gravelly plains, from New York W. & S. ; 
rough-hairy, turning blackish in drying; with slender stem l°-2^° high, veiny 
leaves coarsely few-toothed, the lowest obovate, middle ones oblong, uppermost 
lance-linear, flowers scattered in the slender spike, and corolla deep purple. 

11. CALCEOLARIA. (From Latin ca/ceo/us, a shoe or slipper. ) Tender 
South American herbs or shrubs, with curious and handsome flowers, cult, as 
house and bedding plants. The common cultivated species are now for the 
most part too much mixed and crossed for botanical analysis. 

C integrifdiia (also called rug6sa and salvi^f6lia) is the commonest 
woody-stemmed species, Avith oblong leaves rugose in the manner of Gai'den 
Sage, and small yellow or orange flowers in crowded clusters. 

C COrymbbsa, herbaceous, hairy or clammy-pubescent, with ovate crenate- 
toothed leaves nearly all at the root, and loose corymbs or cymes of yellow flow- 
ers, the purple-spotted mouth considerably open. 

C. crenatiflbra, a fertile pai-ent of many of the more showy herbaceous 
garden forms, with more leafy stems and larger flowers, their orifice rounder and 
smaller, the hanging lower lip or sac 1' or more long, moi'e obovate and flat, 
somewhat 3-Iobed as it were towards the end, and variously spotted with purple, 
brown, or crimson. 

C. scabiosse folia is a delicate annual, with pinnately divided slightly 
hairy leaves, on petioles dilated and connate at base, and loose small pale yellow 
flowers with globular lower lip about ^' wide. 



FIG WORT FAMILY, 235 

12. COLLINSIA. (Named by Nuttall for the late Zaccheus Collins of 
Philadelphia.) Flowers handsome, mostly 2-colored. ® (2) 

C. verna. Wild from Western New York W. : slender, 6' - 20' high, with 
ovate or lance-ovate and toothed leaves, the upper clasping heart-shaped, and 
slender-peduncled flowers in early spring, lower lip blue, upper white. 

C. bieolor, of California, and a handsome garden annual, is stouter, with 
crowded flowers as if whorled, pedicels shorter than calyx, lower lip of corolla 
violet, the upper pale or white, or in one variety both white. 

13. LIN ART A, TOAD-FLAX. (Name from Linum, Flax, from resem- 
blance in the leaves of the commoner species.) Fl. summer. 

* Leaves narrow, sessile, and entire : stems erect : flowers racemed. 

L. Canadensis, Wild T. Gravelly and sandy ground, with scattered 
linear leaves on the slender flowering stems, or oblong and in pairs or threes on 
prostrate shoots, and very small blue flowers. ® @ 

li. vulgaris, Coaimon T., Ramsted, Butter-and-Eggs. A shoAvy but 
troublesome European weed, of fields and roadsides, l°-3° high, with alternate 
crowded linear or lanceolate pale leaves, and a dense raceme of yellow floAvers 
(1' long) with paler tips. 2/ 

L. triornithophora. Cult, from Europe : glaucous, 2° - 3° high, with 
ovate-lanceolate leaves in whorls, and rather large slender-peduncled long-spurred 
flowers, violet and purple-striped. 2}. 

* * Leaves broad, often lohed : sterns and branches trailing : flowers very small, 
yellow and purple mixed, on long axillary peduncles : natives of Europe. 

L. Elatine. Nat. in gravelly or sandy soil : hairy, with ovate and halberd- 
shaped short-petioled leaves, the lower ones opposite. ® 

L. Cymbalaria. Cult, as a delicate little trailing ornamental plant : very 
smooth, pale, with rooting branches, and thickish almost kidney-shaped 3-5- 
lobed leaves on long petioles. ^ 

14. ANTIRRHINUM, SNAPDRAGON. (Name from the Greek, 
compares the flower with the snout or muzzle of an animal.) Nat. and cult, 
from Europe : fl. summer. 

§ 1. True Snapdragon, with palate closing the mouth of the corolla, and erect 
or ascending stems, not climbing. 

A. majus. Large S. of the gardens; with stems l°-3° high, oblong or 
lanceolate entire smooth leaves, and glandular-downy raceme of showy flowers, 
the crimson, purple, white, or variegated corolla over 1' long. 21 

A. Ordntium, Small S. Weed in some old gardens and cult, grounds ; 
low, slender, with linear leaves, and white or purplish axillary flowers |' 
long. (1) 

§ 2. Maurandia-like S., with palate not so large, nor fully closing the mouth, 
and stems climbing by the coiling of their slender petioles and sometimes of 
the p'duncles also. 

A. maurandioides, cult, from Texas and Mexico, as MaurA.ndia 
antirrhinifl6ra ; smooth, with triangulai'-halberd-shapcd loaves, or sonic of 
them heart-shaped, and showy flowers in their axils, the violet or purple corolla 
1' or more long. ^ 

15. MAURANDIA. (Named for Pro/. .lfa»raH^//.) Excluding the hist 
preceding species, which has the flower of Snapclragon, and including 
Lophospermum, which has wing-margined seeds. JNIexican climbers, with 
triangular and heart-shaped or iialberd-shapcd and obscui'cly lobed loaves, 
tender, cult, for ornament : fl. all summer. 

§ 1. Corolla naked inside, rather obviously 2-lippcd. 

M. Barelay^na. Stems and leaves smootli ; calyx glandular-haiiy, clam- 
my, its divisions lance-linear ; corolla purple, usually dark, 2' or more long. 



236 FIGWORT FAMILY. 

M. semperflbrens, has lanceolate smooth calyx-divisions, and smaller 
rose-purple or violet corolla. 

§ 2. LoPHOSPi;RMUM. Corolla very obscurely 2-lipped, and with 2 bearded lines. 

M. erubescens. Somewhat soft-pubescent, with irregularly toothed leaves, 
rose-colored flowers 3' long, and ovate-oblong rather leaf-like sepals. 

M. seandens, now less common and not so showy, is less pubescent, and 
has smaller less-inflated deeper purple corolla, and lance-oblong sepals. 

16. DIGITALIS, FOXGLOVE. (Latin name, from shape of the corolla, 
likened to the finger of a glove, in the common species.) 

D. purpurea. Purple F., of which varieties with corolla white or pale 
and more or less strongly spotted corolla are common, 2' long, the lobes rather 
obscure ; leaves rugose, somewhat downy. Cult, from Eu. : fl. summer. If. 

V7. GERARDIA. (Named for the herbalist, Gerarde.) Handsome, but 
uncultivable plants : fl. late summer and autumn. The following are the 
commonest wild species : mostly of gravelly or sandy soil. 

§ 1. CoroUa purple or rose-color, somewhat bell -shaped : calyx-teeth short : anthers 
all alike, nearly pointless at hose : leaves narrow, linear or thread-shaped, 
entire: loosely branching, nearly all annuals, except the first. 

G. linifblia. Pine-barrens S. ; with erect branches, and erect linear leaves 
about the length of the peduncles, truncate calyx, and corolla 1' long. 2/ 

G. tenuifolia. N. & S. ; with opposite pedicels equalling the linear 
spreading leaves, broadly awl-shaped calyx-teeth, and corolla ^' -3' long. 

G. fllifolia. S. ; with alternate pedicels twice the length of the rather 
fleshy thread-shaped or slightly club-shaped leaves ; corolla |' long. 

G. aphylla. S. ; with short pedicels alternate along one side of the 
flowering branches, and minute scale-like or awl-shaped appressed leaves, 
minute calyx-teeth, and corolla \' long. 

G. purpurea. N. & S. in low ground ; with stout pedicels not longer 
than the conspicuously 5-lobed calyx, opposite and spreading rather broad 
linear leaves, and corolla |' - 1' long. 

G. maritima. Salt marshes N. & S., lower than the preceding, and with 
fleshy blunt leaves, the pedicels as long as the upper ones and as the obtusely 
5-toothed calyx, and corolla 5'-!' long. 

§ 2. Corolla purple {or sometimes white) : calyx deeply and unequally b-cJeft: 
anthers pointless, those of the shorter pair much smaller: leaves rather broad. 

G. auriculata. Low grounds, from Penn. S. & W. ; rough-hairy, with 
nearly simple stem, lanceolate or oblong leaves entire, or the lower with a lobe 
on each side of the base ; flowers sessile in the upper axils ; corolla 1' long. 

• § 3. Corolla yellow and with a longer tube, the inside woolly, as are the filaments 
and anthers ; the latter almost projecting, slender-pointed at base : calyx 
5-cleft: taller herbs, with leaves or some of them pinnatifid or toothed, "jj. 
* Stems nearly simple : fiowers in a leafy raceme : corolla more tubular. 

G. flava, Do^vNT False Foxglove. Open dry woods: 3° -4° high, 
minutely soft-downy ; upper leaves lanceolate or oblong and entii*e, lower sinuate 
or pinnatifid ; pedicels very short ; corolla 1^' long. 

G. quercifolia. Smooth F. Rich woods, commoner S. & W. : 3° -6° 
high, smooth and glaucous ; upper leaves often entire, lower once or twice 
pinnatifid ; pedicels as long as calyx ; corolla 2' long. 

G. integriiOlia. Barrens, from Penn. S. & W. : lo-2° high, smooth, 
not glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, entire ; corolla 1' long. 

* * /Stems bushy-branched : calyx-lobes toothed or pinnatifid : leaves mostly cut. 

G. grandiflbra. Oak openings from Wisconsin S. : 3° -4° high, minutely 
downy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely cut-toothed, the lower pinnatifid ; ped- 
icels shorter than the barely toothed calyx-lobes ; corolla 2' long. 



FIGWORT FAMILY. 237 

G. pedicul^ria. Common N. & S. : slightly pubescent, 2° -3° high, very 
leafy ; leaves ail pinnatifid and the lobes cut-toothed ; pedicels opposite and 
longer than the hairy serrate calyx-lobes ; corolla over 1 ' long. 

G. pectinata. Sandy barrens S. : more hairy than the foregoing, with 
finer divided leaves, alternate pedicels shorter than pinnatifid calyx-lobes ; corolla 
broader and l^^' long. 

18. SEYMERIA. {learned for Henry Seymer.) Wild plants S. & W., very 
near Gerardia : Howers yellow, in summer and autumn. 

S. macrophylla, Mullein-Foxglove. Shady river-banks W. : 4° - 5° 
high, with large leaves, the twice or thrice pinnately divided or cut, the upper 
lanceolate and toothed ; curved corolla woolly inside, also the filaments ; style 
short. 2/ 

S. pectinata. Sandy ground S. : about 1° high, branchy, clammy-pubes- 
cent ; pinnatifid leaves with oblong-linear lobes ; corolla ^' long. ® 

S. tenuifolia. Low sandy grounds S. : 2° - 4° high, with long slender 
branches ; leaves pinnately divided into thread-shaped divisions ; corolla hardly 
^' long. (1) 

19. MIMULUS, MONKEY-ELOWER. (From Greek for an ape, from 
the grinning corolla.) Fl. all summer. 

* Wild in icet places, with erect square stem 1° - 2° high, oblong feather-reined 
serrate leaves, and vioht-purple corolla {V or so in length). % 

M. ringens, the commonest, with clasping leaves, peduncles longer than 
the flower, and taper-pointed calyx-teeth. 

M. alatuSj not rare more S., has leaves tapering into a petiole, peduncle 
shorter than calyx and short-toothed, and sharp wing-like angles to stem ; 
whence the name. 

* * Cult, for ornament, chiefly in conservatories, from Western N. America. 

M. glutinbsus, shrubby conservatory plant from California, glutinous- 
pubescent, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, and large yellow orange or brick- 
red flower. 

M. cardinalis. Erect, clammy-pubescent ; leaves wedge-oblong, partly 
clasping, several-nerved ; flowers large, brick-red. 2/ 

M. Itlteus. Erect, smooth ; leaves ovate or cordate-clasping, several- 
nerved ; flowers showy, yellow, often spotted with rose or brown ; of many 
varieties. 2/ 

M. mosch^tus, Musk-plant. Weak and diffuse, rooting, clammy-vil- 
lous, smelling strong of musk ; leaves ovate or oblong ; flower small, pale 
yellow. 11 

20. TOREWIA. (Named for 0. Toren, an obscure Swedish botanist.) 

T. Asiatica, cult, from India, a handsome hothouse plant, with lancc-ovate 
serrate leaves, wing-angled calyx, and corolla over 1' long, pale violet or purple 
with the tube and the end of the 3 rounded lower lobes dark violet. 

21. ILYSANTHES, FALSE PIMPERNEL. (From Greek words for 
viire and flower, alluding to the station.) Fl. all summer. 

I. gratioloides. Common in wet places, a smooth diffuse little plant, 
4' - 8' high, with rounded or oblong leaves, and small purple or bluish 
flowers. (T) 

22. GRATIOLA, HEDGE-HYSSOP. (Old name, from Latin gnitia, 
grace.) Rather insignificant plants, in low or wot placci5 : flowering all 
summer. ® Jl 

* Sterile fl'amcnts minute or hardhj any : corolla whitish, wlili yellowish tiihe. 

G. Virgini^na. Rather clammy, with lanceolate leaves and s'.ciKlcr pe- 
duncles. 



238 FIGWORT FAMILY. 

G. sphseroearpa. Chiefly S. : smooth and stouter, with lance-ovate 
leaves, peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx, and larger spherical pod. 

* * Sterile filaments obvious, usual! tj tipped with a little glandular head in place of 

the anther : leaves short. 

G. visebsa. Chiefly S. W. : clammy, with lance-oblong toothed leaves 
shorter than the peduncles, and whitish flowers. 

G. aiirea. Sandy wet soil, E. & S. : nearly smooth, with rather narrow 
entire leaves as long as the peduncles, and golden yello>v flowers. 

G. pilosa. From N. Jersey S. : very diff'erent from any of the foregoing, 
having rigid and simple erect stems and ovate or oblong sessile leaves, both 
hairy, the flowers sessile, the white corolla hardly longer than the calyx. 

23. SCROPHULARIA, FIGWORT. (Plants a supposed remedy for 
scrofula.) These homely and insignificant plants hardly ought to have given 
the name to this large and important famil3\ 

S. nodosa. Damp shady ground : smooth, with 4-sided stem 3° -4° high, 
ovate or oblong coarsely toothed leaves, and small lurid flowers in loose cymes, 
all summer. 2/ 

24. CHELOWB, TUHTLE-HEAD (to which the name, from the Greek, 
refers), SNAKE-HEAD, BALMONY. 

C. glabra, the common species, of wet places; l°-2° high, with lanceolate 
or lauce-oblong leaves on very short petioles, and white or pale purple corolla 
1' or more long, all summer. 2/ 

25. PENTSTEMOiN". (Name, from the Greek, meaning 5 stamens, 
refers to the presence of the 5th stamen, which, however, has no aether.) 
Showy North American and a few Mexican plants, chiefly Western ; two or 
three are wild E. ; several are in choice cultivation, but few are yet common 
here. Fl. late spring and summer. 2/ 

* Wild E. of the Mississippi, and sometimes cult. : flowers white, commonly tinged 

with some purp.'ish or violet : leaves partly clasping, often serrate : panicle 
clammy, the corolla slightly so. 

P. pubeseens. Somewhat clammy-pubescent, or smoothish except the 
panicle, l°-3° high, variable; stem-leaves lanceolate; flowers nodding; the 
plainly 2-lipped corolla (1 long) with gradually enlarging tube concave on the 
lower, convex on the upper side, a sort of palate almost closing the mouth ; 
sterile filament yellow-bearded down one side. 

P. Digitalis. N. Virginia to 111. & S. : taller (2° -4°), smooth up to the 
naked panicle, with wider more entire leaves ; corolla but slightly 2-lipped, 
open, abruptly inflated bell-shaped above from a narrow tube ; sterile filament 
sparingly bearded on one side. 

* * Wild beyond but near the Mississippi, showy and cultivated for ornament. 

P. grandiflorus. Plains from Falls of St. Anthony W. & S. W. : very 
smooth, pale and glaucous, l°-3° high, Avith thick ovate leaves (l'-2' long) 
closely sessile and entii-e, the upper ones rounded, short-pedicelled flowers 
racemed, iilac-purple oblong-bell-shaped corolla l^' -2^ long and almost equally 
5-Iobed, the sterile filament nearly smooth. 

P. Gob^a. Plains from Nebraska S. : l°-2° high, stout, vvith ovate often 
denticulate thick leaves, a slightly clammy few-flowered panicle or raceme, 
pale purplish or whitish corolla about 2' long and abruptly much inflated above 
the narrow base, the border 2-lipped, but the oblong lobes similar ; the sterile 
filament bearded. 

P. glaber. Plains from Nebraska and Missouri W. : very smooth, com- 
monly pa!c or glaucous, with ascending stems 1° - 2° long, lanceolate or lance- 
ovate entire leaves, and a naiTOw panicle of very handsome flowers ; thetubular- 
inflated coi'olla about \^' long, bright purple blue, with the spreading lobes 
of the 2 short lips similar ; sterile filaments and also the anthers slightly hairy 
or else naked. 



ACANTHUS FAMILY. 239 

* * * Farther Western species, cultivated and hardy in the gardens. 

P. OVatUS, of Oregon, is an early blue-flowered species, smoothish, with 
ovate or lance-ovate serrate leaves, and open panicle of small flowers. 

P. barbatUS, supposed to come from Mexico, long cult, in the gardens ; 
smooth, with slender wand-like stems 3° -4° liigh, lanceolate and entire pale 
leaves, long and loose raceme or panicle of drooping flowers, narrow tubular 
scarlet corolla over 1 ' long, with erect upper lip concave and slightly 2-lobed, 
the lower parted into 3 reflexed or spreading oblong lobes, some beard in the 
throat, and sterile filament naked. Var. Torrkyi, from New Mexico and 
Eocky Mountains, is taller, the brighter red corolla with little or no beard in 
the throat. 

* * * * Common garden species from Mexico, hut not hardy N., are forms of 

P. Hartwegi. Smooth : leaves lanceolate, entire, the upper broader at the 
base and clasping ; peduncles elongated, 3-flowered ; corolla 2' long, deep red 
or red purple, the border almost equally 5-cleft ; sterile filament naked. 

P. campanulatus. Smooth : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sharply ser- 
rate, the base clasping ; flowers in a raceme-like one-sided panicle ; corolla ven- 
tricose above, reddish-purple or rose-colored ; sterile filament bearded. Varies 
greatly in cultivation. 

26. RUSSELLIA. (Named for Dr. ^/e^caWeri^wsse// of Scotland.) 11 
R. jlincea, of Mexico, a showy house and bedding plant; very smooth, 

with small lance-ovate or linear, or else reduced to little scales on the copious 
long and rush-like green hanging branches and branchlets ; corolla 1' long, nar- 
row, bright carmine red. 

27. CASTILLEIA, PAINTED-CUP. (Named for Castillejo, a Spanish 
botanist. ) There are several showy species on the plains from beyond the 
Mississippi to the Pacific. Fl all late spring and summer. 

C. eoceinea, Scarlet P. Sandy low grounds ; pubescent, simple- 
stemmed, l°-2° high, with stem leaves cut-lobed, those next the flowers 
3-cleft, their dilated and cut-toothed lobes brilliant scarlet, while the 2-cleft 
calyx is yellowish and the narrow corolla pale yellow. ® 

28. PEDICULARIS, LOUSEWOUT (which the name denotes). H 
P. Canadensis, Common P. or Wood-Betont. Low, rather hairy, 

with alternate leaves, the upper pinnatifid, lower pinnate, a short dense spike of 
greenish and purplish flowers, obliqixe calyx Avithout lobes but split down in 
front, and a dagger-shaped pod : fl. spring. 

P. lanceolata. Less common, in swamps ; l°-3° high, smoothish, with 
lance-oblong leaves doubly cut-toothed, some of them opposite, a close spike of 
pale yellow flowers, 2-lobed leafy-crested calyx, and ovate pod : fl. late summer. 

29. MELAMPYRUM, COW-WHEAT. (The name in Greek means 
black grain, from the color of the seeds.) (T) 

M. Amerieanum, our only species, common in open woodlands ; 6' -12' 
high, with lanceolate leaves, the upper ones abrupt or truncate at base and 
with a few bristle-tipped teeth, the scattered flowers pale yellowish or almost 
white, sometimes purplish-tinged ; produced all summer. 

77. ACANTHACE^, ACANTHUS FAMILY. 

Plantr^ with opposite simple leaves, 2-lipped or otherwise irregu- 
lar or even regular monopetalous corolla, 4 didynamoiis or else only 
2 stamens, 2-celled ovary and pod, and few seeds, — distinguished 
from the related orders by the seeds without albumen and boi'iie on 
hook-like projections of the jilacenta? or on a sort of cup. Chiefly 
a tropical family ; many in choice conservatories, here omitted. 



240 ACANTHUS FAMILY. 

§ 1. Twining tropical herbs {or cult, as herbs), with nearly regular b-lohed corolla^ 
and globular seeds supported by a cartilaginous ring or shalloio cup. 

1. THUNBERGIA. Flowers enclosed when in bud by a pair of large leaf-like 

bractlets borne below the short cup-shaped calyx. Corolla with a mostly 
somewhat curved tube and an abruptly wide-spreading border of 5 rounded 
equal lobes, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, included. Pod globular, 
tipped with a long and conspicuous flattened beak, 2-4-seeded. Peduncles 
axUlaiy, 1-flowered. 

§ 2. Erect or spreading : all the following are herbs, with fiat seeds borne on hook- 
like ;;?'c»cess^es {retinacula) : calyx 4: - b-pai'ted, mostly 2-bracted. 

2. ACANTHUS. Corolla of one 3-lobed lip, the upper lip wanting. Stamens 4, 

with one-celled ciliate anthers. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers in a spike. 

3. RUELLIA. Corolla funnel-form, with an almost equally 5-lobed spreading 

border, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, included: cells of the anthers 
parallel. Pod narrow, contracted into a stalk-like base, above 4- 12-seeded. 

4. DICLIPTERA. Corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed, the upper 2-cleft or 

entire; but the flower as it Avere reversed so that the 3-lobed lip seems to be 
the upper one. Stamens 2, protruded: cells of the anther equal, but one 
placed below the other. Pod 2-4-seeded below the middle. 

5. DIANTHERA. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip erect and notched; the lower 

3-lobed, wrinkled or veiny towards the base, spreading. Stamens 2 : cells of 
the anther one below the other, mostly unequal. Pod flattened above, con- 
tracted into a stalk-like base, 4-seeded above the middle. 

1. THUNBERGIA. (Named from the Swedish botanist Thunberg.) 
Showy flowers produced all summer. 

T. alata (so named from its winged petioles) from Africa, is the one com- 
monly cultivated (as an annual) in many varieties as to size and color of flower, 
buff, orange, white, &c., usually with blackish-purple eye ; herbage soft-downy 
or hairy ; leaves between heart-shaped and arrow-shaped. 2/ 

2. ACANTHUS. (Old Greek and Latin name, from the word for spine or 

prickle. ) 2/ 

A. mollis, one of the classical species, from S. Eu., is occasionally cult., not 
hardy N. : the broad sinuately and deeply pinnatifid leaves mostly from the root, 
hardly at all prickly ; flowers on a short scape, dull-colored. 

3. RUELLIA. (Named for the herbalist Ruelle.) Ours are wild herbs, 
'chiefly soutliern, with purple or blue showy flowers, mostly in clusters, 

produced all summer. 2/ 

§ 1 . Cells of the anther pointed at base : stigma only one : pod ^-seeded. 
R. oblongifolia. Pine barrens S. : downy, 6' -12' high from a creeping 
base, with nearly sessile oval leaves barely 1' long, almost bristle-shaped sepals, 
but oblong bracts, and spotted purple corolla 1' long. 

§ 2. Cells of the anther blunt: stigmas 2 : pod 8-12-seeded: stems l°-4° high. 

R. ciliosa. Dry soil W. & S. : clothed with soft white hairs, the oval or 
oblong leaves nearly sessile, pale blue corolla (about 2' long) with slender tube 
much longer than the inflated upper part and than the bristle-shaped sepals. 

_R. Strepens. Richer soil, from Penn. W. & S. : smooth or slightly downy, 
with obovate or oblong leaves (l'-4' long) narrowed into a petiole, ami purple- 
blue corolla (l'-2' long) with tube hardly longer than the expanded portion or 
than the linear-lanceolate sepals. 

4. DICLIPTERA. (Greek words for douhle, shut, from the 2-valved pod.) 
D. braehiata, of low banks S. is neariy smooth, with 6-angled stem bear- 
ing many bi*anches, thin ovate-oblong pointed leaves on slender petiole, and 
interrupted sjnke-like clusters of small purple flowers, each with a pair of con- 
spicuous flat bracts. 2/ 



VERVAIN FAMILY. 241 

5. DIANTHERA. (From Greek for dovhle anther, alluding to the two 

separated cells on each filament. ) Fl. all summer. JjL 

D. OVata. Muddy banks of streams S. : 4' -8' high, smooth, with lance- 
ovate short-petioled leaves longer than the 3 - 4-flowered peduncles in their 
axils, and small pale purple flowers. 

D. Americana. Wet borders of streams : 2° high, smooth, with long 
linear-lanceolate leaves, and long peduncles (4' -6' long) bearing an oblong 
spike of pale purple flowers. 

78. VERBENACE^, VERVAIN FAMILY. 

Plants with opposite (or sometimes whorled) leaves, differing 
from the other orders with irregular monopetalous and didynamoas 
or tetrandrous flowers by the ovary not 4-lobed and with a single 
ovule in each of its (1 - 4) cells, the fruit either fleshy or when 
dry at length splitting into as many 1-celled indehiscent nutlets. 

Besides the following some species of Clerodendron are culti- 
vated, in choice conservatories. 

§ 1. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes, the flowers expanding from below upioards. 

1. PHRYMA. Flowers in slender loose spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped, the 

upper lip of 3 slender-pointed teeth, the lower short and 2-toothed. Corolla 
tubular, 2-lipped, the upper lip notched, lower larger and 3-lobed. Stamens 
included. Ovary 1-celIed, forming a simple akene in the calyx. Herb. 

2. VERBENA. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular or prismatic, 5-ribbed 

and plaited. Corolla salver-forra, the tube often curved, the border rather 
unequally 5-cleft. Stamens included: upper pair sometimes wanting the 
anthers. Ovary 4-celled, at maturity splitting into 4 dry akenes or nutlets. 
Herbs. 

3. LIP PI A. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes. Calyx tubular, 2- 5-toothed. 

Corolla tubular, with 5-lobed 2-lipped border, the lower 3-lobed lip larger. 
Stamens included. Ovary and dry fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. 

4. LANTANA. Flowers in heads or short spikes. Calyx minute, obscurely 

4-toothed. Corolla with an unequal 4-cleft spreading border, the upper lobe . 
sometimes notched. Stamens included. Ovary 2-celled, becoming berry- 
like, and containing 2 little stones or nutlets. Shrubs or herbs. 

§ 2. Flowers nearly regular, in cymes from the axils of the simple leaves : shrubs. 

5. CALLICARPA. Calyx 4 -5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, short, 

4 -5-lobed. Stamens 4, proti'uded, nearly equal. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit 
berry-like, with 4 little stones. 

§ 3. Flowers irregular, in cymes or clusters in the axils of the compound digitate 
leaves or of the upper leaves reduced to bracts: shrubs or trees. 

6. VITEX. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, with a spreading 2-lipped border, 

the lower lip 3-parted and rather larger than the 2-lobed upper lip. Stamens 
4, protruded, as is the style. Ovary 4-celled, becoming berry-like in the 
fruit, which contains a single 4-celled stone. 

1. PHRYMA, LOPSEED. (Name of unknown meaning.) One species. 

_P. Leptostachya. Copses, &c. ; 2° -3° high, with coarsely-toothed ovate 
thin leaves, and branches tenuinated by the slender spikes of very small purplish 
flowers, in summer, the pedicels reflexed in fruit. ^ 

2. VERBENA, VERVAIN. (Latin name of some sacred herbs.) Fl. all 
summer. — Genus of difficult analysis on account of numerous hybrids, both 
wild and in cultivation. 

§ 1. Vervains vativc to the roiaitn/, or growing as trild. urcih, moathj in icciste 
or cnUivatcd ground : thefloiirrs insii/nijivant, in s'endi'r spikes ; no appen- 
dage at tip of the anthers. AH hut ihe last with nprig/it stenis. 21 

V. aagustifdlia, Nakkow-leavkd V. Stems 6' -18' high; leaves nar- 
16 



242 VERVAIN FAMILY. 

row lanceolate, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ; spikes few, thickish, crowded 
with purple flowers. 

V. striata, Hoary V. Barrens W. & S. : whitish-hairy, lo-2° high ; 
leaves obovate or oblong, serrate, sessile ; spikes thick and dense ; flowers blue, 
larger than in the others. 

V. hastata, Blue V. Stem 4° - 6° high ; leaves lance-oblong, some of 
the larger with short side lobes at base, cut-serrate, petioled; spikes densely- 
flowered, corymbed or panicled ; flowers blue. 

V. urtieifblia, Nettle-leaved or White V. Stem 4° -6° high; 
leaves oval or oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, petioled ; spikes of small wliite 
flowers slender and loose. 

V. ofBLcinalis, European V. Nat. by roadsides, at least S. Stems 
l°-3° high, branched ; leaves sessile, 3-cleft and mostly pinnatifid into narrow 
cut-toothed lobss ; small purplish flowers in very slender panicled spikes. 

V. bractebsa. From Wisconsin S. ; hairy, spreading or procumbent ; 
leaves wedge-shaped or lance-oblong, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ; 
small purple flowers in solitary loose spikes, the lower ones leafy-bracted. 

§ 2. Verbenas of the garden sort, with creeping or spreading stems, and dense 
spikes of larger or showy flowers : anthers of the longer stamens with a 
gland-like tip. 11 (T) 

V. Aubletia. Wild from 111. and Carolina W. & S. : has cut-pinnatifid 
leaves, and a long-peduncled spike of purple flowers, minutely bearded in the 
throat. — This and the several following species from South Brazil, Buenos 
Ayres, &c., variously and greatly mixed, make up the Verbenas which adorn 
our gardens in summer. 

V. chamsedrifolia, the original Scarlet V., with oblong-lanceolate 
coarsely serrate leaves, nearly all sessile, and most intense red or scarlet flowers, 
in a flat cluster. 

V. phlogiflbra, also named TweediXna. More upright; the leaves 
decidedly petioled ; the flowers inclined to form an oblong spike, and crimson, 
varying to rose, but not to scarlet. 

V. ineisa, dilfers from the last in the pinnatifid-incised leaves, the petioled 
ones Avith a heart-shaped base ; flowers in a flat cluster, rose-color or purple. 

V. teucroides. Erect or spreading, with ovate-oblong and incised sessile 
leaves, and a lengthened spike of white or pale rosy flowers, sweet-scented, 
especially at nightfall. 

V. erinoides, or multifida. Dwarf and much creeping, rough-hairy, 
with leaves pinnatifid into linear divisions, and originally with violet purple 
flowers, and 

V. pulcliella or TENERA, with equally finely cut leaves, and rather larger 
originally rose-violet flowers, are part parents of the smaller races. 

3. LIPPIA. (Named for A. Lippi, an Italian botanist.) Fl. late summer. 

L. lanceolata, Fog-fruit. A creeping weedy herb, along river-banks 
fi'om Penn. S. & W., with wedge-spatulate or oblanceolate leaves serrate above 
the middle, and slender peduncles from the axils bearing a head of bluish 
small flowers. 

L. citriodora (or Aloysia), the Lemon-scented or Sweet Verbena 
of the gardens ; shrub from Chili, with whorls of linear-lanceolate fragrant 
leaves, roughish with glandular dots, and small whitish and bluish flowers in 
slender spikes. 

4. L ANT ANA. (Origin of name obscure.) Tropical or subtropical, 
mostly shrubby plants, planted out in summer, when they flower freely until 
frost comes ; stems often rough-prickly ; herbage and flowers odorous, in 
some pleasant, others not so. The species are much mixed. 

L. Camara, from Tropical America, has flowers deep yellow, turning first 
to Orange, then to red. 

L. mixta, from Brazil, has flowers opening white, soon changing to yel- 
low, orange, and finally to red. 



MINT FAMILY. 243 

Ii. nivea, from Brazil, has the pleasant-scented flowers white and unchang- 
ing; or, in var. mutabilis, changing to bluish. 

Ii. involucrata, of West Indies, has small obovate and prominently veiny 
leaves, more or less downy beneath, and heads of lilac-purple flowers, involucrate 
by the outer bracts. 

L. Sellowi^na, of Southern Brazil, is low and spreading, with wedge- 
oblong or ovate strongly veined leaves, long peduncles, and heads of reddish- 
purple flowers lengthening somewhat with age. 

6. GALLIC ARP A. (From Greek for beautiful fruit.) El. early summer. 
C. Americana, French Mulberry. Rich soil from Virginia S. : shrub 
3° - 8° high, with some scurfy down, especially on the lower face of the ovate- 
oblong toothed leaves, and the clusters of bluish flowers ; fruits violet-blue and 
showy. 

6. VITEX, CHASTE-TREE. (The ancient Latin name.) 

V. Agnus-e^StUS,. Chaste-tree, of Mediterranean region, has 5-7 lan- 
ceolate entire leaflets whitened underneath, and bluish flowers in sessile clusters 
forming an interrupted spike at the end of the branches ; hardy only S. 

V. incisa, of Northern China, barely hardy in gardens N., has 5-7 leaflets 
lanceolate and cut-pinnatifid, and the clusters of bluish flowers peduncled. 

79. LABIAT-ffi, MINT FAMILY. 

Chiefly herbs, with aromatic herbage, square stems, opposite 
simple leaves, more or less 2-lipped corolla (whence the name of 
the order), either 4 didjnamous or only 2 stamens, 2-lobed stigma, 
and at once distinguished from all the related families by the deeply 
4-parted ovary (as if 4 ovaries around the base of a common style), 
ripening into as many seed-like nutlets, or akenes, each containing 
a single seed. Embryo usually filling the seed. As in all these 
families, there are 2 lobes belonging to the upper and 3 to the lower 
lip of the corolla. Flowers from the axils of the leaves or bracts, 
usually in cymose clusters, or running into terminal racemes or 
spikes. 

§ 1. Stamens 4, parallel and ascending^ and projecting from a notch on the upper 
side of the corolla. Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely fixed by the inner 
side near the base. 

* Lobes of the corolla nearly equal and oblong, turned forward so that there seems 

to he no upper Up, the filaments conspicuously projecting from the upper side. 

1. TEUCRIUM. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with a deep cleft between the two 

upper lobes. Cells of the anther confluent. 

2. TRICHOSTEMA. Calyx 5-cleft in 2 lips, oblique. Filaments very long and 

slender, curved, coiled up in the bud. 

* * Lobes of the corolla equally spreading : filaments slightly projecting from the 

notch between the 2 upper lubes. 

3. ISANTHUS. Calyx bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed, enlarging after flowering. 

Corolla only little longer than the calyx', bell-shaped, with 5 equal spreadhig 
lobes. 

§ 2. Stamens 4, reclining on the lower lobe of the corolla, the outer or lower pair 
longer : anthers 2-celled. Corolla usually turned down or declining. Nutlets 
smooth or srnoothish, fixed by their base, as in all the following divisions. 

4. OCIMUM. Calyx deflexed in fruit, 5-toothed, the upper tooth or lobe much 

broadest and sometimes wing-margined. Corolla short, the upper lip as it 
were of 4 lobes, the lower of one entire flat or flattish declined lobe scarcely 
longer than the upper. Filaments separate. 



244 ■ MINT FAMILY. 

5. COLEIJS. Calyx as in No. 4. Corolla similar, but the lower lobe longer and 

concave or boat-shaped, enclosing the stamens and style : filaments monadel- 
phous. 

6. HYPTIS. Calyx with 5 less unequal or equal teeth. Corolla of 4 short simi- 

lar upper lobes, and a longer abruptly deflexed saccate lower one ; filaments 
separate. 

7. LAVANDULA, Calyx not deflexed, 13-15-nerved, 5-toothed, the upper tooth 

mostly larger. Coi-oUa with tube longer than the calyx, regularly 24ipped, 
i. e. upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, the lobes all equally spreading. Sta- 
mens hicluded, but declined towards the lower lobe of the'corolla. 

§ 3. Stamens 4 (and the lower or outer pair longest) or 2, straight and distant or 
diverging : anthers plainly 2-celled, not conniving in pairs. Lobes of the 
corolla fiat and spreading, or the upper erect but nut archied. 

* Corolla short and rather bell-shaped, hardly if at all 2-lipped, the 4 or rarely 5 

lobes nearly equal and all spreading. 

3. PERILLA. Calyx in flower 5-cleft-, in fruit nodding and enlarging, becoming 
2-lipped. Corolla 5-cleft, the lower lobe a little longer. Stamens 4, nearly 
equal. Style deeply 2-cleft. 
9. MlilNTHA. Calyx equally 5-toothed. Corolla with a 4-cleft border, the upper 
lobe a little broader and' sometimes notched at the end. Stamens 4, nearly 
equal, similar. 
ID. LYCOPUS. Calyx 4 -5-toothed. Corolla with 4 about equal lobes. Stamens 
2 : the upper pair, if any, without anthers. 
Ik * Corolla evidently 2-lipped, but all the lobes of nearly equal length, the upper lip 
erect and mostly notched, the lower spreading and 2>-cleft, the tube not bearded 
within : stamens with anthers only 2. 

11. CUNTLA. Calyx equally 5-toothed, striate, very hairy in the throat, one half 

shorter than the corolla. Stamens 2, long and protruding: no rudiments of 
the other pair. 

12. HEDEOMA. Calyx 2-lipped, gibbous on the lower side near the base, hairy 

in the throat. Corolla short. Stamens 2, with anthers scarcely protruded, 
and 2 sterile short filaments tipped with a little head in place of anther. 

* * * Corolla elongated and irregular : the lower lobe or lip much the larger, pen- 

dent, cut-toothed or fringed, the 4 others nearly equal and alike: tube %oith a 
bearded, ring inside at the bottom of the enlarged throat : stamens 2 with 
anthers or rarely 4. 

13. COLLINSONIA. Calyx ovate, enlarging and turned down after flowering, 

2-lipped, the upper lip flat and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Cells of the an- 
ther diverging. 
' * * * * Corolla evidently 2-Upped, short, the upper lip erect or somewhat spread- 
ing and nearly entire or notched, the lower spreading or 5-cleft : stamens with 
anthers 4. 

14. HYSSOPUS. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. 

Corolla with the middle lobe of the lower lip larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 
very long and protiniding. 

15. PYCNAN fPIEMUM. Calyx oblong or short-tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 

5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped, naked in the throat. Corolla with the lobes 
of the lower lip ovate and entire. Flowers crowded in heads or close cjaues. 

16. ORIGANUM. Calyx hairy in the throat, about 13-nerved. Lower hp of the 

corolla of 3 similar lobeS. Flowers crowded into spike-like clusters and fur- 
nished with imbricated often colored bracts. 

17. THYMUS. Calyx ovate, hairy in the throat, 13-nei-ved, 2-lipped; the upper 

lip 3-toothed and spreading, "the lower cleft into 2 awl-shaped ciliate lobes. 
Corolla not strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip resembling the 3 lobes of the lower 
lip but notched at the apex. Stamens mostly protruding. 

18. SATUREIA. Calyx bell-shaped, naked in the throat, 10-nerved, equally 

5-toothed. Corolla with lower lip of 3 nearly equal entire lobes. Stamens 
somewhat ascending. Leaves naiTow. 

§ 4. Stamens 4 {the lower or order pair longer), ascending or curved and loith ike 
pldinly 2-celled anthers approximate or conniving in'pairs under the erect and 
jiuttish but not arched upper lip. Calyx more or less 2-lipped. 

19. CALA:\IINTHA. Calyx not flattened. Corolla straight, with inflated throat, 

and 2-lipped border," the spreading lower lip 3-purted, its middle lobe entire 
or slightly notched. 



MINT FAMILY. 245 

20. MELISSA. Calyx with 3-tootlied upper lip flat. Corolla more or less curved 

and ascending. Filaments arching and bringing the anthers together in pairs. 
Otherwise as in 19. 

•§ 5. Stamens only 2, parallel and ascending under the erect or somewhat scythe- 
shaped entire or barely notched upper Up of the corolla: anthers l-celled, 
either strictly so or by confluence of the 2 cells end to end. 

21. SALVIA. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip 3-toothed or entii-e, the lower 2-cleft, 

throat not hairy. Corolla deeply 2-lipped; the lower lip spreading or hanging, 
3-lobed, the middle lobe larger and sometimes notched at the end. Filament 
as it were compound, the proper filament short and bearing on its apex an 
elongated thread-like or linear body (the connective, in fact) attached by its 
middle, one end of which ascending under the upper lip bears a linear 
1-celled anther, the other descending bears the other smaller and imperfect 
cell, or a mere vestige of it, or is naked. Flowers usually large or showy. 

22. E0S]\IAE1NUS. Calyx and corolla nearly as in Salvia, but the lateral lobes of 

the lower lip of the corolla erect and someAvhat contorted (as in some Sages 
also). Stamens resembling those of Monarda and protruded, but with a short 
tooth on the filament below the middle. Shrub. 

23. MONARDA. Calyx tubular, elongated, many-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, 

mostly hairy in the tlu'oat. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, narrow m the throat, 
the oblong or linear lips about equal in length, the lower 3-lobed at the apex, 
its narrower middle lobe slightly notched. Stamens with long and simple 
filament bearing directly on its apex a linear anther. Flowers rather large, 
numerous in the whorled or terminal heads. 

24. BLEPHILIA. Calyx short-tubular, naked in the throat, 2-lipped, the upper 

lip with 3 awned, the lower with 2 nearly blunt teeth. Corolla with a more 
expanded throat, bluish. Otherwise like Monarda, but flowers smaller. 

§ 6. Stamens 4, diverging or ascending : the upper or inner pair longer ! Upper 
lip of the corolla erect or a little arching, the lower spreading. 

25. LOPHANTHUS. Calyx rather unequally 5-toothed. Upper lip of corolla 

slightly 2-lobed, the lower moderately spreading, its middle lobe somewhat 
crenate. Stamens not parallel, the lower aiid shorter ones more or less as- 
cending, the upper and longer ones diverging and declining, so as to seem the 
lower. Tall erect herbs, with small flowers clustered in panicled spikes. 

26. NEPETA. Calyx obliquely 5-toothed. Stamens parallel and ascending, and 

their anthers approaching in pairs under the upper lip of the corolla, their 
cells diverging from each other. Middle lobe of lower lip of coroUa con- 
sidei-ably largest. 

27. CEDRONELLA. Flowers nearly like those of Nepeta; but the cells of the 

anthers parallel. 
37. PHLOMIS, of the next section, might from the stamens be sought for here. 

§ 7. Stamens 4, the lower or outer pair longer, asceiiding and pandltl, their anthers 
in pairs mostly under the concave o?' arched upper lip of the corolla. Plants 
not sweet-scented, some of them bitter-aromatic. 

* Corolla inflated funnel-form and 7'ather slightly 2-lipped: calyx thinnish, open 
bell-shaped in fruit, the 5 teeth equal and pointless : flowers simply spiked, 
only one to each bract or floral leaf 

28. PHYSOSTEGIA. Upper lip of the corolla broad and a little arched, entire; 

lower of 3 broad and somewhat spreading short lobes. Smooth and scentless 
herbs, with thickish and sessile lanceolate or oblong leaves. 
* * Corolla decidedly 2-lipped: calyx also 2-lipped, irregular, closed in fruit. 

29. BRUNELLA. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, reticulated, flattened on the up- 

per side; the upper lip broad, flat, 3-tootlied; the lower 2-cleft. Tube of 
the corolla dilated on the lower side just below the rather narrowed throat; 
upper lip arched and entire; lower widely spreading, with lateral lobes ob- 
long, the concave middle one rounded and crenulate. Filaijients 2-tootlied at 
the' apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. Flowers in a terminal close 
head or short spike. 

30. SCUTELLARIA. Calyx short, with tlio very short lips truncate and entire, and 

a large hump on the upper side, the Avholc helmet-shaped; the upper lip usu- 
ally falling away when the fruit is ripe. Corolla with rather long ascending 
tube, the lateral lobes of the lower lip small and somewhat connected with 
the arched npper lip, the middle lobe larger and spreading or the sides re flexed: 
anthers of the loAver stamens l-celled. Bitterish herbs, not lU'omatic, with 
flowers single hi the axil of each bract or leaf. 



246 MINT FAMILY. 

* * * Corolla decidedly 2-lipped: calyx 6-toothed, regular, or sometimes obscurely 
1-lipped, not closing in fruit : the teeth commonly awl-shaped or triangular ^ 
often rigid or spiny-tipped. 

-1- Stamens included in the tube of the corolla : calyx 10-toothed. 

31. MARRUBIUM. Teeth of the calyx awl-shaped or spiney-tipped, recurved 
. after flowering. Corolla small: upper lip erect. Bitter-aromatic plants: 

flowers in axillary capitate whorls. 

•)- 4- Stamens raised out of the tube of the corolla : calyx 5-toothed. 
•*-•■ Anthers opening crosswise by 2 unequal valves, the smaller one ciliate. 

32. GALE OP SIS. Calvx tubular bell-shaped, 5-nerved, with spiny-tipped teeth. 

Corolla enlarged "in the throat, the ovate and entire upper lip arched, the 
middle lobe of spreading lower lip obcordate. Flowers in axillary whorl-like 
clusters. 

++ -w. Anthers opening lengthwise in the ordinary way. 

33. LAMIUM. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, with 6 awl-shaped spreading teeth. 

Corolla much enlarged in the throat, the upper lip arching and with a narrow 
base, lateral lobes of lower lip very short, the middle one rounded and spread- 
ing or turned down, its base much narrowed. (Lessons, p. 102, fig. 209.) 
Stamens ascending under the upper lip. Nutlets truncate at the top. 

34. LEONURUS. Calyx top-shaped, the awl-shaped teeth when old spreading and 

spiny-pointed. Corolla like Stachys, but middle lobe of lower lip obcordate. 
Stamens parallel. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled. Stems erect. 
Flowers in close whorls in the axils of cut-lobed leaves. 

35. STACHYS. Calyx mostly tubular bell-shaped, the teeth triangular or awl- 

shaped, sometimes rigid or even pungent. Corolla not enlarged in the throat, 
the upper lip entire or nearly so, the lower 3-lobed with the middle lobe 
nearly entire. Stamens ascending under the upper lip, but the outer pair 
turned down after discharging their pollen ! Nutlets obtuse, but not trun- 
cate. Flowers crowded in whorls, most of these commonly approximate in a 
terminal raceme or spike. 

36. BETONICA. Like Stachys, but calyx more tubular and with awn-like teeth, 

tube of corolla longer and its upper lip sometimes notched, and the stamens 
genei-ally remaining parallel. 

37. PIlLOMIS. Calyx tubular, with rigid nan'ow awl-shaped teeth from the 

notch of as many very short and broad lobes. Corolla as in Stachys. Upper 
pair of stamens (rather the longer) with an awl-shaped appendage at the base 
of the filaments. 

38. MOLUCCELLA. Calyx membranaceous and greatly enlarged, funnel-form, 

the border reticulated, veiny, entire, except 5 mucronate points. Corolla 
much shorter than the calyx; the middle lobe of its lower lip obcordate. 
Nutlets 3-sided. 

1. TEtJCillUM, GERMANDER. (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.) % 
T. Canadense, our only species, in low grounds, 1° - 3° high, downy, 

with ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves downy beneath, and pale purple or rarely 
white flowers collected in a long spike, in late summer. 

2. TRICHOSTEMA, BLUE CURLS. (Name from the Greek, means 
hair-like stamens. ) Ours are branching loosely-flowered rather clammy low- 
herbs, with entire leaves, and small flowers as it were panicled, blue, or 
changing to purple, in summer and autumn. (T) 

T. diehotomum, Common B. or Bastard Pennyroyal. Sandy fields 
E. & S. : 6| - 12' high, with mostly lance-oblong short-petioled leaves. 

T. lineare, from New Jersey S., has linear or lance-linear smoother leaves. 

3. ISANTHUS, FALSE PENNYROYAL. (Name in Greek means equal 
flower, i, e. parts of corolla regular.) ® 

I. CSertlleus. Common in sandy or sterile soil ; bushy-branched, clammy- 
pubescent, 6' - 12' high, with oblong 3-nerved entire leaves, and scattered small 
blue flowers on axillary peduncles : all summer. 



MINT FAMILY. 247 

4. OCIMUM, SWEET BASIL. (Greek name, referring to the odor, the 
herbage sweet-scented. ) 

O. Basilieum, Sweet Basil. Low sweet-herb, of kitchen-gardens, from 
India, with ovate somewhat toothed leaves, ciiiate petioles and calyx, and bluish- 
white racemed flowers, in summer. ® 

5. COLEUS. (Name from the Greek word for sheath, alluding to the mona- 
delphous stamens.) 

C. Bllimei, of Java, especially its var. Verschaffeltii, the showy spe- 
cies of ornamental grounds in summer, planted for its richly-colored ovate pointed 
and coarsely toothed leaves, either blotched Avith crimson or bronze-red, or almost 
wholly colored ; the inconspicuous flowers blue or bluish and racemed. 

6. HYPTIS. (From a Greek word meaning reversed.) El. late summer. 
H. radiata. Low ground, North Carolina & S. : stems 2° -4° high; 

leaves lance-ovate, toothed ; flowers white or purple-dotted, small, crowded in 
peduncled whitish-involucrate heads. 21 

7. LAVANDULA, LAVENDER. (From Latin lavo, to lave, for which 
Lavender-water is used. ) 

L. vera. Garden L. Cult, from S. Europe : a low undershrub, barely- 
hardy N., hoary, with lance-linear leaves, and slender spikes of bluish small 
flowers on long terminal peduncles, in summer. 

8. PERILLA. (Name unexplained.) Natives of China and Japan. ® 

P. ocimoides, var erispa, or P. Nankinensis of the gardens ; a bal- 
samic-scented much-branched herb, cult, for its foliage, the ovate-petioled leaves 
in this variety dark purple or violet-tinged beneath, bronze-purple above, the 
margins wavy and deeply cut-toothed, the insignificant rose-colored or whitish 
flowers in panicled spike-like racemes, in late summer. 

9. MENTHA, MINT. (Ancient Greek and Latin name.) One native 
and two very common naturalized European species, mostly spreading rap- 
idly by running rootstocks ; leaves toothed ; the small flowers purplish- 
bluish, or almost white, in summer. 2/ The following common Mints 
all in wet places. 

M. viridis, Spearmint. Nearly smooth, with oblong or lance-ovate wrin- 
kled-veiny sessile leaves, and flowers in narrow terminal spikes. 

M. piperita, Peppermint. Smooth, with ovate acute petioled leaves, and 
whorled clusters of flowers forming loose interrupted spikes. 

M. Canadensis, Wild Mint. Along shaded brooks ; pleasant-scented, 
hairy or a smooth variety, with ovate or lance-oblong acute or pointed leaves on 
short petioles, and whorls of flowers in the axils of some of the middle pairs. 

10. LYCOPUS, WATER-HOREHOUND. (Name in Greek means ?ro//'s 
foot ) Resembling the Wild Mint, but bitter, and not aromatic, commonly 
producing slender sometimes tuber-bearing runners from the base, smooth, the 
very small white flowers close-clustered in the axils of the leaves, in summer. 
Wild in shady moist soil. % 

L. Virglnious, Bugleweed. Common N.; stems blunt-angled, G'- IS' 
high ; leaves mostly lance-ovate and merely toothed ; calyx-teeth 4, ovate and 
bluntish. Used in medicine. 

L. Europseus, under several varieties : common N. & S., is tailor, with 
sharply 4-aiigled stems, ovate-oblong or lanceolate leaves either toothed or pin- 
natifid, many flowers in the clusters or whorls, and 5 calyx-teeth rigid and 
sharp-pointed. 



248 STINT FAMILY, 

11. CUNILA, DITTAXY. (An old Latin name of unknown meaning.) 

C. Mariana, ^Maryland D. Dry hills through the ]\Iiddle States ; nearly 
smootli, l'^ high, coiymbosely much branched, with ovate or heart-shaped almost 
sessile serrate leaves (1' long), and peduncled loose cymes of purplish flowers, in 
sujnmer. 2/ 

12. HEDEOMA. (Formed from a Greek name of a sort of ^Mint, refers to 
the sweet scent. ) Low and fragrant-scented, growing in dry and open or sterile 
grounds, with small flowers in loose axillary clusters, all summer. 

H. pulegioides, AiiEmCAX Pexxyrotal, the pungent aromatic scent 
and taste being like that of the English Pennyroyal or Mentha Pulegium of Eu. ; 
very common, 5' -8' high, hairy, branching, with oblong-ovate petioied leaves, 
few flowered clusters, and bluish corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx. ® 

H. hispida, is common from Western Illinois S. ^y.; 2' -5' high, hairy, 
with sessile linear entu-e leaves, and bristly-ciliate calyx, (f) 

13. COLLTT^SONIA, HORSE-BALM. (Xamed for Peter CoUinson of 

London, who corresponded with Bartram and Linnaus.) Eather tall and 
large-leaved strong-scented plants : fl. summer. 2/ 

C. Canadensis, also called Rich-weed and Stoxe-root, the only com- 
mon species, in rich moist woods; smooth, 2° -3° high, with ovate seiTate 
leaves 3' - 6' long and on long petioles, and pale yellow lemon-scented flowers 

on slender pedicels in panicled racemes. 

14. HYSSOPUS, HYSSOP. (The ancient Greek name of the plant, from 
the Hebrew.) 2/ 

H. ofB-Cinalis, the only species, cult, in gardens from the Old "World, 
rarely running wild : smooth tufted simple stems or branches 2° high; leaves 
lance-linear and entire ; small clusters of blue flowers crowded in a terminal 
spike, in summer. 

15. PYdSTANTHEMUM, MOUXTATX :\rDs'T or BASEL. (Xame 

from Greek, means dense floictr-clusters.) Several species, all aromatic-scented, 
1° - 3° high, in open usually gravelly or sandy soil ; flowers with pale corolla 
often puiple-dotted, in late summer and autumn. 2/ Only the following 
widely common. 

P. ineanum. Leaves petioied, ovate or oblong, remotely toothed, finely 
soft-downy above and white-hoary beneath, those next the open flat cymes 
whitened both sides ; bracts and caiyx-teeth somewhat awn-pointed. 

P. muticum. ^Minutely soft-downy but hardly whitened, rather low, 
bushy-branched ; leaves mostly lance-ovate and sessile,'with rounded or slightly 
heart-sliaped base, minutely sharp-toothed, rather rigid ; flowers in heads or 
dense clusters ; calyx-teeth and inner bracts rather blunt. 

P. pilosum. Only from AV. Penn. W., is downy with rather long soft 
hairs ; the broadish lanceolate leaves acute at both ends and nearly entire ; 
whorled heads at the end of the branches ; the calyx-teeth and bracts ovate- 
lanceoiate and acute. 

P. ariotatum,. Only from Xew Jersey S., in pine-barrens : minutely soft- 
pubescent ; leaves lance-oblong or broadly linear, rigid, almost entire ; flowers 
in heads, with the narrow and awn-pointed bracts and caiyx-teeth as long as the 
corolla. 

P. lanceolatum. Smoothish, not hoary, very leafy, bushy branched; 
leaves small and clustered, nan-ow lanceolate or lance-linear, rigid, sessile, ob- 
tuse at base ; flowers small, in numerous globular close heads which are crowded 
in terminal corymbs ; calyx-teeth and bracts short, ti-iangular ; lips of the 
corolla very short. 

P. linifoliura. Like the last, less common N. : smoother, with lance- 
linear leaves, and narrower sharp-pointed bracts and calyx-teeth. 



MINT FAMILY. 249 

16. ORt GANTTM, MARJORAM. ( Old Greek name, said to mean delight 
of mountains.) Natives of tlie Old World : sweet-herbs : fl. summer. Jl 

O. VUlgare, Wild Marjoram. Old gardens, and wild on some road- 
sides ; l°-2° high, Avith small ovate nearly entire leaves, on short petioles, and 
purplish flowers in corymbed purple-bracted clusters or short spikes ; calyx 
equally 5-toothed. 

O. Majorana, Sweet Marjoram. Cult, in kitchen-gardens (as an ®) ; 
leaves small and tinely soft-downy ; the bracts not colored ; flowers whitish or 
purplish, with calyx hardly toothed but cleft nearly down on the lower side. 

17. THYMUS, THYME. (Ancient Greek and Latin name.) Low or 
creeping slightly woody-stemmed sweet-aromatic plants of the Old World r 
fl. small, in summer. Leaves in the common species entire, small, from ^' 
to near |' long, ovate, obovate or oblong with tapering base. 2/ 

T. Serpyllum, Creeping Thyme. Cult, as a sweet herb, rarely a little 
spontaneous ; creeping, forming broad flat perennial turfs ; leaves green ; 
whorls of purplish or flesh-colored flowers crowded or somewhat sj)iked at the 
ends of the flowering branches. 

T. vulgaris, Com3ion Thyme. Rarely cult., more upright and bushy 
than the other, pale and rather hoary ; flowers in shorter clusters. 

18. SATUREIA, SAVORY. (The ancient Latin name.) Aromatic: 
fl. summer. 

S. hortensis, Summer Savory. Low and homely sweet herb of the gar- 
dens, sparingly run wild W., with oblong-linear leaves tapering at base, and 
pale or purplish small flowers clustered in theu' axils, or running into panicled 
spikes at the end of the branches. ® 

19. CALAMINTHA, CALAMINTH. {Qxqq^ ior beautiful Mint.) FL 
summer. 2/ 

§ 1. Flowers hose in the axils, or above running into racemes or panicles. 

C. glabella. A delicate native but uncommon species, only from Niagara 
Falls W. : smooth, with weak stems 5' - 20' long, also with creeping runners, 
oblong or almost linear leaves, or ovate on the runners, the loose purplish flow- 
ers about ;V long. 

C. ISTepeta, Basil-Thyme. Nat. from Eu. from Virginia S. : soft-downy, 
branching, l°-2° high, with round-ovate crenate leaves, small and loose purple 
flowers, and calyx hairy in the throat. 

§ 2. Floioers in terminal heads or head-like ivhorls, croioded with awl-shaped bracts. 

C. Clinopbdium, Basil. Waste grounds and along thickets ; hairy, 
with rather simple stems 1° - 2° long, ovate and nearly entire petioled leaves, 
and pale purple small corollas. 

20. MELISSA, BALM, BEE-BALM. (Old name from Greek for 6ee. ) 
Old- World sweet herbs. Fl. summer. 2/ 

M. officinalis. Common B. Gardens, sparingly running Avild ; rather 
hairy, loosely-branched, lemon-scented, with ovate or scarcely Jieart-shapcd cre- 
natc-toothed leaves, and yellowish or soon white flowers in small loose axillary 
clusters. 

21. SALVIA, SAGE. (From the Latin salvo, to save, from its reputed 
healing qualities.) 

§ 1. Wild Sages of the country, all with blue or partly ichife corollas. ^ 

* Upper lip of calyx 3-toothed: luiver cell of the anther present but d formed. 

S. lyrata. Sandy soil from New Jersey to 111. & S. : l°-2° high, rather 
hairy, with leaves mostly at the root and obovate or lyre-shaped, and a smaller 
pair on the stem ; whorls of flowers forming an interrupted raceme ; corolla 



250 MINT FAMILY. 

* * Upper lip of the calyx entire : lower cell of the anther wanting. 

S. urticifblia. Woodlands from Maryland S. : l°-2° high, leafy, some- 
what clammy-downy ; .leaves rhombic-ovate ; racemes slender, the blue and 
white corolla only ^' long. 

S. azurea. Sandy soil S. & S. W. : nearly smooth and green, with rather 
simple stems, 2° -4° high; leaves lance-linear with tapering base, obtuse, 
entire, or the lower serrate; the showy azure-blue flowers (less than 1' long) 
numerous in a spike-like raceme. 

S. Pitcheri, from Kansas to Texas, is very like the foregoing, but minutely 
soft-downy ; occasionally cultivated, as is also 

S. farinbsa, of Texas, with more petioled oblong-lanceolate leaves, the 
'spikes, calyxes, &c. white-hoary, in contrast with the light blue corolla. 

§ 2. Garden Sages, cultivated for ornament, or the first species for its savory 
foliage. Perennials, but some cult, as annuals, seveml woody at base. 
* Flowers blue. 
S. oflScinalis, Common Sage, from S. Eu. : low, minutely hoary-pubes- 
cent, with oblong-lanceolate leaves finely reticulated-rugose and the margins 
crenulate, spiked flower-whorls, and short corolla. 

S. patens, from Mexico : 2° -3° high, rather hairy, with crenate triangular- 
ovate or halberd-shaped leaves, or the uppermost sessile ones oval, loose-pedi- 
celled flowers, showy deep blue corolla over 2' long, the lips widely gaping and 
the stamens exserted. 

* * Flowers scarlet-red. 

S. splendens, Scarlet Sage, of Brazil : smooth, with branching stems, 
ovate pointed leaves, the floral ones and calyx as well as the corolla (2' or more 
long and with short lower lip) bright scarlet. 

S. fulgens, Cardinal or Mexican Red S., from Mexico : tall, pubes- 
cent, with crenate ovate or oval leaves heart-shaped at base and somewhat 
rugose, green calyx, and long-tubed downy deep scarlet corolla over 2' long, 
the style plumose. 

S. COCCinea, from Tropical America : somewhat downy or soft-hairy, 
with ovate and heart-shaped acute crenate leaves, deciduous bracts, green or 
purplisli calyx, and smooth red corolla 1' long, with lower lip much longer than 
the upper one. 

S. pseudo-eoecinea, from Trop. Amer. : like the last, but with bristly- 
hairy stems, less heart-shaped leaves, and corolla more or less pubescent. 
* * * Flowers white. 

S. argentea, from the Mediterranean regions : cult, for its silvery-white 
foliage, hardy ; the very large round-ovate root-leaves clothed Avith long white 
wool ; flowering stem and its sessile leaves, as well as calyx, &c. clammy-hairy ; 
the white corolla with scythe-shaped upper lip 1' long and a very short tube. 

i 

22. ROSMARINUS, ROSEMARY, (Old Latin name, f/m o/ Me sea.) 
R. ofiB.2inalis, from S. Eu. : not hardy N. : leaves evergreen, linear, entire, 

with revolute margins, white-hoary beneath, the upper with pale blue flowers in 
their axils. 

23. MONARDA, HORSE-MINT or BALM. (Named for an early 
S])ani^h writer on the medicinal plants of the New World, Monardez.) Fl. 
summer. 

§ 1. Stamens and style protruding beyond the narroiv acute upper lip of the corolla: 
leaves oblong-ovate or lance-ovate, with roundish or slightly heart-shaped base, 
veiny, pleasant-scented. 

M. didyma, Osm^ego Tea or Bee-Balm. Wet ground N., and cult. ; 
leaves ])etioled ; the floral ones tinged with red; calyx naked in the throat; 
corolla bright red. 

M. fistulbsa, Wild Bergamot. Rocky grounds ; soft-downy or smooth- 
ish ; leaves ])etioled, the floral ones often whitish ; calyx very hairy in the 
throat ; corolla rose-color, purple, or white. 



MINT FAMILY. 251 

M. Bradburiana. From Ohio W., differs from the preceding in the 
sessile leaves soft-hairy beneath, calyx contracted above, and shorter corolla. 

§ 2. Stamens not longer than the purple-spotted notched upper lip of the short 
corolla, the tube of which is nearly enclosed in the calyx. (J) (2) 

M. punctata, Horse-Mint. Dry sandy ground, from New York to 
m. and S. : strong-scented and pungent, slightly hoary ; leaves lanceolate, 
the floral ones and bracts tinged yellow and purple ; calyx-teeth short and awn- 
less ; corolla yellowish. 

M. aristata. Plains from Missouri S. W., has its calyx strongly bearded 
in the throat and with awn-like teeth, the floral leaves and bracts conspicuously 
awn-tipped. 

24. BLEPHILIA. (From Greek for eyelash, the bracts strongly ciliate, 
the outer ones ovate.) Fl. summer. "21 

B. ciliata. Dry ground, from Penn. S. & W. : leaves almost sessile, ovate 
or oblong, whitish-downy beneath ; outer bracts large, acute ; corolla hairy. 

B. nepetoides. Low shady grounds N. & W. : hairy all over ; leaves 
lance-ovate sometimes heart-shaped at base, on distinct petioles ; bracts smaller 
and very slender-pointed ; corolla smoothish, purple-spotted. 

26. LOPHANTHUS, GIANT HYSSOP. (Name from Greek for crest 
and flower, not very appropriate. Wild in rich soil, chiefly N. & W., with 
ovate and toothed leaves : fl. summer. ^ 

L. nepetoides. Smooth, coarse, not sweet-scented ; stem 4° - 6° high 
and sharply 4-angled; calyx-teeth ovate, bluntish, almost equalling the dull 
yellowish corolla. 

L. serophulariifdlius. Resembles the preceding, but the obtusely an- 
gled stem and sharper-toothed leaves rather pubescent, the lanceolate acute calyx- 
teeth shorter than the purplish corolla. 

L. anlsatUS. Wild from Wisconsin far N. W. and rare in cultivation : 
slender, with anise-scented leaves white beneath, and calyx much shorter than 
the lavender-blue corolla. 

26. NEPETA, CAT-MINT. (Latin name, from the city Nepete.) % 
N. Cat^ria, Catnip. Weed nat. from Eu. around dwellings and gardens : 

soft-doAvny ; with oblong heart-shaped leaves deeply crenate, and whitish flow- 
ers crowded in terminal clusters or spikes, in late summer. 

N. Glechbma, Ground Ivy, Gill. Weed nat. from Eu. in waste or 
cult, shaded grounds : creeping and spreading, Avith smoothish rounded kidney- 
shaped crenate leaves on slender petioles, and light blue flowers in their axils, 
each pair of anther cells approaching and forming a little cross : fl. all spring 
and summer. 

27. CEDRONi^LLA. (From Greek name oUil of cedar, alluding to the 
sweet aromatic scent of the foliage of the first species.) The cultivated species 
not hardy N. : fl. summer. 2/ 

C. triph^lla, Balm-of-Gilead of the English gardens, here rarely cult., 
from Madeira ; very sweet-scented leaves of 3 broadly lanceolate leaflets ; flowers 
pur))lish. 

C. Mexickna, from New Mexico, has simple lance-ovate leaves Avith heart- 
shaped base, erect stems, and handsome rose-colored flowers in close clusters. 

C. eord^ta, wild in shady grounds from W. Penn. S., but rare : low, 
hairy, with long leafy runners, heart-shaped leaves, and scattered flowers, the 
purplish corolla 1^' long, its throat inflated. 

28. PHYSOSTEGIA, FALSE DKAGON-HEAD. (Name from Greek 
words for inflated or bladdery covering.) Fl. all summer. 2/ 

P. Virginiana. Wet banks of streams, from Noav York W. & S., in sev- 
eral varieties: l°-4°high; leaves mostly serrate; Howors cither crowded or 
rather distant in the spikes ; corolla pale rose-purple, 1' or more long. 



252 MINT FAMILY. 

29. BRUCELLA, SELF-HEAL or HEAL-ALL. (Latinized from the 
old German name.) Fl. all summer. 2/ 

B. vulgaris. Low fields and copses ■ low, spreading, with ovate or oblong 
petioled leaves, and 3 flowers under each of the broad and round purplish bracts 
of the head ; corolla bluish-purple or rarely white. 

30. SCUTELLARIA, SKULLCAP. (Name from Latin scutellum, a 
dish.) Fl. in summer, in species ours blue or violet. 2/ 

§ 1. Flowers in racemes or spikes terminating the stem and branches. 

S. versicolor. River-banks, from Penn. W. & S. : stem stout, lo-3° high, 
soft-pubescent, as are the heart-shaped very veiny and rugose crenate and blunt- 
ish long-petioled leaves ; spike-like racemes clammy-pubescent ; corolla almost 
1' long, the lower lip purple-spotted. 

S. eanescens. From Penn. S. & W. : stems branching, 2° -4° high; 
leaves petioled, ovate or lance-ovate, or some of them heart-shaped at base, the 
lower surfiice as also the racemes and flowers whitish with very fine soft down, 
otherwise smootiiish ; corolla 1' long. 

S. pilosa. Pubescent with spreading hairs; stem nearly simple, l°-3° 
high, bearing rather distant pairs of roundish or oblong-ovate veiny leaves, the 
lower sometimes heart-shaped, upper on . short-margined petioles ; racemes 
short, the bracts spatulate ; corolla %' long. 

S. integrifolia. Along thickets: minutely hoary, 10-2° high; leaves 
lance-obiong or linear, obtuse, nearly entire, very short-petioled ; raceme short; 
corolla 1' long, much enlarged upwards. 

§ 2. Flowers short-peduncled in the axils of some of the sessile leaves. 

S. nervosa. Moist ground from New York S. W. : smooth, lo-2° high, 
slender; leaves roundish or ovate, sparingly toothed, 1' long, those subtending 
the flowers ovate-lanceolate and entire, the nerve-like main veins prominent 
beneath ; flowers ^' long. 

S. parvula. Dry banks and shores, commoner W. & S. : low and spread- 
ing, 3' - 6' high ; witii round-ovate or lance-ovate and slightly heart-shaped 
leaves ^' or more long, and flowers |' long. 

S. galericulata. Wet ground N. : smoothish ; the slender simple stems 
l°-2° high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sometimes with a heart-shaped base, acute, 
serrate ; flowers %' long, with arched upper lip. 

§ 3. Flowers in axillary or some terminal one-sided racemes. 

S. lateriflora. Wet shady places : smooth, branching, 1° -2° high, with 
lance-ovate or oblong acute coarsely serrate leaves on slender petioles ; racemes 
rather leafy-bracted ; flowers 5' long. 

31. MABRIJBIUM, HOREHOUND. (Late Latin name, from Hebrew 
word for oitter.) Fl. late summer. If. 

M. vulgare, Common H., from Europe, in gardens and waste places : 
branching, spreading, hoary-downy, Avith round-ovate crenate-rugose leaves on 
petioles, and small white corolla. 

Black Horkhound, Ball6ta nigra, of Europe, and naturalized in a 
few places E., is not hoary, and has purplish flowers with a spreading .5-toothed 
border to the calyx. 

32. GALEOPSIS, HEMP-NETTLE. (Name in Greek means like a 
z<;easf-/ ; the likeness not at all obvious. ) Fl. summer. (1) 

G. Tetrahit, Common H. Damp Avaste and cult, grounds, nat. from Eu. : 
a common weed, rather bristly-hairy, with stem sAvollen below each joint, leaves 
ovate and coarsely serrate, and corolla purplish or variegated; 

33. LAMIUM, DEAD-NETTLE. (Name from Greek word for throat.) 
Low spreading herbs from Old World : fl. spring and summer. 



MINT FAMILY. 253 

* Insignificant weeds in waste or cultivated grounds, with few small and purple or 

slender flowers in some of the axils. ® (2) 
L. amplexicaule. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed and cut, the 

Tipper ones clasping; corolla with a long tube, its upper lip bearded, the 

lower one spotted. 

L. purpureum. Not so common : leaves more heart-shaped, and less 

cut, ail of them petioled. 

* * Flowers larger, V long, in several axillary whorls: corolla ascending, the 

lateral lobes bearing a slender awl-shaped appendage. 2/ 
L. album. Gardens and waste grounds : hairy ; leaves all petioled, ovate 

and heart-shaped, rugose-veiny ; flowers white. 

L. maeulatum. Cult, in gardens ; hairy or nearly smooth ; leaves as in 

the other, but with a white spot or blotch on the upper face ; flowers purple. 

34. LEONURUS, MOTHERWORT. (Name in Greek means lion's tail, 
but there is no obvious resemblance.) El. late summer. 

L. Cardiaca, Common M. Nat. from Eu. in cult, and waste grounds ; 
tall, with palmately cleft" long-petioled leaves, the lower rounded, the upper 
wedge-shaped at base ; upper lip of pale purple corolla bearded. 2/ 

35. STACHYS, HEDGE-NETTLE. (Greek word for spike, from the 
inflorescence.) Elowers in summer, in all ours 2/. 

* Wild species in wet grounds, with small light reddish-purple corolla. 

S. palustris. Common in many and diverse varieties, rough-hairy or 
smooth, or the angles of the stem bristly ; leaves oblong or lance-ovate, or the 
lower heart-shaped at base, crenately toothed, the lower or nearly all petioled ; 
calyx-teeth sharp-pointed or pungent. 

S. hyssopiidlia. Wet sandy soil, not common : smooth, low (1° high) ; 
leaves linear or linear-oblong, almost entire, sessile ; calyx-teeth softer and less 
pointed. 

* * Cultivated for ornament • not very common. 

S. lanata, from Europe : low, tufted ; the stems, oblong Mullein-like 
leaves, and dense interrupted spike wholly covered with thick and silvery white 
wool, and very short dull purple corollas. 

S. eocciliea, Scarlet S., from Mexico, with ovate-oblong and heart- 
shaped pubescent leaves, and whorled flowers with bright red corolla, its tube 
often 1' long. 

36. BETOT^ICA, BETONY. (The Latin name.) Cult, occasionally in 
old gardens, from Old World. Stems low, erect : leaves coarsely crenate, 
oblong, those on the stem few, of the root larger and heart-shaped on long 
petioles. El. summer. 2/ 

B. grandiflora, Great B., from Northern Asia; with stem l°-2° high, 
flowers in separated whorls, purple corollas 1^' long. 

B. officinalis, Wood B., from Europe, has flowers many times smaller, in 
a more crowded oblong spike. 

37. PHLOMIS, JERUSALEM SAGE. (Old Greek name of some woolly 
plant.) El. summer. 2/ 

P. tuberosa, from E. Eu. : cultivated in old gardens, sparingly run wild ; 
stems 3° - 5° high ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong aiul heart-shaped, crenate, 
rugose, smoothish ; flowers in remote and dense Avhorls ; upper lip of the purple 
corolla white-hairy inside. 

38. MOLUCCELLA, MOLUCCA BALM, SIIELL-ELOWER. (Xamo 
from Molucca Islands.) El. summer. (1) 

_M. Isevis, from Asia: in some old gardens: low, much branched, smooth, 
with roundish petioled leaves, tlowors sessile in their axils aeoompanied by 
spine-like hvacts, the remarkable large cup-shaped calyx oblique and 1' long, 
much exceeding the inconspicuous corolla. 



254 BORAGE FAMILY. 

80. BORRAGINACE^, BORAGE FAMILY. 

Mostly rough or rough-hairy plants, known from all related 
monopetalous orders by having a deeply 4-lobed ovary, or apparently 
4 ovaries around the base of a common style, each 1-ovuled, ripen- 
ing into akenes or nutlets, along with regular flowers (Echium 
excepted), stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla (5) and 
alternate with them, and alternate (mostly entire) leaves. In the 
Heliotrope tribe, however, the ovary is not lobed, but the fruit at 
maturity separates into 2 or 4 nutlets. Stigmas 1 or 2. Embryo 
filling the seed : no albumen. Flowers disposed to be on one side of 
the stem or branches, or of the branches of cymes, the raceme-like 
clusters coiled at the end and straightening as the flowers expand. 
Herbage not aromatic ; juice commonly bitterish, often somewhat 
mucilaginous. Roots of several are red and used for dye. 

I. BORAGE FAMILY proper, having the deeply 4-parted 
ovary as above. Ours all herbs. 

§ 1. Corolla irregular funnel-form, naked in the throat : stamens unequal! 

1. ECHIUM. Two of the spreading lobes of the corolla shorter than the others. 

Stamens ascending, more or less protiniding: filaments and style long and 
slender. Stigmas 2. Nutlets erect, leatheiy, rough--WTinkled. 

§ 2. Corolla wheel-shaped, with no tube at all. 

2. BORRAGO. Flowers, as in all the following, perfectly regular. A blunt scale 

at the base of each lobe of the 5-parted coi-olla, alternating with the con- 
niving stamens. Filaments very short, broad, and with a cartilaginous pro- 
jection behind the linear pointed anther. Nutlets erect. 
6. MYOSOTIS, and 7. OMPHALODES, from the short tube to the coroUa may 
be sought for hei'e. 

§ 3. Corolla tubular, funnel form, or salver-shaped, son^times almost wheel-shaped^ 
* Open in the throat, the folds or short scales, if any, not closing over the orifice. 

3. MERTENSIA. Corolla tubular, trumpet-shaped, with the widely spreading 

border scai-cely at all lobed and its throat perfectly naked in the common 
species ; the slender filaments protruding. Fruit fleshy, smooth or wrinkled. 
Smooth plants, which is rare in this order. 

4. 0N0SM0DIU3I. Corolla tubular, with the 5 acute lobes erect or converging, 

the throat perfectly naked, bearing the arrow-shaped or linear and mucronate 
anthers : filaments hardly any. Style very slender and proti-uding. Nutlets 
stony, smooth,^fixed by their base. Very "rough-bristly homely plants. 

5. LITHOSPERMIJM. Corolla funnel-fonn or salver-shaped, with' rounded lobes 

imbricated in the bud, with or without evident short and broad scales or 
folds in the throat. Anthers oblong, included : filaments hardly any. Nut- 
lets stony, smooth or roughened, ovate, fixed by the base. Rough or hairy 
plants, rnostly with red roots. 

6. MYOSOTIS. Corolla very short-salver-form, the tube only about the length of 

the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx, the rounded lobes convolute in the bud, the 
throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages. Anthers short, included. 
Nutlets smooth and hard, fixed by their base.' Low and small, mostly soft- 
hairy plants, the small racemed flowers commonly bractless. 

* * Scales or appendages of the corolla, conspicuous one before the base of each lobe, 
and closing or nearly closing the orifice. 

-1- Corolla short-salver-shaped or nearly wheel-shaped : stamens included. 

7. OMPHALODES. Corolla with tube shorter than the rounded lobes. Nutlets 

smooth, depressed, and with a hollow basket-like top. Flowers loosely ra- 
cemed : no bracts. Low smooth or smoothish herbs. 



BORAGE FAMILY. 255 

8 ECHINOSPERMUM. Corolla with tube as short as the rounded lobes, the 
throat closed with short rounded scales. Nutlets erect, fixed to the central 
column or base of the style, triangular, roughened, and bearing one or more 
marginal rows of barb-tipped prickles, forming small burs. Coarse weeds, 
with Ieafy*bracted racemed flowers. 

9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla between short funnel-form and wheel-shaped, the 
tube about the length of the rounded lobes; throat closed by the blunt scales. 
Nutlets bur-like, oblique on the expanded base of the style, to which they 
are fixed by their apex, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked 
prickles. Coarse and strong-scented plants, with racemed flowers, the lower 
sometimes bracted, otherwise bractless. 

•<- -I- Corolla tubular and more or less funnel-shaped. 

10. LYCOPSIS. Corolla with a curved tube, slightly oblique 5-lobed border, and 

bristly-hairy scales in the throat. Stamens included in the tube. Nut- 
lets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed base. Coarse, rough-bristly 
plants. 

11. SY:\IPHYTUM. Corolla straight, tubular-funnel form, with short spreading 

lobes which are somewhat longer than the large awl-shaped scales and 
the linear or lanceolate anthers. Style slender, commonly protruding. Nut- 
lets erect, smooth, coriaceous, fixed by a hollowed base. Coarse herbs, branch- 
ing and leafy, with thickened or tuberous roots, the juice mucilaginous and 
bitterish, used in popular medicine. Flowers nodding in raceme-like often 
forked clusters, either naked or leafy-bracted at base. 

II. HELIOTROPE FAMILY, the ovary not divided but 
tipped with the simple style, the fruit when ripe separating into 2 
or 4 closed pieces or nutlets. 

12. HELIOTROPIUM. Corolla short funnel-form or salver-shaped, the open throat 

more or less plaited. Anthers nearly sessile, included. Style short : stigma 
conical or capitate. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit splitting into 4 nutlets. Flowers 
small, in one-sided single or cymose-chxstered spikes, mostly bractless. 

13. HELIOPHYTUM. Corolla constricted at the throat. Style very short. Fruit 

mitre-shaped, splitting at maturity into 2 nutlets each 2-celled. Otherwise 
as in Heliotropium. 

1. ECHIUM, VIPER'S BUGLOSS. (Name from Greek word for viper.) 
E. vulg^re, Common V. or Blueweed. Cult, from Eu. in old gardens, 

and a weed in fields, Penn. to Virginia : l°-2° high, very rough-bristly, with 
lanceolate sessile leaves, and showy flowers in racemed clusters, the purple 
Gorolla changing to bright blue, in summer. (2) 

2. BORRAGO, BorXge. (Old name, supposed corruption of cor 0(70, from 
imagined cordial properties. ) 

B. officinalis, Common B. Cult, from Eu. in old gardens, spreading, 
branched, beset with sharp and whitish spreading bristles ; leaves oval or 
oblong-lanceolate; flowers loosely racemed, handsome, blue or purplish, with 
dark anthers, in summer. ® 

3. MERTENSIA. (Named for a Prof. Mertens, of Germany.) ^^ 

M. Virginica, Virginian or Smooth Lungwort. Alluvial soil TV. 
& S., and cult, for ornament : a verij smooth and pale leafy plant, l°-2° high, 
with obovate entire leaves, those of the root long-pctiolcd, handsome flov.-crs 
spreading or hanging on slender pedicels in loose racemc-liko clusters, the light 
blue or at first purple corolla 1' long : fl. spring. 

4. ONOSMODIUM, FALSE GROMWELL. (Name means lil-e Onos- 
ma, an European genus of this familv.) AVild ])lants of the country, mostly 
in rich soil, in dry or alluvial ground : flowers leafy-bractcd, greenish or yel- 
lowish-white, in summer. 21 



256 BORAGE FAMILY. 

O. Virgini£inum. Clothed with harsh but appressed short bristles, 1° - 2*5 
high, with oblong leaves, and lance-awl-shaped lobes of narrow corolla spar- 
ingly bristly outside. 

O. Garolinianum. From New York W. & S. : shaggy with rough and 
spreading bristles, stout, 3° -4° high, with lance-ovate or oblong-acute leaves, 
and lobes of rather broad corolla triangular and thickly hairy. 

O. molle. Only W. : hoary with softer and whitish appressed hairs, the 
oblong-ovate bluntish leaves strongly ribbed, and lobes of the triangulai--pointed 
lobes of the narrow corolla thickly hairy outside. 

5. LITHOSPEHMUM, GEOMWELL, PUCCOON. (Name from 
Greek, means stony seed.) Flowers in late spring and summer, at length 
scattered or as if spiked, leafy-bracted. 

§ 1 . Corolla white or only yellowish in the wholly naked throat, scarcely longer than 
the calyx : nutlets rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull. ® @ 

L. arvense, Corn Gromwell. Nat. from Eu. in waste dry soil, 6' -12' 
high, roughish-hoary, with lanceolate or linear leaves and inconspicuous flowers. 

§ 2. Corolla dull whitish, rather short, with little downy scales or rather folds in 
the throat: nudets smooth. or loith a few pores, of en ivory-white. 2/ 

L. angUStifdlium. River-banks from 111. S. & W. : minutely roughish- 
hoary, branched, 6' - 1 .5' high, with linear rigid leaves, short peduncles recurved 
in fruit, and corolla not longer than calyx. 

L. officinale, Cojimox G. of Europe, a weed by some roadsides : l°-2° 
high, branched above, with broadish-lanceolate acute leaves rough above but 
soft-downy beneath, and corolla longer than calyx. 

L. latifblium. From W. New York W. & S. : larger and rougher than 
the last, ovate and lance-ovate pointed leaves 2' - 4' long and j)rominently 
ribbed, those from the root larger and roundish ; corolla shorter than calyx. 

§ 3, Corolla bright orange-yellow, showy, longer than calyx, almost salvtr-shaped, 
with little appendages in the throat evident : nutlets smooth, usually ivory-ivhite. 

L. hirtum, Hairy Puccoois-. Dry ground, chiefly S. & W. : l°-20 
high, roughish-bristly, with lanceolate or linear leaves, or those next the flowers 
*ovate-oblong and bristly-ciliate, the crowded flowers peduncled, tube of the 
corolla scarcely longer than the breadth of the border (|'-1') and woolly- 
bearded at base inside. 

L. eanescens, Hoary P. Mostly N. & W. : softer-hairy and somewhat 
hoary, 6' -15' high, smaller-flowered than the preceding, and tube of corolla 
smooth at base inside. 

L. longiflorum, only on prairies N. W., has linear leaves, and tube of 
corolla 1' or more long, many times longer than the eroded-toothed lobes. 

6. MYOSOTIS, FORGET-ME-NOT or SCORPION-GRASS. (Name 
in Greek means mouse-ear, from the short soft leaves of some species.) Fl. 
spring and summer. 

M, paliistris, True F., in gardens and some waste places, with loosely 
branched stems ascending fi'om a creeping base, rough-pubescent lance-oblong 
leaves, moderately 5-cleft calyx shorter than the spreading pedicels, its hairs 
not hooked nor glandular, and its lobes open in fruit ; corolla light blue with a 
yellow eye. — Yar. laxa, wild in wet places N., has smaller floAvers on stiU 
longer pedicels. 2/ 

M. arvensis. Not rare in fields, &c. : hirsute, with lance-oWong acutish 
leaA^es, racemes naked at base and stalked, small blue corolla, pedicels spreading 
in fruit and longer than the 5-cleft equal calyx, the lobes of which are closed in 
fruit, and the tube beset with some hooked or glandular-tipped hairs. (T) ® 

M. verna. Dry hills : bristly-hirsute, erect (4' - 10 high), branched from 
base, with oblong and blunt leaves, racemes leafy at base, very small mostly 
white corolla, pedicels in fruit erect and appressed at base, but abruptly bent 
outwards near the apex, and rather shorter than the unequal very bristly calyx, 
some of its bristles hooked or glandular at their tip. ® @ 



BORAGE FAMILY. 257 

7. OMPHALODES. (Name from the Greek, refers to the navel-shaped 
depression on the upper face of the nutlets.) Cult, from Eu. for ornament. 
O. verna, Blue or Spring Navelwort. Spreading by leafy runners ; 

leaves ovate or somewhat heart-shaped, 2' -3' long, pointed, green; flowers 
azure-blue, in spring. 21 

O. linifolia, White N. Erect, 6' -12' high, loosely branched, very pale 
or glaucous, with bi-oadly lanceolate leaves sparingly ciliate, the upper sessile, 
white or bluish flowers, and turgid nutlets toothed around the margin of the 
cavity. ® 

8. ECHINOSPERMUM, STICKSEED. (Name of two Greek words 
for hed(/ehog-am\ seed, tVom the nutlets ) 

E. lappula. Weed of waste grounds, especially N., roughish-hairy, erect, 
lo_ 2o high^ with lanceolate leaves, small blue flowers, and nutlets with rough- 
tubercled back and thickly-prickled margins : fl. all summer. (T) 

9. CYNOGLOSSUM, HOUNDSTONGUE (which the name means in 
Greek). Fl. summer. " Nutlets form burp which adhere to fleece. 

C. officinale, Common H. Coarse weed from Europe, common in pas- 
tures and roadsides : leafy, soft-pu.bescent, with spatulate or lance-oblong 
leaves, the upper ones closely sessile, crimson purple corolla, and flat somewhat 
margined nutlets. @ 

C. Virginieum, Wild Comprey. Rich woods: bristly-hairy; with 
simple stem leafless above and bearing a few corymbed naked racemes of blue 
flowers, the stem leaves lance-oblong with heart-shaped clasping base, the nut- 
lets very convex. 2/ 

C. Morisoni, Beggar's Lice. Thickets and open woods : a common 
weed, 2° - 4° high, with slender widely spreading branches, thin oblong-ovate 
leaves tapering to both ends, forking and diverging racemes of very small 
whitish or bluish flowers on pedicels reflexed in fruit, and convex barbed-prickly 
small nutlets. (T) (D 

10. LYCOPSIS, BUGLOSS. (Name of Greek words for wo// and face or 
aspect.) European weeds, Fl. summicr. (T) 

L. arvensis, Field or Small Bugloss. Very rough-bristly weed, about 
1° high, in sandy fields E. ; with lance-oblong leaves, and small blue corolla 
little exceeding the calyx. 

11. SYMPHYTUM, CO]\iFREY. (From Greek word meaning to grow 
together- or unite, alluding probably to supposed healing properties.) Cult, 
from Old World : fl. summer. '}l 

S. officinale, Common C. Rather soft-hairy ; the branches winged by 
the decurrcnt ba.-ses of the oblong-lanceolate leaves ; corolla yellowish-white. 
Naturalized sparingly in moist grounds, 

S. asperrimum, Rough C. Cult, in some gardens : stem and widely 
spreading branches excessively rough with short and somewhat recurved little 
prickles, not winged ; calyx-lobes short ; corolla reddish purple in bud changing 
to blue. 

12. HELIOTROPIUM, HELIOTROPE (i. e., in Greek, turning to the 
sun). Fl. all summer. 

* Spikes only in pairs, or the lateral ones solitary : flowers white. (T) 
H. Curassavicum. Sandy shores and banks from Virginia and Illinois 

S. : very smooth and pale ; leaves oblong, sj)atulate, or lauce-liuear, thicki;h, 

veinless 

H. EuropiBUm. Old gardens and waste jilaces S., introduced from Eu. ; 

hoary -downy, C'-18' high; leaves oval, long-pctioled, veiny. 

17 



258 WATERLEAF FAMILY. 

* * SpiJces collected 171 terminal and several times forked cymes : woody-stemmed 

or shrubby house and bedding plants from Peru and Chili. 2/ 
H. Peruvianum, Sweet Heliotrope. Pubescent, with ovate-oblong 

or lance-ovate very veiny rugose leaves, and vanilla-scented pale blue-purple 

flowers. 

H. corymbosum. Cult. Avith the other, differs mainly in the larger and 

deeper-blue flowers of much less fragrance. 

13. HSLIOPHYTUM. (Name of the Greek words for sun and plant, 

indicating the resemblance to Heliotrope.) 

H. Indieum, Indian Heliotrope : hairy low plant, nat. from India as a 
weed in waste ground S. ; Avith ovate heart-shaped leaves, and solitary spikes of 
small purplish flowers, in summer ; a cavity before each seed-bearing cell of the 
2-lobed fruit. ® 

81. HYDROPHYLLACEiE, WATERLEAF FAMILY. 

Plants in some sort resembling both the foregoing and the following 
families, in the arrangement of the flowers more commonly imitating 
the former ; differing from both in the 1-celled ovary and pod with 
2 parietal placentae. In some the placentae unite in the axis, making 
a two-celled ovary. Style 2-cleft or else 2 separate styles. Ovules 
at least 2 to each placenta. Seeds wath a small embryo in hard 
albumen. Juice inert and watery. Leaves mostly alternate, simple 
or compound. The following are all N. American plants, some 
wild, the others cult, for ornament from the West. 

§ 1. Style 2-cleft: ovary and pod l-celled, with two parietal placentce, 

* These feshy and so broid that they line the ovary^ and enclose the {mostly 4) ovules 

and seeds: corolla usually convolute in the bud, commonly with 5 or 10 folds, 
scales, or other aj^peiidayes down the inside of the tube. 

1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Calyx 5-partecl, sometimes Avith small appendages at the 

sinuses, not enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped. Style and mostly hairy 
filaments protruded : anthers hnear. Pod small, globose, ripening 1-4 
spherical seeds. Flowers in crowded cymes or clusters. Leaves alternate, 
slender-petioled. 

2. NEMOPHILA. Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed appendage in each sinus, 

somewhat enlarging in fruit. Corolla open bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, 
longer than the stamens. Flowers solitary and long-peduncled. Leaves 
mostly opposite, at least the lower ones. 

* * Placentce narrow, adherent directly to the loalls, or else borne on an incomplete 

partition and projecting into the cell, where they sometimes meet: lobes of the 
corolla imbricated in the bud. 

3. PHACELIA. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow ; no appendages at the 

sinuses. Corolla open bell-shaped, approaching wheel-shaped. Stamens and 
style often protraded. Pod 4 - many-seeded. Leaves alternate. Flowers in 
one-sided i-aceme-like clusters or spikes. 

4. WHITLAVIA. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped or slightly contracted at the throat, 

the 5 short and broad lobes abruptly and widely spreading. (Pod many- 
seeded.) Otherwise as the last section of Phacelia. 

§ 2. Styles 2 {rarely 3), separate quite to the base: ovary and pod 2-celled : seeds 
minute and very numerous. 

5. HYDROLEA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-bell-shaped or approaching wheel- 

shaped, rather shorter than the stamens : filaments enlarged at base. Herbs, 
or somewhat shrubby, with entire leaves and often spines in their axils. 
Flowers in loose axillary clusters. 
WIGANDIA, from South America, with very large rounded leaves and sharp 
or stinging bristles, is of late planted out as an ornamental leaf-plant, but is 
as yet uncommon. 



WATERLEAF FAMILY. 259 

1. HYDROPHYLLUM, WATERLEAT', is a translation of the name 
from the Greek, the application obscure. Plants of rich woods, &c. Flow- 
ers white or bluish-tinged, in early summer. 2/ 

* Calyx with minute appendages if any : rootstocks creeping, scaly-toothed. 

H. macroph^llum. From Ohio W. & S. W. : rough-hairy, with leaves 
pinnately divided into 9-13 cut- toothed diAdsions or leaflets ; a globular cluster 
of flowers on a A^ery long peduncle. 

H. Virginicum. Very common N. & W. : smooth or smoothish, with 
5-7 main divisions to the pinnate leaves, the lowest pair 2-parted, and calyx- 
lobes bristly-ciliate. 

H. Canadense. Chiefly N. : barely 1° high, nearly smooth, the roundish 
leaves palmately 5-7-lobed and with heart-shaped base, or some minute leaflets 
on the petioles, which are longer than the peduncles of the flower-cluster. 
* * Calyx with a conspicuous rejlexed appendage in each sinus. 

H. appendiculatum. From New York W. & S. : pubescent or hairy, 
with rounded palmately 5-lobed leaves or some of them pinnately divided, rather 
loose flower-clusters, and bristly-hairy calyx. 

2. NEMOPHIIjA. (Name from the Greek, means /oyer q/'f^e^froye.) Low 
spreading plants cultivated for ornament ; all but the first from California : 
fl. summer. ® 

N. phaeelioides. Wild from Arkansas S., and sparingly cult. ; with 
ascending stems l°-2° long, alternate leaves pinnately parted into 3-9 oblong 
entire divisions, and purplish-blue corolla 1^' broad. 

!N". insignis. Slender, procumbent, with lobes of the pinnate leaves cut- 
toothed, and pure blue corolla 1 ' broad. 

N. maculata. Prostrate, with leaves all opposite and mostly sessile, 
the lower lyrate-pinnatifid, upper sparingly cut-toothed, and white corolla with 
violet patch on each lobe. 

N. atom^ria. Procumbent ; leaves opposite, pinnatifid ; corolla smaller, 
white sprinkled with chocolate-brown spots. 

3. PHACELIA. (Name from Greek word for a cluster.) Several species 
cult, for ornament : fl. spring or summer. 

§ 1. True Phacelia, loith only 4 ovules and seeds : lobes of corolla entire. 

P. COngesta. Cult, from Texas, &c. : rather pubescent, with leaves pin- 
nately divided or cleft into few oblong or ovate cut-toothed leaflets or lobes, and 
small blue flowers in 3 or 4 spikes at the summit of a slender peduncle ; stamens 
slightly protruding. ® 

P. tanaeetifolia, from California : taller, bristly-hairy, with narrower 
pinnatifid leaflets, larger flowers in lomrer dense spikes, and long stamens. (T) 

P. bipinnatiflda. Wild from Ohio S. & W. in rich shiidy soil : \°-2<^ 
high, branched, glandular-hairv, with leaves tAvice pinnately divided into ovate 
cut-lobed leaflets, floAvers slender pedicelled in long loose racemes, violet-blue 
corolla ^-' or more broad, d) 

§ 2. CosmAnthus, with 4 ovides and seeds, and fringed lobes to corolla. @ ® 
P. Purshii. Shady soil from Penn. W. & S. and cult, under the name of 

the next : slender, 8' -12' hiah ; lobes of pinnatifid leaves several, lance-oblong, 

acute ; floAvers of the raceme numerous, on slender pedicels ; corolla light blue 

or Avhitish, ^' broad ; filaments hairy beloAV. 

P. fimbriata, the true plant groAvs only in the high Alleghanies S., is 

smaller, Avith 3-7 rounded or oblong blunt divisions to the leaves, foAv and 

smaller white flowers. 

§ 3. EtfTOCA, with seeds or at leaf^t ovules several or many : corolla-lobes entire. 

P. parvi flora. Shaded banks from Ponn. to N. Car. : scarce, delicate 
little plnnt, S'-G' high, with pinnately divided or cleft loaves, a raceme of few 
floAvers on slender pedicels, bluish corolla less than |' Avide, and fcAV seeds, (a) 



260 POLEMONIUM FAMILY. 

P. viscida, cult, from California as EtiTOCA viscida : clammy all over 
with dark glandular hairs, rather coarse ; leaves ovate, cut-toothed, short- 
petioled ; racemes single terminating the branches ; corolla deep blue, 1 ' or less 
wide ; pod many-seeded. (T) 

4. WHITLAVIA. (Named by the lamented Professor Harvey for his 
friend ilir. Whitla.) Fl. summer, (x) 

W. grandiflbra. Cult, for ornament, from California : resembles Pha- 
celia viscidain growth and foliage, but only slightly clammy, the roundish-ovate 
or slightly heart-shaped leaves coarsely toothed, on longer petioles ; racemes 
loose ; corolla 1' or more long, violet-blue (also a white variety) ; stamens and 
style very slender and protruding. 

5. HYDROLEA. (Named from Greek word for water; the plants aquatic 
or in wet places. ) Fl. summer. 2/ 

H. quadrivalvis, of S. E. States, has hairy stems ; lanceolate acute leaves 
tapering to the base, and lanceolate sepals nearly as long as the corolla. 

H. affinis, of river-banks, from S. Illinois S., is smooth, with short-petioled 
lanceolate leaves, and ovate sepals as long as the corolla. 

H. ovata, of S. W. States, has soft-downy stems, ovate leaves, looser flow- 
ers, and lanceolate villous sepals. 

82. POLEMONIACEiE, POLEMONIUM FAMILY. 

Chiefly herbs, with regular flowers, persistent 5-cleft calyx, the 5 
lobes of the monopetalous corolla convolute in the bud, 3-lobed 
style, 3-celled ovary and pod ; the single, few, or many seeds in each 
cell borne on the thick axis. Embryo straight in the axis of 
albumen. Insipid and innocent plants, the juice watery. Nearly 
all are N. American plants, many cult, for ornament. 

§ 1. Erect or diffuse herbs, not climbing, and with nothing resembling stipules. 

1. PHLOX. Calyx narrow, prismatic or plaited, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Coi'olla 

salver-shaped, with a long tube (Lessons, p. 102, fig. 208), in which the 5 
short and unequally inserted stamens are included. Ovary often with 2 
ovules, but the short pod with only one seed in each cell. Leaves entire and 
mostly sessile, the lower all opposite, upper often alternate. 

2. GILIA. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla of various shapes. 

Stamens equally inserted and projecting from the throat of the corolla, not 
declined. Ovules and seeds several in each cell. Leaves either entire, cut, 
or divided. 

3. POLEMONIUM. Calyx bell-shaped. CoroUa open-bell-shaped or short-funnel 

form. Stamens slender, like those of Gilia, but declined, hairy-appendaged 
at the base. Leaves pinnate, alternate. 

§ 2. Tall-climbing by compound tendrils on the pinnate leaves : lowest leaflets close 
to the stem, unlike the others, imitating stipules. 

4. COV,MA. Calyx of 5 large leaf-like divisions, the margins of which, applied 

each to each, appear like 5 Avinged angles. Corolla bell-shaped, with short 
and broad spreading lobes. Stamens declined. A fleshy disk around the 
base of the ovary. Seeds numerous in each cell of the pod, winged. Pe- 
duncles axillary, 1-flowered, leafy-bracted near the base, naked above. 
Leaves alternate. 

1. PHLOX. (Greek for flame, anciently applied to Lychnis, and transferred 

to these North American plants.) 

§1. ® Cultivated for ornament from Texas : fl. all summer. 
P. Drummondii. From this come all the annual Phloxes of the gardens : 
rather low, branching and spreading, somewhat clammy-pubescent, with co- 
rymbs of purple, crimson, rose-colored, or even white, showy flowers. 



POLEMONIUM FAMILY. 261 

§ 2. 2/ Wild in mostly dry or rocky ground, also common in gardens, where the 
species are much crossed and varied. 

* Stems erect : flowers in oblong or pyramidal panicle, with short peduncles and 

pedicels : lobes of corolla entire, pink-purple, and with white varieties. 
Wild from Pennsylvania S. and W. : fl. summer. 

P. paniculata. Smooth, or some varieties roughish or soft hairy, 2° - 4° 
high, stout; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate and mostly with tapering base; 
panicle broad ; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed. 

P. maeulata. Smooth; stem slender, l°-2°high, purple-spotted lower 
leaves lanceolate, upper lance-ovate from a rounded or somewhat heart-shaped 
base ; panicle long and narrow, leafy below ; calyx-teeth hardl}^ pointed. 

* * Stems ascending or erect, but often with a prostrate base, 1° - 3° high : whole 

plant smooth, not clammy nor glandular : flowers corymbed : lobes of corolla 
round and entire. Wild chiefly W. and S., seldom cult. : fl. summer. 
P. Carolina. Leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate, or the upper heart- 
shaped ; flowers crowded, short-peduncled, pink ; calyx-teeth acute. 

P. glaberrima. Slender; leaves often linear-lanceolate, 3' -4' long; 
flowers fewer and loose, pink or whitish ; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed. 

* * * Flowering stems ascending, or in the flrst erect, low, terminated by a loose 

corymb, which is clammy -pubescent more or less, as well as the thinnish 
leaves : flowers mostly pedicelled : calyx-teeth very sl'ender : fl. late spring. 

P. pilosa. From N, Jersey to Wisconsin & S. : mostly hairy ; erect 
stems 1° or so high ; leaves lanceolate or linear and tapering to a point (l'-2^' 
long); flowers loose, with spreading awn-pointed calyx-teeth ; lobes of pink, 
rose, or rarely white corolla obovate and entire. 

P. proeiimbens. Barrens from Virg. S. & W. : pubescent, spreading 
from the base, 6' -1° high, leaves lanceolate, or broadly oblong or ovate on 
sterile shoots, short ; flowers in a crowded leafy-bracted corymb, with straight 
hardly awn-pointed calyx-teeth ; corolla purple, pink, or nearly white. 

P. rep tans. Moist Avoods from Penn. and Kentucky S. : spreading by 
long runners, which bear round-obovate often smoothish leaves, those of the low 
flowering stems oblong or ovate (about j' long) ; flowers few but croAvded ; lobes 
of the deep pink-purple corolla round-obovate, large (1' broad). 

P. divaricata. Moist woods from N. New York W. & S. : soft-pubescent ; 
stems loosely spreading ; leaves ovate-oblong or broad-lanceolate (l'-2' long) ; 
flowers loosely corymljed and peduncled ; corolla large, pale lilac, bluish, or 
lead-colored, the lobes wedge-obovate or commonly inversely heart-shaped and 
as long as the tube. 

* * * * Stems creeping and tufted, rising little above the ground, almost woody, 

persistent, as are the rigid and crowded glandular-pubescent leaves : flowers 
few in the depressed clusters, in early spring. 

P. subulata, Ground or Moss Pink. Wild on rocky hills W. & S. of 
New Pmgland, and common in gardens, forming broad mats ; leaves awl-shaped 
or lanceolate, at most ^' long ; corolla pink-purple, rose Avith a darker eye, or 
varying to Avhite, the Avedge-obovate lobes generally notched at the end. 

2. GILT A. (Named for one Gil, a Spanish botanist.) Species abound 

from Texas and Kansas to California. Several are choice anuiuils of the 

gardens : fl. summer. 

G. coronopif61ia, or Ipomopsis, called Cypress Gilia from the 
foliage resembling that of Cypress- Vine : Avild S. and cult. ; has erect Avand- 
like stem 2° -3° high, thickly clothed Avith alternate croAvdcd leaves ])innately 
divided into thread-like leaflets, and very long and narrow strict leafy panicle 
of sliOAvy floAvers ; the corolla tubular-funnel form, light scarlet Avitli Avhitish 
specks on the lobes inside, \h' long. (Lessons, p. 101, flg. 201.) v:-^ 

G. andros^eea, or Leptosiphon andkosaoetis, of California; low and 
slender, Avith o])])()site leaves palmately eleft into 5-7 narrow linear divisions, 
a head-like cluster of floAvcrs AA'ith A-ery long and slender but small salver-shaped 
corolla, lilac or Avhitish Avith a dark eye. (i) 



262 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 

G. tricolor, of California: with branching stems, about 1° high, scattered 
alternate leaves 2-3 times jjinnately dissected into short linear divisions, flow- 
ers panicled at the end of the branches, short funnel-form corolla with lilac- 
purple or whitish lobes, brown-purple throat, and yellow tube. ® 

G. capitata, of California and Oregon; 10-2° high, with alternate leaves 
twice pinnately divided into small linear or thread-like leaflets or lobes, and 
numerous small blue flowers crowded in heads at the end of naked branches ; 
the corolla narrow funnel-form with lanceolate lobes. ® 

3. POLEMONIUM, CxREEK VALERIAN, JACOB'S LADDER. 

(Ancient name, from the Greek word for war, or in honor of a philosopher or 

king named Po/(?«on.) Fl. early summer. 2/ 

P. reptans. Woods of Middle States, also cult. : smooth, with Aveak and 
spreading (but never creeping) stems 6' -10' long, 7-11 lance-ovate or oblong 
leaflets, small corymbs of nodding light blue flowers, and stamens and style not 
longer than the corolla. 

P. CBSruleum. Cult, in gardens from Eu., also rarely wild N. : smooth 
or sometimes hairy; with erect stem l°-3° high, 9-21 mostly lanceolate and 
crowded leaflets, clusters of bright blue flowers collected in a long panicle, and 
stamens and style longer than the lobes of the corolla, which is 1' broad. 

4. COB-SjA. (Named for one Coho, a Spanish priest in Mexico, from which 
country the common species was inti'oduced into cultivation.) il 

C. scandens. Smooth, tall-climbing by its much branching tendrils ; 
leaflets ovate ; dull purple or greenish corolla 2' or more long, long filaments 
coihng spirally when old : fl. all summer, usually cult, as an annual. 

83. CONVOLVULACS.^, CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 

Twining, trailing, or rarely erect plants, (ours herbs,) commonly 
with some milky juice, alternate leaves, no stipules ; regular mono- 
petalous flowers with 5 (rarely 4,) imbricated sepals, as many 
separate stamens, corolla convolute or twisted in the bud, a 
2 - 4-celled ovary and pod wdtli only 1 or 2 ovules erect from the 
base of each cell, becoming large seeds, containing a curved or 
coiled conspicuous embryo in some mucilaginous (or when dry, 
harder) albumen. 

I. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY proper ; with ordinary foli- 
age, axillary peduncles bearing one or more usually showy flowers, 
and embryo with broad leaf-like cotyledons folded and crumpled in 
the seed. (Lessons, p. 14, fig. 25 - 28.) Calyx of 5 separate sepals. 

§ 1. St]]h single and entire : stigmas 1-3. 
* Calyx naked, i. e. not enclosed by a pair of leafy bracts. 

1. QUAMOCLIT. Corolla nearly salver-shaped or trarapet-shaped, with a long 

tiibe, the border not twisted -in the bud. Stamens and style commonly pro- 
truded. Stigma capitate, more or less 2-lobed. Pod 4-ceiled: cells 1-seeded. 
(Lessons, p. 101, fig. 202, 203.) 

2. IPOMCEA. Corolla various, more commonly funnel-form, the border twisted 

in the bud. Stamens raostlv included. Stigma capitate, commonly 2 - 3-lobed. 
Pod 2- 4-celled. ' 

3. CONVOLVULITS. Corolla open funnel-form or almost bell-shaped. Stamens 

included. Stigmas 2, linear. Pod 2-celled : cells 2-seeded. 
* * Calyx surrounded and enclosed by a pair of large leafy heart-shaped bracts. 

4. CALYSTEGIA. Corolla open fannel-fonn, the wide-spreading border obscure- 

ly lobed or entire. Stamens included. Style bearing 2 linear or oblong 
stigmas. Pod 4-seeded. Peduncles 1-flowered. 



CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 263 

§ 2. Style 2-cleft or 2 separate styles^ rarely 3. Spreading or trailing^ not twining. 

5. BONAMIA. Like Convolvulus, but the styles 2 or sometimes 3, or in one 

species 2-cleft, and stigmas capitate. Peduncles 1 - 7-fiowered. 

6. EVOLVULUS. Corolla short and open funnel-form, or almost wheel-shaped. 

Styles 2, each 2-cleft: the 4 stigmas obtuse. Pod 2-celled: cells 2-seeded. 

IT. DODDER FAMILY ; slender parasitic twiners, without 
green herbage and with only some minute scales in place of leaves ; 
embryo slender and spirally coiled in the seed, destitute of coty- 
ledons. 

7. CUSCUT A. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, or of 5 separate sepals. Corolla short, 4 - 5-cleft. 

Stamens with a'scale-like mostly fringed appendage at their base. Styles 2 
ill our species. Ovary 2-celled : cells 2-ovuled. Pod commonly 4-seeded. 

1. QUAMOOLIT. (Aboriginal Mexican name.) Twiners, with small 
flowers red or crimson, and with pale or white cultivated varieties, in summer, 
open through the day. (i) 

Q. vulgaris, Cypress- Vine. Cult, from Mexico : leaves pinnately parted 
into slender almost thread-shaped divisions ; peduncles 1 -flowered ; border of 
the narrow corolla 5-lobed. 

Q. COCCinea. Run wild S. & W. : leaves heart-shaped, pointed ; sepals 
awn-pointed; peduncles several-flowered; border of (1' long) corolla merely 
5-angled. 

2. IPOMCEA, MORNING GLORY. (Greek-made name.) PL summer. 

§ 1. Ovari/ and pod 3-celIed {or accidentally 4-ceUed) , with 2 seeds in each cell: 
stigma more or less 3-/obed : corolla funnel-form, opening in early moming 
for a few hours : stems twining freely, hairy, the hairs more or less retrorse. 

I. purpurea, Common M. Cult, from Trop. Amer. and wild around 
dwellings ; with heart-shaped pointed entire leaves, 3-4-flowered peduncles, and 
purple sometimes variegated or nearly white corolla, 2' long, (i) 

I. NiL Cult, or run wild S. : with heart-shaped 3-lobed leaves, 1 -3-flow- 
ered peduncles, slender-pointed sepals, and blue-purple or sometimes white 
coiX)lla 1' -2' long. (T) 

I. limbata or albo-marginata, perhaps a var. of the preceding . a 
tender species, with leaves little lobed, angled or entire, and larger corolla with 
deep violet border, edged with white 2^' broad. ® 

I. Learii, cult, from S. Amer. : tender, less hairy, with heart-shaped and 
some deeply 3-lobed leaves, many flowers crowded on the summit of the 
peduncle, and deep violet-blue corolla, 3' long and border 3' wide. "21 

§ 2. Ovary and pod 2-celled, the celts 2-seeded, or sometimes each cell divided by a 
partition making 4 one-seeded cells: lobes of the stigma if any only 2. ^ 

I. Bona-Nox, or Calony'ction speci6sum. Cult., also Avild tar S. : 
tall-twining, very smooth, but stems often beset with soft almost prickly 
projections ; leaves heart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or angled ; peduncles king, 
1 -few-flowered ; corolla salver-form with a slender tube 3' -4' long and the 
border still broader, white, opening at evening. 

I. Batatas, Sweet Potato. Cult, from East Indies : cree])ing, seldom 
twining, smooth, producing the large fleshy eclil)le roots for wliicli the plant is 
cultivated ; leaves variously heart-shaped, lialberd-sliaped, or triangular, some- 
times cut-lobed ; peduncles bearing 3 or 4 flowers ; corolla iHinnel-form, purple, 
Ig-' long ; pod with 4 one-seeded cells. If. 

I. Michauxii. Light soil along the coast S. : creeping or twining. M'ith 
hcart-sha])ed or triangular sonu'times lobed leaves downy beneath ; llowers 
downy ; corolla purplish-white with purple eye, 3' -4' long, opening at night; 
pod partly 4-celled, with silky seeds ; root extremely largii and ttesliy. 1/ 



264 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 

I. pandurata, Wild Potato- Vine or Max-of-the-Earth. Sandy or 
gravelly soil, Conn, to 111. & S. : trailing or twining, stout, smooth, "v^itli heart- 
shaped and sometimes liddle-shaped or halberd-.3-lobed leaves, I - 5-flowered 
peduncles, small bracts, and open funnel-form white corolla with deep purple 
eye, 2' - 3' long ; root very large and deep. 2/ 

' I. sagittiibiia. Salt-marshes, from North Carolina S. : smooth, with 
stems twining 2° -3° high, or trailing, narrow lanceolate or linear long-sagittate 
leaves, 1 - 3-flowered club-shaped peduncles, and the bright purple funnel-form 
corolla 2' -3' long. 21 

I, lacundsa. Low grounds, Penn. to 111. and S. : twining, nearly smooth, 
with heart-shaped nearly entire leaves, short 1 - 3-flowered peduncles, small 
wliite 5-lobed corolla about j' long and tAvice the length of the pointed ciiiate 
sepals, and slightly hairy pod. (T) 

I. COmmutata. Low grounds S. & W". : rather hairy, twining ; with thin 
heart-shaped and sometimes angled or 3 -5-lobed leaves, 4-angled 1- 5-flowered 
peduncles about the length of the slender petioles ; purple corolla 1'- 2' long 
and 4-5 times the length of the pointed ciiiate sepals ; pod hairy. 

3. COTTVOLVULUS, BINDAVEED. (From Latin convolvo, to roU 
around or twine. ) Fl. summer. 

C. arvensis, Field Bindweed of Eu., is a weed on the coast E. : spread- 
ing and low-twining, smoothish ; leaves ovate-oblong and narrow-shaped ; pe- 
duncles 1 -flowered ; corolla white tinged reddish, less than 1' long. ;^ 

C. trioolor. Cult, from S. Europe in gardens ; hairy, low, with ascending 
branching stems, lance-obovate or spatulate almost sessile leaves, 1-flowered 
peduncles, rather large and showy flowers opening in sunshine, the corolla blue 
with pale or white throat and yellow tube. (I) 

4. CALYSTEGIAj BE ACTED BINDWEED. (From Greek words 
denoting the calyx covred, that is, by the bracts.) Fl. all summer. 

C. sepium, Hedge B. Wild in low grounds, also planted : twining freely, 
sometimes also trailing, spreading by running rootstocks ; smooth, also a downy 
A'ariety ; leaves triangular and halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, with the lobes 
at base obliquely truncate and sometimes toothed or sinuate ; peduncles 4-angled; 
corolla white or light rose-colored, 1^-' - 2' long. 2/ 

C. spithamaea. Dry sterile ground ; downy, not twining, 6' -12' high; 
leaves oblong, some of them more or less auricled or heart-shaped at the base ; 
corolla wliite, 2' long. 2/ 

5. BO!N"AMIA. (Named for F. Bonamy.) Low, small-flowered: corolla 
more or less silky or hairy outside : fl. summer : chiefly S. 2/ 

B. huraistrata. Dry pine barrens from Virg. S. : sparsely hairy or 
smoothish ; leaves varying from oblong vrith heart-shaped base to linear ; sepals 
smooth ; corolla white, almost 1' long ; filaments hairy ; styles united at base. 

B. aquatica. Along ponds S. : finely soft-downy ; leaves varying as in 
the preceding ; sepals silky ; corolla pink or purple ^' long ; filaments smooth ; 
styles nearly separate. 

B. Pickeringii. Sandy barrens from N. Jersey S., scarce: leaves nearly 
linear, narrow, tapering to a sessile base ; bracts leaf-like and longer than the 
flowers; sepals hairy ; corolla white, hardly ^' long ; styles united to above the 
middle, and with stamens also protruding. 

6. E VOLVULUS. (From Latin for unroll, that is, it does not twine.) 
Low and diminutive small-flowered plants, only S. Fl. summer. 2/ 

E. argenteus. Dry ground fi-om Missouri S. : tufted from a woody base, 
5' -7' high, silky-woolly all over; broadly lanceolate leaves crowded, mostly 
nearly sessile, as ai'e the flowers in their axils ; corolla purple ; 4' broad. 

E. serioeilS. Damp ground S. & S. W. : slender-stemmed, silky Avith 
fine appre.-sed liairs, except the upper face of the scattered iance-linear leaves ; 
corolla Avhite or bluish, not ^' broad. 



NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 265 

7. CtJSCUTA, BODDEE. (Old name, of tincertain derivation.) Plants 
resemble threads of yarn, yellowish or reddish, spreading over herbs and low 
bushes, coiling around their branches, which they adhere to and rob of their 
juices. Flowers small, mostly white, clustered. 

§ 1. Stigmas slender ; pod opening by a transverse division all round near the base, 
having the partition behind. Natives of Europe : fl. early summer. 

C. Epiiinum, Flax Dodder. Growing on flax, which it injures ; occa- 
sionally found in our flax-fields ; flowers globular, in scattered heads ; corolla 
5-parted. © 

§ 2. Stigmas capitate : pods bursting irregularly if at all : wild species of the 
country, mostly in rich or low ground : fl. summer and autumn, (i) 

* Floioers in rather loose clusters, mostly short-pedicelled, the scaly bracts few and 

scatte7^ed : calyx 4 - 5-cleft. 

-i- Corolla with cylindrical tube, in fruit covering the top of the pod. 

C. tenuiflora. On shrubs and tall herbs from N. Jersey 'W. & S., in 
swamps : pale ; tube of the corolla twice the length of its ovate acute spreading 
lobes and of the ovate blunt calyx-lobes. 

C. inflexa. On shrubs and tall herbs in prairies and barrens W. & S. : 
corolla fleshy, mostly 4-cleft, its tube no longer than the ovate acutish crenulate 
erect or inflexed lobes of the corolla and the acute keeled calyx-lobes. 

C decora. Wet prairies S. W. : with larger flowers, the corolla broadly 
bell-shaped, its 5 lobes lance-ovate and acute. 

H-s— Corolla bell-shaped, remaining at the base of the ripe pod. 

C. arvensis. On low herbs, in fields and barrens from New York to 111. 
& S. W. : flowers earliest (June, July) and smallest ; tube of corolla shorter than 
its ,5 lanceolate pointed spreading lobes, much longer than the stamens. 

C. chlorocarpa. On low herbs, in vvxt soil, from Delaware W. & S.W. : 
orange-colored ; open bell-shaped corolla with lobes about the length of the 
mostly 4 acute lobes and the stamens ; pod large, depressed, greenish-yellow. 

C 'Gronbvii. The commonest E. & W. and the only one N. E. ; on coarse 
herbs and low shrubs in wet places ; beli-shaped corolla with tube usually 
longer than its 5 (rarely 4) ovate blunt spreading lobes ; its internal scales 
large and copiously fringed. 

* * Flowers sessile in compact mostly cnvtinuous clusters, making large bunches or 

close matted coils, lohen old reseinbling pieces of rope twisted around the stems 
of coarse herbs or shrubs : calyx of separate sepals surrounded by similar 
crowded bracts : remains oftlie corolla borne on the top of the ripe pod. 
C. COmpacta. On shrubs, from N. York S. & W. : bracts (3-5) and 
sepals round and appressed; tube of corolla cylindrical. 

G. glomerata. On Golden rods and other coarse Compositive, from Ohio 
W. & S. W. : the numerous oblong scarious bracts closely imbricated with 
recurving tips ; sepals similar, shorter than the cylindraceous tube of the corolla. 

84. SOLANACE^, NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 

Plants with rank-scented herba,<:^e (this and the fruit more com- 
monly narcotic-poisonous, colorless juice), alternate leaves (but apt 
to be in pairs and unequal), regular flowers with the parts usually 
in fives, l^ut the ovary mostly 2-celled, the many-seeded placentL\3 
in the axis. The seeds have a slender usually curved embryo m 
fleshy albumen. (Lessons, p. 15, fig. 34, 35.) The order runs on 
the one band into Scrophulariaceie, which a few species a}»proach 
in a somewhat irregular corolla, but their stamens are as many as 
the lobes. On the other hand the Nolana group is appended, which 
differs from all in its separate ovaries around a common style. 



266 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 

I. NOLANA FAMILY, with few or many separate ovaries 
collected in a circle or heap around the base of a single sty-le. Low 
and spreading plants. 

1. NOLANA. Calyx 5-cleft, foliaceous. Coi'olla short and open funnel-form, 

plaited in the bud. Stamens 5. Style 1: stigma capitate or chib-shaped. 
Ovaries 3-40, becoming 1-4-celled drupelets or nutlets, each cell 1-seeded. 

IL NIGHTSHADE FAMILY proper, with only one 2-celled 

or sometimes 3-5-celled ovary as well as style, the many-seeded 
placenta3 in the axis, usually much projecting into the cell. 

§ 1. Corolla icheel-shaped, lobed or parted into 5 or sometimes more divisions, plaited 
and valvrde or the margins turned inwards in the bud: the tube very short : 
anthers conniving around the style : fruit a berry. 

2. LYCOPEESICU]\I. Like Solanum, except that the anthers are united by a 

membrane at their tips and the cells open lengthwise. Leaves pimiately 
compound. 

3. SOLAXU]\L Stamens with anthers equalling or mostly longer than the very 

short filaments, usually not united, the cells opening by a hole at the apex. 
(Lessons, p. 101, fig. 204, 205.) Leaves simple or pinnate. 

4. CAPSICUM. Stamens with slender filaments much longer than the short and 

separate commonly heart-shaped anthers, their cells opening lengthwise. 
Berry sometimes dry and inflated, then becoming 1-celled. 

§ 2. Corolla between wheel-shaped and funnel-form, plaited in the bud, the border very 
moderately if at all lobed : anthers separate, opening lengthwise: calyx blad- 
dery-injlated after flowering, enclosing the globular berry. 

5. PHYSALIS. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla mostly somewhat 5-lobed. (Lessons, p. 

101, fig. 206.) Stamens erect. Fi-uit a juicy, often edible, 2-ceHed berry. 

6. NICANDRA. Calyx 5-parted and angled, "^the divisions somewhat arrow- 

shaped. Corolla 'with widely-spreading border almost eutii'e. Fruit a dry 
3 - 5-ceUed berry. 

§ 3. Corolla, bell-shaped, funnel-form, tubular, or salver-shaped: anthers separate, 
opening lengthwise : calyx not bladdery-inflated. 
* Calyx urn-shaped in fruit, enclosing the pod: corolla considerably irregulars 

7. HYOSCYAMUS. Calyx 5-lobed, the spreading border becoming reticulated, 

enclosing the 2-celled pod, which opens by the top falling otf as a lid. Co- 
rolla short funnel-form, with the plaited border more or less oblique and 
unequal. Stamens declined. 

* Calyx b-parted to near the base, the lobes foliaceous. 

8. ATE OP A. Calyx with ovate divisions, in finiit enlarging and spi-eading under 

the globose purple berry. Corolla between bell-shaped and funnel-form, with 
5 triangular-ovate lobes. Stamens and style somewhat declined, slender. 

9. PETUNIA. Calyx with narrow somewhat spatulate lobes much longer than 

the tube. Corolla funnel-form or somewhat salver-shaped, the 5-lobed border 
commonly a little unequal. Stamens included in the tube, unequal. Pod 
2-celled, 2-valved. 

* * * Calyx tubular, prismatic, or bell-shaped, 

-I- Covering the dry pod or nearly so : corolla salver-shaped or funnelform, the lobes 
plaited in the bud : seeds minute. 

10. NIEREMBERGIA. Corolla with very slender thread-like tube (^'-iMong), 

abruptly expanded at the narrow throat into a saucer-shaped or almost wheel- 
shaped 5-lobed border. Stamens short, borne on the throat. Stigma kidney- 
shaped and somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers scattered. 

11. NICOTIANA. Corolla with a regular 5-lobed border. Stamens inserted on its 

tube, included : filaments sti-aight. Stigma capitate. Pod 2 - 4-valved from 
the apex. Flowers more or less racemed or panicled. 

-1- -i- Calyx prismatic, falling away after flowering , leaving the 2 - 4:-celledpod naked. 

12. DATURA. Corolla funnel-form, strongly plaited in the bud, and with 5 or 

more pointed teeth. (Lessons, p. 100,'fig. 199; p. 110, fig. 225.) Filaments 



NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 267 

slender. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed or 2-lipped. Pod globular, in the com- 
mon species prickly and 4-celled, but the 2 placentae-bearing or false par- 
titions often incomplete. Seeds large and flat, somewhat kidney-shaped. 
Flowers terminal or in the forks. 
•1- -1- -i- Calyx bdl-shaped, cup-shaped^ or short-tubular, in fruit persistent under or 
partly covering the l-celled berry ; shrubs, loith entire feather-veined leaves. 

13. CESTRUM. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or club-shaped, the lobes folded or 

plaited lengthwise in the bud. Stamens included. Stigma capitate. Ovary 
with few ovules in each cell. Berry few-seeded. Flowers in clusters. 

14. LYCIUM. Farts of the flower often in fours. Coi'olla funnel-form, bell- 

shaped or tubular, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stigma capitate. Berry 
many-seeded, red or reddish. Flowers solitary or umbeUed, lateral. 

1. NOLAWA. (From Lathi nola, a little bell.) Cult, for ornament, from 
coast of Peru and Chili ; the following procumbent and spreading, rather 
fleshy-leaved, smooth except some scattered hairs on the stalks, the showy 
blue flowers solitary on axillary or lateral peduncles, opening in sunshine, all 
summer. 

N. atriplieifolia, with obovate or broadly spatulate leaves (resembling 
those of Spinach, whence the specific name) ; sky-blue corolla 2' wide with 
white and yellowish centre ; ovaries numerous in a heap, each 1-celled and 
1-seeded. (T) 

N. prostrata, now less common, has more petioled rather narrower leaves, 
smaller pale violet-blue flower striped with purple, and few ovaries each of 2 -4 
cells. (T) 

2. LYCOPERSIGUM, TOMATO. (Name in Greek means wolf-peach, 
no obvious application.) Fl. summer. 

L. escul^ntunj, Tomato, cult, from trop. America, includes the manifold 
varieties and forms ; hairy, rank-scented ; leaves interruptedly pinnate, larger 
leaflets cut or pinnatifid ; flowers yellowish, by cultivation having their parts 
often increased in number, the esculent red berry becoming several celled. ® 

3. SOLANUM, NIGHTSHADE, &c. (Derivation uncertain.) Flowers 
mostly in corymb or raceme-like clusters, in summer. 

§ 1. More or less prickly herbs, with acute elongated-lanceolate anthers. 

* Very prickly calyx enclosing the dry berry : anthers declined, unequal, one of 
then'i much longer than the rest, leaves sinuately once to thrice pinnatifid. ® 

S. rostratum. Wild on plains W. of Mississippi, and becoming a weed 
in some gardens, has yellow flowers, 1'- 1|' in diameter. 

S. heterodoxum. Wild S. W. beyond the Mississippi, sometimes cult, 
for ornament, has violet-blue flowers, and the more divided leaves resemble 
those of Watermelon, but are very prickly. 

* *- Calyx mostly someiuhat prickly but not enclosing the fruit: anthers nearly equal. 
S. Carolinense, Horse-Nettle. Wild weed in sandy soil from Conn. 

S. : roughish-downy, 1° high, with ovate-oblong angled or sinnate-lobed leaves, 
yellowish prickles, and pale blue or white flowers almost 1' Avide. % 

S. aculeatissinnim. Weed introduced into waste places S., lo-2° 
high, bristly hairy, greener and more prickly than tlie foregoing, with smaller 
white flowers, fi) 

S. Melong6na, Egg Plant, Aubergine. Cult, for the large oblong 
or ovate violet-colored or white esculent fruit (2' -6' long) ; leaves ovate, rather 
downy, obscurely sinuate ; corolla violet with yellow eye. ® 

§ 2. Plants not at all prickly : anthers blujd. 
S. nigruni. Black or Common Nkjiitsiiade. Low Avced of shady 
grounds, much branched, nearly smooth, with ovate wavy-toothod or sinuate 
leaves, very small white flowers, and globular black berries said to be j)oison- 
ous. ® 



268 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 

S. tuberosum, Potato. Cult, from Chili for the esculent tubers ; leares 
pinnate, of several ovate leaflets and some minute ones intermixed ; flowers blue 
or white ; berries round, green. If. 

S. Dulcamara, Bittersweet. Nat. from Eu. in moist cult, and waste 
grounds ; smoothish, with tall stems woody at base and disposed to climb, ovate 
and heart-shaped leaves, some of the upper ones halberd-3-lobed, or with one or 
two pairs of smaller leaflets or lobes at base, corolla violet-purple with a pair 
of greenish spots on the base of each lobe, and oval red berries. 2/ 

S. j asminoidGS. Woody-stemmed house-plant from Brazil, tall-climbing 
by its petioles, very smooth, with oblong ovate or slightly heart-shaped entire 
leaves, or some of them divided into 3 leaflets, and clusters of white or bluish 
flowers. 21 

S. Pseudo-Capsicum, Jerusalem Cherry. Shrubby house-plant 
from Madeira, cult, for the ornamental bright red berries, resembling cherries ; 
smooth, with lance-oblong entire leaves and small white flowers. 2/ 

4. CAPSICUM, CAYENNE or RED PEPPER. (Said to come from 
Greek v/ord meaning to gobble or eat quickly.) Originally all South Ameri- 
can. El. summer. 

C. annuumL, CoMMOJf C. Cult, for the large oblong or globular and often 
angled dry berry (red or green), which is exceedingly pungent, and used as a 
condiment ; leaves ovate, entire ; flowers white, with truncate calyx. ® 

C. Cerasif6rm.e, is cult, rarely as a pepper, moi-e commonly for the orna- 
mental cherry-iike fruit, either bright red or yellow ; stem shrubby. 2/ 

5. PHYSALIS, GROUND CHERRY. (Greek name for Uaddenj, from 
the inflated fruiting calyx.) El. summer. 

§ I. Low stems (6' -20' high) from slender creeping root stocks : anthers yellow: 
fruiting calyx loosely inflated, 5-angled, much larger than the edible berry. 
All but the first are icild species of the country, in light or sandy soil. 2}. 

P. Alkekengi, Strawberry Tomato. Cult, from S. En., and running 
wild E. : rather downy ; leaves triangular-ovate, pointed ; corolla greenish- 
white, .5-lobed, not spotted ; fruiting calyx ovate, turning red ; berry red. 

P. Pennsylvanica. Smooth or somewhat hairy, but not clammy ; leaves 
varying from ovate to lanceolate (var. lanceolXta), entire or sparingly wavy- 
toothed ; corolla yelloAvish with a darker throat and slightly 5-io-toothed 
border ; fruiting calyx sunken at the base ; berry red. 

P. viscosa. Clammy-pubescent, much branched, bushy ; leaves ovate or 
heart-shaped and mostly toothed ; corolla light yellow with dark brown centre ; 
fruiting calyx truncate or slightly concave at base, sharply 5-angled ; berry 
orange or reddish, glutinous. 

§ 2. Stems 1° -3° high, from an annual root : flowers small, light greenish-yellow : 
anthers tinged with blue or violet. Wild species in loio or cult, grounds. (T) 

P. pubescens. Clammy-hairy or downy ; stems much spreading ; leaves 
ovate or heart-shaped, augulate-toothed ; corolla brown-spotted in the throat ; 
sharply 5-angled fruiting calyx loosely enclosing the yellow or greenish berry. 

P. angulata. Nearly smooth ; leaves more sharply cut-toothed ; peduncles 
slender, very small corolla not spotted ; fruiting calyx 10-angled, loose, at length 
filled by the greenish-yellow berry. 

P. PhiladelpMca. Almost smooth, erect; leaves ovate or oblong and 
oblique at base, slightly toothed or angled ; coi'olla dark colored in the throat, 
over ^' wide ; fruiting calyx globose, completely filled by the large reddish or 
purple edible berry, and open at the mouth. 

6. WIG ANDHA, APPLE-OF-PERU. (Named from the poet Nicander^) 
Only one species : fl. summer, (i) 

IS. physaloides. Tall smooth weed from Peru, wild in moist waste 
grounds ; with ovate angled or sinuate-toothed leaves, and solitary peduncles, 
bearing a rather large pale blue flower. 



NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 269 

7. HYOSCYAMUS, HENBANE. (Name of the Greek words for hog 

2iVL(\.bean.) Fl. summer. (T) (2) 

H. niger, Black Henbane, of Europe, cult, in old gardens, and a weed 
in waste places : clammy-downy, strong-scented, narcotic-poisonous ; with clasp- 
ing sinuate-toothed leaves, sessile flowers in one-sided leafy-bracted spikes, and 
dull yelloAvish corolla netted-veiny with purple. 

8. ATROPA, BELLADONNA. (Named after one of the Fates.) % 

A. Belladonna, the only species, sparingly cult, from Europe : low and 
spreading, nearly smooth, with ovate entire pointed leaves, floAvers single or in 
pairs nodding on lateral peduncles, dull-purple corolla, and handsome purple 
berry ; whole plant poisonous, used in medicine. 

9. PETUNIA. (Pe^wn is an aboriginal name of Tobacco.) Cultivated as 
garden-annuals, from South America. The common Petunias are of the two 
following species and their hybrids : herbage clammy-pubescent ; flowers large 
and showy, in summer. 

P. nyotaginiflbra, with originally white corolla, the long narrow tube 
3 or 4 times the length of the calyx. 

P. violaeea, now much the more common, with weaker stems, and violet- 
purple or rose-red corolla, the broader and ventricose tube hardly twice the 
length of the calyx. 

10. NIEREMBERGIA. (Named for J. Nieremberg, a priest and botani- 
cal collector in Buenos Ayres, whence the common species comes.) 2/ ® 

TT. gracilis. Cult, for ornament under many varieties, low, with slender 
bushy branches, small linear or spatulate-linear leaves, and scattered flowers 
produced all summer, white or veined or tinged with purple. 

11. NICOTIANA, TOBACCO. (Named for John Nicot, one of the in- 
troducers of Tobacco into Europe.) Rank, acrid-narcotic, mostly clammy- 
pubescent plants, chiefly of America ; leaves entire or merely wavy-margined. 
Fl. summer. 

"N. Tabacum, Common T., the principal species cult, for the foliage: 4°- 
6° high, with lance-ovate decurrent leaves l°-2° long, or the upper lanceolate, 
panicled flowers, and rose-purple funnel-form corolla 2' long, with somewhat in- 
flated throat and short lobes. (1) 

!M. rustiea, a weed in some places, is a low homely plant, with ovate and 
petioled leaves 2' -5' long, and green funnel-form corolla (I'long) contracted 
under the short round lobes. (T) 

3Sr. longiflbra, is slender, 2° - 3° high, cult, for its handsome white flow- 
ers, which open toward evening ; corolla salver-shaped, the green tube 4' and 
the lance-ovate acute lobes ^' long ; leaves lanceolate, undulate. @ 

iW. noctiflbra, its handsome white flowers also opening at evening (as the 
name denotes), is similar to last, but with ovate-lanceolate petioled leaves, tube 
of corolla only 2' - 3' long, and its roundish lobes notched at the end. (D 

12. DATUIIA, THORN-APPLE, STRAMONIUM, &c. (Name altered 
from the Arabic.) Rank-scented, mostly large-flowered, narcotic-poisonous 
weeds, or some ornamental in cultivation : fl. summer. 

V 

§ 1. Flower and the umally priclchf A-vahed pod erect, the latter resting on a plate 
or saucer-shaped bodi/ which is the persistent, base of the cali/.r, the whole 
upper part of ivhich falls off entire after flowering : corolla idth a 5-tootlted 
border. @ 

D. Stramonium, Common T. or Jamestow- n-Weed. Waste grounds : 
smooth, with green stems and white flowers (3' long) ; loaves ovate, angled, or 
sinuate-toothed. 

D. Tatula, Pukpt.e T. A weed very like the other, but rather taller, with 
purple stem and pale violet-purple flowers. 



270 GENTIAN FAMILY. 

§ 2. Pod nodding on the short recurved peduncle, rather fleshy , bursting irregular- 
ly, otherwise as in the foregoing section : flowers large, showy. Cult, from 
warm regions for ornament. ® 2/ 

D. Metel. Clammy-pubescent ; leaves ovate, entire or obscurely angled- 
toothed ; corolla white, the 10-toothed border 4' wide. 

D. raeteloides. Cult, from New Mexico (sometimes under the name of 
D. Wrightii ) ; like the other, but pale, almost smooth, the flower sweet-scented, 
and the corolla with more expanded 5-toothed border 5' -6' wide, white or pale 
violet. 

§ 3. Flower and smooth 2-celled pod hanging, the former very large, 6'- 10' long: 
calyx splitting down lengthwise after flowering. Tropical American tree- 
like shrubs, cult, in conset'vatories : flowers sometimes double. 

D. arbor ea, has ovate or lance-oblong entire or angled pubescent leaves, 
long teeth to the corolla, and unconnected anthers. 

D. suaveoiens, has mostly entire and smooth leaves, short teeth to the 
corolla and the anthers sticking together. 

13. OESTRUM. (Name given by the Greeks to some different plant, 
the derivation obscure. ) Shrubs of warm climates, chiefly American ; a few 
cult, in conservatories. 

C elegans, or HabrothAmnus elegans, from Mexico, has the branches 
and lower face of the ovate-lanceolate or oblong pointed leaves downy-pubescent, 
terminal corymbs, and rose-purple club-shaped corollas less than 1' long. 

C. noctlirnum, from W. Ind. ; with smooth ovate leaves, and axillary 
clusters of yellowish green slender flowers, very sweet-scented at night. 

C. Par qui, from Chili ; has lanceolate smooth leaves very acute at both 
ends, and a terminal panicle of crowded spikes or racemes of tubular-funnel- 
form or partly club-shaped dull-yellow flowers, fragrant at night. 

14. LYCITJM. (Named from the country of the original species, Lycia.) 
Trailing, climbing, or low spreading shrubs, usually spiny, with small leaves 
often clustered on lateral spurs, and small flowers, in late summer. 

L. vulgar e, Matrimony Vine. From the MediteiTanean region : planted, 
and sparingly running wild in some places, slightly thorny, with veiy long and 
lithe recurved or almost climbing branches, oblong-spatulate leaves, slender 
stalked flowers clustered in the axils, and pale greenish-purple 5-cleft corolla 
about equalling the 5 stamens. 

L. Carolinianura. Wild in salt marshes S. : low, spiny, with fleshy 
thickened almost club-shaped leaves, scattered small flowers, and 4-cleft purple 
corolla shorter than the 4 stamens. 

85. GENTIANACE^, GENTIAN FAMILY. 

Known generally from the other monopetalous plants with free 
ovary by the 1 -celled ovary and pod with 2 parietal placentae 
covered with small seeds, along with regular flowers, their sta,mens 
as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, and 
the leaves opposite, simple, entire, and sessile, without stipules. The 
exceptions are that in some cases the ovules cover the whole inner 
face of the ovary, and in one group the leaves are alternate and 
even compound. They are nearly all very smooth and bitter-tonic 
plants, with colorless juice, the calyx persistent. Ours herbs, none 
in common cultivation. 



§ 1. Leaves opposite or ivhorled and entire, sessile. Corolla with the lobes 
convolute in the bud., sometimes also plaited in the sinuses. 
•i- Style slender, deciduous from ihejjod : anthers soon curving. 
1. SABBATIA. Calvx 5- 12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla wheel-shaped, 
5 - 12-parted. Style 2-parted. Pod globular, many-seeded. Slender herbs. 



GENTIAN FAMILY. 271 

4- -1- Style {if any) and stigmas jjersistent on the pod: anthers straight. 

2. FRASERA. Calyx and corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped ; divisions of the 

latter with a glandular and fringed spot or pit on their middle. Pod oval, 
flattened, rather few-seeded: seeds large and flat, wing-margined. Large 
thick-rooted herbs, with whorled leaves and panicled flowers. 

3. GENTIAN A. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4- 5-lobed, often with teeth or salient 

folds at the sinuses, usually withering-persistent. Style short or none ; stig- 
mas 2, persistent. Pod oblong, containing imiumerable small seeds with loose 
cellular or winged coat. Flowers solitary or clustered, mostly showy. 

4. BARTONIA. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft. Style none. Pod ob- 

long, flattish, the minute innumerable seeds covering its whole inner face. 
Flowers very small. Leaves reduced to little awl-shaped scales. 

§ 2. Leaves alternate, long petioled. Corolla with the lobes valvate and the edges 
turned inwards in the bud. Seeds many or feio, toiih a hard or bony coat. 

5. MENYANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla very short-funnel-form, 5-lobed, 

white-bearded over the whole upper face. Style slender, persistent : stigma 
2-lobed. Pod globular, with many smooth and shining seeds. Flowers 
racemed on a stout scape; one or more long petioles sheathing its base, 
and bearing 3 oval or oblong leaflets. 

6. LBINANTHEMUM. "Calyx and corolla 5-parted; the oval divisions of the 

latter with a yellowish crust at their base, and in our species otherwise 
naked. Style short or none. Pod several-seeded. Water-plants, bearing 
the flowers in an umbel on the long slender petiole of the floating round- 
heart-shaped leaves. 

1. SABBATIA, American Centaury. (Named for L. Sabbati, an 
Italian botanist.) Chiefly in sandy and low or wet grounds, along the 
coast (with one or two exceptions) : flowers white or pink, usually handsome, 
in summer. (T) ® 

* Flowers white, 5-parted, numerous in cymes or corymbs, seldom over ^' broad. 

S. paniculata. Low grounds S. : stem l°-2° high, with 4 sharp wing- 
like angles ; leaves linear or oblong, mostly 1-nerved ; lobes of the corolla little 
longer than the narrow-linear calyx-lobes. 

S. laneeolata. From New Jersey S. : taller, larger-flowered, with lance- 
ovate 3-nerved leaves, or the upper ones lanceolate and distant, acute ; lobes of 
corolla much exceeding the thread-shaped calyx-lobes. 

S. macrophylla. Only S. : 2° -3° high, glaucous, with terete stem, 
thickish lance-ovate 3 - 5-nerved leaves, and lobes of smaller corolla very much 
exceeding the bristle-like calyx-lobes. 

* * Floivers rose-pink, rarely white, with yelloivish or greenish eye, 5-parted, in 

panicled clusters, 1' or more broad. In rather dry ground, much branched 
above, l°-3° higli, the only species which extend \V. to Illinois, ^'C. 
S. braehiata, chiefly S., has slightly angled stem, linear or narrow-oblong 
leaves, and fewer flowers only 1' broad. 

S. angularis, from N. York S.. & "W., has wing-like angles to the stem, 
ovate or heart-shaped 5-nervcd leaves, and corolla 1^' broad. 

* * * Floivers rose-purple or lohite, 5 - 6-parted, 1 ' or less broad, scattered singly 

on long peduncles: stems slender 5' -20' high, commonly forking, scarcely 
angled. All grow in salt marsh s or near the coast. 
S. ealycbsa. Only from Virg. S. : has oblong pale leaves narrowed at 
base, and lance-spatulate calyx-lobes longer than the mostly white corolla. 

S. Stell^ris. From Mass. S. : has lance-oblong leaves or the upper linear, 
and linear calyx-lobes shorter than the rose-purple yellowish eyed corolla. 

S. gracilis. From Mass. S. : very slender, with linear or almost thread- 
like leaves, thi-ead-shaped calyx-lobes as long as corolla, otherwise like preooding. 

* * * * Floivers bright rose-color or with ivhite varieties, 7-1 2-parted, very hand- 

some, 1^' - 2' broad : stems simple or sparingly branched, 1° -2° high. 

S. chloroides. Along sandy ponds, from Plymouth, Mass. S. : leaA-es 
lanceolate; peduncles I -flowered, slender ; calyx-lobes linear. 

S. gentiauoides. Wet barrens S. : stem-leaves linear ; floMcrs short- 
peduncled or sessile, clustered. 



272 GENTIAN FAMILY. 

2. FRASERA, AIMERICAN COLU:vrBO. (Named for John Fraser.) 

F. Carolinensis. Rich wooded ground W. & S. : root very large and 
deep, bitter (u&ed in medicine as a substitute for Columbo) ; stem 3° -8° high; 
leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, or the lowest spatulate ; corolla 1' wide, 
greenish-yellow or whitish, and dark-dotted. (2) 2/ 

3. GEK"TIAWA, GEXTIAN. (Old name, from Gentiics, king of Ulyria.) 
Chiefly in woods and damp ground : flowering chiefly in autumn, a few in 
summer. 

§ 1 . Corolla without plaits at the sinuses : anthers separate : seeds wingless. (1) (2) 

G. quinC[uefl6ra. Chiefly N. & W. -. branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate 
or slightly heart-shaped at base ; flowers panicled, hardly 1 ' long, the 5 lobes 
of the pale blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed. 

G. crinita, Fringed Gentian. Low grounds X. & "W. : leaves lanceo- 
late or broader, ^Wth rounded or heart-shaped base ; flowers solitary on long 
peduncles terminating the stem or simple branches ; calyx with 4 unequid 
lobes ; corolla sky-blue, showy, 2' long, funnel-form, the 4 wedge-obovate lobes 
with margins cut into a long and delicate fringe. 

G. detonsa, takes the place of the preceding species N. W., and is perhaps 
a variety of it : has linear leaves and less fringe to the corolla (to which the 
name alludes), often none at the top of the lobes. 

§ 2. Corolla naked, l^'-2' long, with plaits at the sinuses, which project more or 
less into teeth or thin intermediate lobes : pod stalked in the corolla. 2/ 

* Stems low, bearing 1-3 slender-peduncled flowers : seeds vnngless. 

G. angUStifolia. Pine ban-ens from N. Jersey S. : 6' - 1 5 ' high, with 
linear leaves, and open funnel-form azure-blue corolla 2' long, its lobes ovate ; 
anthers separate. 

* « Stems l°-2° high, hearing clustered or. rarely solitary 2-bracted flowers at the 

summit of the leafy stem, and often in the upper axils also. 
■*- Corolla between bell-shaped and short-funnel -form or obconical, mostly open, icith 
ovate lobes exceeding the usually toothed appendages of the plaits. 

G. OCliroleUGa. Chiefly S. in dry ground : leaves obovate or spatulate- 
oblong, narrowed at the base ; calyx-lofjes linear ; corolla greenish-white with 
greener and purplish stripes inside, somewhat bell-shaped ; anthers separate ; 
seeds ^^ingless. 

G. alba. Along the Alleghanies and X. W. : flowering at midsummer ; 
leaves lance-ovate from a partly heart-shaped base, tapering thence to a point ; 
calyx-lobes ovate, short ; corolla yellowish-white, with short and broad lobes ; 
anthsrs conniving ; seeds broadly winged. 

G. puberula. Dry barrens and prairies W. & S. : low, roughish, or 
minutely pubescent, with lance-oblong, ovate, or linear rough-margined leaves 
only 1' -2' long ; calyx-lobes lanceolate ; corolla bright blue, open, its spreading 
ovate lobes 2 or .3 times longer than the cut-toothed intermediate appendages ; 
seeds not covering the walls of the pod, as they do in the related species. 

G. Saponaria, Soapwort G. Low woods, chiefly X. and along the 
Alleghanies ; leaves lance-ovate, oblong, or obovate, or in a northern variety 
linear, narrowed at base ; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate ; corolla light blue or 
rerging to white, little open, its short and broad lobes longer than the con- 
spicuous 2-cleft intermediate appendages ; anthers conniving or united ; seeds 
narrowly -winged . 

-*- -i- CoroUa more club-shaped and seldom open, truncate, ivith no proper lobes. 
G. Andrewsii, Closed G. TToods especially X. : leaves lance-ovate or 
lance-oblong with a narrowed base ; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, short ; corolla 
blue (rarely a white variety), its proper lobes if any shorter than the bi'oad and 
more conspicuous fringe-toothed and notched appendages which terminate the 
folds ; anthers connected ; seeds broadly winged. 



LOGANIA FAMILY. 273 

4. BARTONIA. (Named for Prof. B. S. Barton, of Philadelphia.) In- 
significant herbs, with awl-shaped scales for leaves, and a few peduncled white 
flowers. ® (2) 

B.tenella. Woods : 5'- 10' high, with braijches or peduncles 1 -3-flow- 
ered ; lobes of corolla oblong, acutish ; ovary 4-angled : fl. summer. 

B. verna. Bogs, only S. : smaller, less branched, 1 - few-flowered ; flowers 
larger, in early spring ; lobes of corolla spatulate, obtuse ; ovary flat. 

5. MENYANTHES, BUCKBEAN. (Name from Greek words for 
month and flower ; application not obvious. The popular name from the 
leaves, somewhat resembling those of the Horsebean. ) 

M. trifoliata. Cold wet bogs N. : fl. late spring ; corolla white or tinged 
with pink ; scape hardly 1° high. 2/ 

6. LIMNAWTHEMUM, FLOATING-HEART. (Name formed of 
Greek words for swamp and blossom. ) But our species grow in water, and pro- 
duce through the summer the small white flowers, accompanied by spur-like 
thick bodies, probably of the nature of roots. "21 

L. lacunosum, is common E. & S. : leaves l'-2' long, on very slender 
petioles, entire ; lobes of corolla broadly oval ; seeds smooth and even. 

L. traehysperma, in deeper water, from Maryland S. : leaves rounder, 
2' -6' broad, wavy-margined, roughish or dark-pitted beneath ; petioles stouter ; 
seeds roughened. 

86. LOGANIACE^, LOGANIA FAMILY. 

Known among monopetalous plants by having opposite leaves 
with stipules or a stipular line between their bases, along with a 
free ovary ; the flower regular or nearly so, and stamens as many 
as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. 

§ 1. Woody twining climber, with evergreen leaves and showy flowers. 

1. GELSEMIUM. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open funnel-form, the 5 lobes broad 

and imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5: anthers sagittate. Style slender: 
stigmas 2, each 2-parted, lobes linear, ovary 2-celled. Pod oval, flattened 
contrary to the partition, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds winged. 

§ 2. Herbs, not climbing. 

2. SPIGELIA. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes narrow. Corolla tubular and some- 

Avhat funnel-form, the 5 lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers linear. 

Style 1, slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, twin, 

2-celled, few-seeded, when ripe separating across near the base which is left 

behind, and splitting 2 or 4 valves.^ 
MITREOLA, of the South, comprises a couple of quite inconspicuous weeds, and 
POLYPREMUM, also S. is a common weedy plant; — both wholly insignificant, 

as well in the herbage as in the minute white flowers. 

1. GELSEMIUM, YELLOW JESSAMINE of the South, the name an 
Italian one for Jessamine, but of a different order from true Jessamine. 

G. sempervirens, our only species : low grounds from E. Virg. S., climb- 
ing trees, bearing shining lance-ovate small leaves (evergreen far S.), and a 
profusion of axillary clusters of bright yellow very fragrant handsome flowers 
(1' or more long), in early spring. 

2. SPIGELIA, PINK-KOOT or WORM-GRASS. (Named for Adrian 
Spiegel, hitinized Spigeliiis.) Fl. summer. 

S. Marilandiea, Maryland p. Rich woods, from Penn. W. & S. : 
nearly smooth, G'-IS' high; leaves sessile, lance-ovate, acute; flowers in 
simple or forked s];ike-like clusters terminating the stem or branches ; corolla 
1^' long, slender, handsome, red outside, yellow within, the lobes lanceolate. 
Root used as a vermifuge. 2/ 
18 



274 DOGBANE FAMILY. 

87. APOCYNACE^, DOGBANE FAMILY. 

Herbaceous or woody plants, known mainly by the milky acrid 
juice, opposite (sometimes whorled) simple and entire leaves, with- 
out stipules, and regular monopetalous flowers with 5 in the calyx, 
corolla, and stamens, the lobes of the corolla convolute or twisted in 
the bud, the anthers conniving around the stigma or often adhering 
somewhat to it, ordinary pollen, filaments separate, the 2 free ovaries 
commonly separate, but often the styles and always the stigmas 
united into one. The ovaries also are often united into one, the juice 
in several (as of Periwinkle and Oleander) is not at all or slightly 
milky, and one of our genera has alternate leaves. Some are orna- 
mental in cultivation, many are acrid-poisonous. There is com- 
monly a ring, membrane, or other appendage on the style below the 
stigma, to which the anthers are apt to adhere. 

§ 1. Shrubs cult, for ornament, natives ofioarm climates: leaves oftener ivhorled. 

1. ALL A]\IAND A. Corolla large, yellow, with short tube abruptly expanded into 

cylindrical bell-shaped or funnel-form, the 5 lobes broad and rounded. Sta- 
mens at the summit of the proper tube or throat, alternate and conniving with 
as many 2-parted narrow scales. Ovary one and 1-celled, with 2 parietal pla- 
centa, becoming a prickly pod. Style slender. Seeds naked. 

2. NERIUM. Corolla salver-fonn or the^long tube narrow funnel-fonn, the throat 

croAvned with 5 slender-toothed scales. Stamens on the middle of the tube: 
anthers 2-tailed at base and tapering at the apex into a long hairy twisted 
awn-like appendage. Style 1. Ovaries 2, forming pods. Seeds tufted. 

§ 2. More or less woody-stemmed twiners, loith opposite leaves. 

3. ECHITES. Corolla funnel-foi-m or salver-shaped, naked in the throat. Fila- 

ments very short. Style 1. Ovaries 2, becoming 2 long terete pods. Seeds 
with a downv tuft. Flowers large and showy. 

4. FORSTERONIA. Corolla funnel-form, nearly as in Echites, but the flower 

small, and filaments slender. 

§ 3. Herbs or scarcely woody plants, not twiners : baric usually abounding with tough 
fibres : ovaries 2, becoming many-setded pods in fruit, 

* Leaves opposite. 

5. VINCA. Corolla salvei'-shaped or the tube funnel-fonn, the throat narrow 

and naked. Stamens inserted on the upper part or middle of the tube: fila- 
ments short. Style 1, slender. Pods rather short. Seeds abrupt at each 
end, naked, roiigh. The hardy species trail or creep. 

6. APOCYNUM. Corolla bell-shaped, crowned with 5 triangular appendages in 

the throat. Stamens attached to the very base of the coi'olla. Style none. 
A large ovate stigma unites the tips of the 2 ovaries, which in fruit foiTn long 
and slender pods. Seeds with a long tuft of silky down at one end. Upright 
or ascending hei'bs, with small pale or white flowers in terminal cymes or 
cor;)anbs, and very tough fibrous bark. 

* * Leaves alternate, very numerous. 

7. AMSONIA. Corolla salver-shaped or the slender tube somewhat funnel-form, 

bearded inside, without appendages at the throat, the lobes long and linear. 
Stamens inserted on and included in the tube : anthers blunt at both ends. 
Style 1, slender. Pods long (4'- 6') and slender. Seeds cylindrical, abrupt 
at'^both ends, with no tuft. Upright herbs, with terminal panicled cymes of 
bluish flowers. 

1. ALLAMANDA. (Named for Lh-. F. Allamand, who discovered the 

common sj^ecies in Guiana.) 

A. caifhartica. A shov.-y shrub of the conservatory, with bright rrccn 
oblon;^ tliinnisli leavos, ind golden-yellow flowers 2^' -3' long. 



DOGBANE FAMILY. 275 

2. NEKIUM, OLEANDER. (The ancient Greek and Latin name.) 
Leaves coriaceous, rigid, closely and transversely veiny. Elowers showy, in 
terminal cymes, in summer, deep rose-color, or with white varieties, either 
single or double. 

N. Oleander, the Oleander of common house-culture, from the Levant : 
leaves lanceolate ; appendage surmounting the anthers scarcely protruding ; 
flowers large, scentless. 

N. odbrum, Sweet 0. : less cult., from India, more tender ; leaves linear- 
lanceolate ; appendage of the anthers protruding ; flowers fragrant, 

3. ECHITES. (Name from Greek word for a viper.) Plants from the 
warm parts of America, one not rare as a conservatory climber, viz. 

E. suaveolens, or Mandevillea suaveolens, Chili Jessamine, a 
slender Avoody-stemmed tall twiner, with thin oblong or ovate heart-shaped 
pointed leaves, and slender peduncles bearing a few racemed very fragrant flow- 
ers, the white corolla with ample 5-lobed border, 2' broad. 

4. PORSTERONIA. (Named for an English botanist, T. F. Forster.) 

F. dififormis, in low grounds from Virginia S. & W., is a barely woody 
twiner, the flowering branches herbaceous and downy ; leaves thin, oval-lan- 
ceolate, pointed, or sometimes linear, narrowed into a petiole; flowers j' long, 
in cymes, greenish-yellow, all summer. 

5. VINCA, PERIWINKLE. (Latin name, from a word meaning to bind, 
from the thread-like stems.) 2/ 

§ 1, True Periwinkles, cult, from Europe, hardy or nearly so, smooth, trail- 
ing over the ground or creeping, only the short flowering stems ascending, 
with blue {or by variation white) flowers solitary in the axils, in siting or 
. early summer. 

V. minor, Common Periwinkle, in all country-gardens, spreading freely 
by the creeping sterile stems, evergreen, with ovate or oblong-ovate shining 
leaves barel}^ \^' long, and almost truncate wedge-shaped lobes to the corolla : 
fl. early spring. 

V. major, Large P., not quite hardy N., a variety with variegated leaves 
is most cultivated, larger than the first species and leaves rounder, the lobes of 
corolla obovate. 

V. herbaeea : not evergreen ; stems reclining and rooting ; leaves lance- 
oblong, lobes of the more purple-blue corolla oblong-obovate : fl. late spring. 

§ 2. Tropical erect, somewhat woody at base: floicers produced all the season. 

V. rdsea, house and bedding plant from West Indies, with oblong-petioled 
veiny leaves, and showy corolla with slender tube and very narrow orifice, rose- 
purple, or white with pink eye, &c. 

6. APOCYWUM, DOGBANE (to which the name in Greek refers), 
INDIAN HEMP, from the use made of the bark. Fl. summer. 11 

A. androssemifolium, Spreading D. Along thickets, mostly N. : 
branches forking and widely spreading ; leaves ovate, petioled ; corolla open 
bell-shaped with spreading lobes. 

A, cannabinum. Common Indian Hemp. Gravelly or wet banks of 
streams : branches more erect ; leaves oblong, lance-oblong, ovate, or slightly 
heart-shaped ; flowers more crowded and erect ; lobes of the corolla little 
spreading. 

7. AMSONIA. (Named for a il/r. Charles Amson.) Low grounds chiefly 
S. ; very leafy, 2° - 3° high, smooth or somewhat hairy, with rather small 
flowers, in late spring. 

A. Tabernssmontana. Leaves varying from ovate or lance-ovate to 
lanceolate, acute at cnch cud, pale beneath. * 

A. eiliata. Leaves linear or linoai'-lanccolatc, the margins and mostly the 
stems beset with some scattered bristles. 



276 MILKWEED FAMILY. 

88. ASCLEPIADACE^, MILKWEED FAMILY. 

Plants with milky juice, leaves, pistils, fruits, and seeds nearly as 
in the preceding family ; but the anthers more connected with the 
stigma, their pollen collected into firm waxy or granular masses 
(mostly 10), the short filaments (monadelphous except in the last 
genus) commonly bear curious appendages behind the anthers form- 
ing what is called a crown, and the corolla more commonly valvate 
in the bud. The flowers are rather too difficult for the beginner 
readily to understand throughout. For a particular study of them 
the Manual must be used. 

§ 1. Erect herbs, with ordinary foliage, and deeply 5-parted refiexed calyx and 
corolla. Floioers in simple umbels. Fruit a pair of pods {follicles., ) containing 
numerous flat seeds furnished with a coma (Lessons, p. 135, fig. 317) or long 
tuft of soft down at one end. 

1. ASCLEPIAS. Stamens with their short filaments monadelphous in a ring or 

tube, bearing behind each anther a curious erect and hood-like or ear-like 
appendage, with a horn projecting out of the inside of it: the 5 broad anthers 
closely suiTOunding and partly adhering to the very thick stigma, a mem- 
branous appendage at their tip inflected over it. Each of the 2 cells of the 
anther has a fiiTQ waxy pear-shaped pollen-mass in it: and the two adja- 
cent masses from two contiguous anthers are suspended by a stalk from a 
dark gland; these 5 glands, borne on the margin of the flat top of the stigma, 
stick to the legs, &c. of insects, and are carried off, each gland taking with it 
2 pollen masses, the whole somewhat resembling a pair of saddle-bags. 

2. ACERATES. Like Asclepias, but no horn in the hoods or ear-like appendages, 

and the flowers always gi-eenish. 

§ 2. Twining plants with ordinary foliage ; pods and seeds nearly as in Asclepias. 

* Anthers with their hanging pollen-masses nearly as Asclepias : pods smooth and even. 

3. ENSLENIA. Calj^x and corolla 5-parted, the divisions lance-ovate and nearly 

erect. The 5 appendages of the filaments are in the form of membranaceous 
leaflets, each bearing a'pair of awns on their tnincate tip. Herb. 

4. VIXCETOXICUM. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. A flat and fleshy 

5- 10-lobed disk or crown in place of the hoods of Asclepias. Herbs. 

* * The 10 pollen-masses horizontal, fixed in pairs to 5 glands of the stigma. 

5. GONOLOBUS. Corolla wheel-shaped : a fleshy and wary-lobed ring or crown 

in its thi'oat. 

* * * The 10 short pollen-masses fixed by their base in pairs to the 5 glands of the 

stigma, and erect. Shrubby plants, of tropical regions. 

6. HOYA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, thick and wax-like in appearance. 

Crown of 5 thick and depressed fleshy appendages radiating from the central 
column. 

7. STEPHAXOTIS. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube including the stamens, 

crown, &c.,' in its somewhat swollen base, the 5 ovate lobes convolute in the 
bud. Cro\ATi of 5 thin erect appendages. Stigma conical. 

* * * * Anthers distinct, the 5 pollen-masses each composed of 4 small granular 

masses united, and applied directly to the glands of the stigma without any stalk. 
Shrubby twiners. 

8. PEEIPLOCA. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, the divisions hairy on the 

upper face: alternate with them are 5 small thick scales, each bearing a 
bristle-shaped appendage. Filaments distinct, bearing anthers of more ordi- 
nary appearance than in the rest of this family. Stigma hemispherical. 
Pods smooth. 

§ 3, Fleshy loio plants, Cactus-liJce, vnth only small fleshy scales or teeth in place of 
leaves, on the angles of the thickened stems or branches. 

9. STAPELIA. Flowers large, lurid, solitary, lateral. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 

5-cleft, wheel-shaped: within is a crown formed of two rings of short appen- 
ds or lobes. Masses of waxy pollen 10, erect. 



MILKWEED FAMILY. 277 

1. ASCLEPIAS, MILKWEED, SILKWEED. (The Greek name of 
yEsculapias, father of medicine. ) Flowering in summer. 2/ 

^ Flowers bright orange or red : pods smooth : leaves opposite, except in the- first. 

A. tuberosa, Butterfly-Weed, PLEtiRiSY Root. Dry hills : milky 
juice hardly any ; stems and mostly scattered linear or lance-oblong leaves 
hairy ; flowers bright orange. 

A. Curassavica. Wild far S., cult, from S. America, as a house and 
bedding plant ; nearly smooth ; leaves lanceolate ; umbels long-peduncled ; 
corolla scarlet-red, the hoods orange. 

A. paupercula. Wet barrens from N Jersey S. : tall, smooth, with 
long lance-linear leaves, one or more few-flowered umbels raised on long 
peduncle, and red corolla with bright orange hoods. 

A. rubra. Low barrens from N. Jersey S. : smooth, with lance-ovate 
gradually taper-pointed leaves, a few many-flowered umbels on a long naked 
peduncle, and purple-red flowers. 

* * Flowers pink or light rose-purple : leaves all opposite : pods smooth. 

A. incarnata, Swamp Milkw^eed. Wet grounds, Avith very leafy 
branching stems, lanceolate or lance-oblong acute leaves, often slightly heart- 
shaped at the base ; smooth or smoothish, or in var. pulchra pubescent and 
the leaves very short-petioled. 

* * * Flowers dull purplish, greenish, or white. 
•i- Stems branching, almost woody at base : leaves all opposite : pods smooth. 

A. perennis. Low grounds S. : nearly smooth ; leaves lanceolate or lance- 
ovate, slender-pe doled ; flowers small, white ; seeds mostly without a tuft ! 

-(- H- Stem simple : leaves all opposite and closely sessile or clasping by a heart- 
shaped base, the apex rounded or notched: plants smooth, pale or glaucous. 

A. Obtusifolia. Sandy grounds, 2° - 3° high, the rather remote broadly 
oblong leaves wavy ; umbel mostly solitary, long-peduncled ; flowers pretty 
large, greenish-purplish. 

A. amplexieaulis. Dry barrens S. : stems reclining, 1°- 2° high, very 
leafy ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped ; umbels several, short-peduncled ; corolla ash- 
colored, the hoods white. 

•>-•»- -1- Stem simple or nearly so, leafy to the top : leaves all opposite, ovate, oval, 
or oblong , pretty large, short-petioled: umbels lateral and terminal : fiowers 
g-' long or nearly so. 

++ Pods beset with soft prickle-shaped or warty projections. 
A. Cornuti, Common Milkweed of flelds and low grounds N. : downy, 
or the lai'ge pale leaves soon smooth above ; flowers dull greenish-purplish. 

4-f- -M. Pods even, but usually minutely downy. 

A. phytolaeeoides, Poke -Milkweed. Moist grounds N. & W. : 
smooth or smoothish, 3° - .5° high ; leaves large, pointed or acute at both ends ; 
umbels loose, the long pedicels ( I' - 3') equalling the peduncle ; corolla greenish, 
but the more conspicuous hoods Avhite. 

A. purpuraseens. Rich ground N. & W. : 10-30 high; leaves downy 
beneath, smooth above, the upper taper-pomted ; pedicels of the rather loose 
umbel shorter than the peduncle ; corolla dark dull purple. 

A. varieg^ta. Dry grounds, commoner S. & W.: 10-2° hiuh, nearly 
smooth ; leaves oval or obovate, slightly wavv ; peduncle and crowded pedicels 
short and downy ; corolla white, the hoods purplish. 

-,- -H- ^_ 4_ Stems simple or rarely branched, slender: leaves most of them in whorls : 
pods slender and smooth : flowers small, ivhite or whitish. 

A. quadrifdlia, Fouu-leaved M. Rocky Avoods mostlv N. : stems 1° 
-2° high, nearly smooth, naked below, bearing' about the middle one or two 
whorls of 4 ovate or lance-ovate taper-pointed ])etiolcd leaves, and beneatli or 
above them usually a pair of smaller ones ; pedicels slender ; corolla mostly 
tinged with pink, the hoods white. 



278 MILKWEED FAMILY. 

A. verticillata, Whorled M. Drj ground, l°-2° high, smoothish; 
stems very leafy throughout ; leaves very narrow linear or thread-shaped, in 
whorls of 3 - 6 ; flowers greenish-white. 

2. ACERATES, GREEN MILKWEED. (Name from the Greek, means 
without a horn, i. e. none to the hood-Uke appendages, in which it differs from 
Asclepias.) Flowers green or greenish, in summer. 2/ 

§ 1. Flowers in compact lateral umbels: corolla with oblong reflexed divisions: 
the hoods erect : pods slender, sometimes downy, but with the surface even. 

A. viridiflora. Dry sandy or gravelly soil : soft-downy or smoothish, 
l°-2° high; leaves varying from oval to linear, mostly opposite; globular 
umbels nearly sessile ; flowers short-pedicelled, nearly ^' long when open ; 
hoods not elevated above the base of the corolla. 

A. longifolia. Low ban-ens W. & S. : rather haiiy or roughish, l°-3° 
high, with very numerous mostly alternate linear leaves, flowers smaller and on 
slender pedicels, the umbel peduucled, hoods elevated on a short ring of fila- 
ments above the base of the corolla. 

§ 2. Flowers in loose terminal and solitary or corymbed umbels : divisions of the 
corolla barely spreading, but the large hoods spreading and slipper-shaped : 
pods thick, often with some soft tubercle-like projections. 

A. panioulata. Dry pranies and barrens from 111. S. & W. : smoothish, 
1° high ; leaves alternate, oblong or lance-oblong; flowers 1' broad, green, the 
hoods purplish. 

3. ENSLENIA. (Named for A. Enslen, an Austrian traveller.) % 

E. albida. River-banks from Ohio S. & W. : climbmg, 8° -12° ; smooth, 
with opposite heart-ovate long-petioled leaves, and small whitish flowers in 
raceme-like clusters on axillary peduncles, all late summer. 

4. VINCETOXICUM. (Name is equivalent to Poison Periwinkle.) % 
V. nigrum, from Eu. : a low-twining smooth weed, escaping from gardens 

E. ; leaves ovate and lance-ovate ; flowers small, brown-purple, rather few in 
axillary umbels, in summer. 

5. GONOXiOBUS. (Name in Greek means an^r/ec? poc?.) Ours are twin- 
ing herbs, along river-banks, chiefly S., with opposite heart-shaped petioled 
leaves, and corymbs or umbels of dark or dull-colored small flowers, on pedun- 
cles between the petioles, in summer. 2/ 

G. laBvis. From Virg. to Illinois S. : smooth or only sparingly hairy, the 
yellowish-green flowers and the longitudinally ribbed pods smooth. 

G. Obliquus. From Penn. S. : hairy, somewhat clammy ; flowers mi- 
nutely downy outside, long and narrow in the bud, dull crimson-purple within, 
the strap-shaped or lanceolate divisions \' long ; pods ribless, warty. 

G. hirsutUS. From Virginia S. : differs from the last in its short-ovate 
flower-buds, the oval or oblong divisions of corolla only about 5' long. 

6. HOYA, WAX-PLANT. (Named for T. Hoy, an English florist.) 

H. earndsa, a well-known house-plant from India ; with rooting stems, 
thick and fleshy oval leaves, umbels of numerous flesh-colored or almost white 
flowers, the upper surface of corolla clothed with minute paj^illee. 

7. STEPHANOTIS. (Name from Greek for crown and ear, refening to 
the appendages of the stamens.) 

S. floriblinda, from Madagascar : a fine hot-house twiner, very smooth, 
with opposite oval or oblong thickish leaves, and lateral umbels of very showy 
fragrant flowers, the pure white corolla 1^' in diameter, the tube 1^ long. 



OLIYE FAMILY. 279 

8. PEHIPIjOCA. (Name, a Greek word, implies that the plant twines.) 
P. Gr^ca, of S. Eu., cvilt. as an ornamental twiner, hardy through the 

Middle States : smooth, with opposite ovate mostly pointed leaves, on short 
petioles, and lateral cymes of rather small flowers, the corolla greenish-yellow 
with the upper face of the oblong lobes brownish-purple : in summer. 

9. STAPSLIA. (Named for a Dutch naturalist, Z)r. Fan ASto/je/.) Strange- 
looking fleshy plants of the Cape of Good Hope, cult, in conservatories along 
with Cactuses. The commonest is 

S. hirsuta. Stems or branches 6' -10' high, with concave sides, pale and 
obscurely downy ; flower 3' -4' in diameter, dull purple and yellowish with 
darker transverse stripes, beset with purple very long hairs, and with denser 
hairiness towards the centre, exhaling a most disgusting odor, not unlike that 
of putrid meat. 



89. OLEACE^, OLIVE FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs, chiefly smooth, without milky juice, distinguished 
among monopetalous plants with free ovary by the regular flowers 
having stamens almost always 2, and always fewer than the 4 (some- 
times 5 or more) divisions of the corolla, the ovary 2-celIed and 
(except in Jasminum and Forsythia) with one pair of ovules in 
each cell : . style if any only one, rarely 2-cleft. A few are nearly 
or quite polypetalous ; others apetalous. 

§ 1. Calyx and corolla loith 5-8 lobes. A single erect ovule and seed in each cell. 

1. JASMINUM. Corolla salver-shaped, the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens 

2, included in the tube. Ovary and the berry-like fruit 2-lobed, 2-seeded. 

§ 2. Calyx and corolla with the parts in fours, or sometimes (in Fraxinus) one or 
both loanting. Ovults hanging, usually a pair in each cell, many in No. 2. 
Leaves opposite, except accidentally. 

* Leaves simple : fiowers perfect and complete. 
^- Ovules and seeds numerous or several in each cell of the ovary and pod. 

2. FOESYTHIA. CoroUa golden yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, the lobes con- 

volute ui the bud. The 2 stamens and style short. Pod ovate. Leaves 
deciduous. 

-i- -1- Ovules a pair in each cell, but the seeds often feioer. 

3. SYRINGA. Corofla salver-form, the lobes valvate in the bud, the txibe much 

longer than the 4-toothed calyx. Fruit a pod, 4-seeded, flattened contrary 
to the narrow partition, 2-valved, the valves almost conduplicate. Seeds 
slightly wing-margined. Leaves deciduous. 

4. LIGUSTRUM. Corolla short funnel-form, with spreading ovate obtuse lobes, 

valvate in the bud, white. Fruit a 1 - 4-seeded black berry. Leaves firm 
and thickisb, but deciduous. 

5. OLEA. Corolla short, bell-shaped, or deeply cleft into 4 spreading lobes, white. 

Fruit a drupe, the hard stone often becoming 1-celled and 1-seeded. Leaves 
evergreen. 

6. CHIONANTHUS. Corolla white, 4-parted, or of 4 very long and narrow linear 

petals slightly or scarcely united at their base; to which the 2 (rarely 3 or 
even 4 in cultivation) very short stamens burelv adhere. Fruit a flosliy and 
globular drupe, the stone becoming 1-cellcd and conunonly 1-sooded. Leaves 
deciduous. 

.* * Leaves pinnate : floioers polygamous or dicTeciozis, in 7nost species apetahms. 

7. FRAXINUS. Calvx small, sometimes obsolete or wholly wanting- Petals 4, 

2, or none. Anthers large. Fruit a simple samara or key (Lessons, p. 131, 
fig. 300), usually becomiiig 1-celled and 1-seeded. Leaves 'deciduous. 



280 OLIVE FAMILY. 

1. JASMINUM, JESSAMINE. (From the Arabic name.) Cultivated 
for ornament, from the Old World, all tender and house-plants except at the 
South. Flowers fragrant. 

* Flowers yellow : leaves commonlij alternate and compound. 

J. odoratissimum, Common Sweet Yellow J., from Madeira : smooth, 
twining ; leaflets 3 or 5, ovate ; peduncles terminal, few-flowered. 

J. revolutum, from Himalayas or China : not twining, has mostly 3-7 
leaflets, and more numerous and fragrant flowers, 1^^' wide. 
* * Flowers white : leaves opposite. 

J. oflQ-Cinale, Common White J., from the East, has striate-angled 
branches scarcely twining, about 7 oblong or lance-ovate leaflets, a terminal 
cyme of very fragrant flowers and calyx-teeth slender. 

J. grandiflorum, from India, has 7 or 9 oval leaflets, the uppermost con- 
fluent, larger and fewer flowers than the foregoing, reddish outside. 

J. Azoricum, from the Azores and Madeira : not twining, with 3 ovate or 
heart-shaped leaflets, terminal cymes of very sweet-scented flowers, and very 
short calyx-teeth. 

J. Sambac, from Tropical India : scarcely climbing, pubescent ; leaves 
simple, ovate, or heart-shaped ; flowers in small close clusters ; calyx-teeth 
about 8, slender, the rounded lobes of the corolla as many ; flowers simple or 
double, very fragrant, especially at evening. 

2. FORSYTHIA. (Named for W. A. Forsyth, an English botanist.) 
Ornamental shrubs, from China and Japan, with flowers from separate 
lateral buds, preceding the serrate leaves, in early spring. 

F. viridissima, a vigorous shrub, with strong and mostly erect yellowish- 
green branches, covered in early spring with abundant showy yellow flowers, 
followed by the deep green lance-oblong leaves. 

F. Slispensa, shi-ub with long and slender Aveak branches hanging, or some 
of them creeping, to be treated as a climber ; flowers still earlier, but less pro- 
fuse ; leaves thinner, duller, ovate. 

3. SYRINGA, LILAC. (From Greek word for tube, alluding either to the 
tubular corolla or to the twigs, used for pipe-stems.) Familiar ornamental 
tali shrubs, from the Old World, with scaly buds in the axils of the leaves, 
but hardly ever a terminal one (so that there is only a pair at the tip of a 
branch), entire leaves on slender petioles, and crowded compound panicles or 
thyrees of mostly fragrant flowers, in spring. 

S. vulgaris, Common L., from E. Europe or Persia : with ovate and more 
or less heart-shaped leaves, and lobes of corolla moderately spreading ; fl. lilac 
or pale violet, and a white variety. 

S. Persica, Persian L. ; more slender, with lance-ovate leaves, and looser 
clusters of lilac-purple or paler or sometimes white flowers, border of the coroUa 
flat when open. 

4. LI GTJSTRUM, PRIVET or PRIM. (Classical Latin name.) Shrubs 
of Old World, planted for ornament, with short-petioled entire leaves and 
panicles of small flowers, in early summer. 

L. VUlgare, Common P., of Europe, here planted for hedges, and running 
wild E. ; leaves small, lance-ovate or lance-oblong. 

L. Japonieuin. Cult, from Japan, not hardy N. : has long and widely 
spreading branches, larger ovate leaves, and larger flowers in ample panicles. 

6. OLEA, OLIVE. (The classical Latin name.) Flowers small, and in 

small panicles or corymbs, in spring. 

O. Europ86a, Olive of the Levant, sometimes planted far S. : tree with 
lanceolate or iance-oblong pale entire leaves, whitish-scurfy beneath, and oblong 
edible oily fruit. 



OLIVE FAMILY. 281 

O. Americana, Devil-wood. Wild along the coast from Virginia S. : 
small tree, with lance-oblong and entire very smooth green leaves (3' - 6' long), 
and spherical fruit. 

O. fragrans, or Osmanthus fkagrans, of Japan and China (differing 
from Olive genus in the almost 4-parted corolla and 2-parted style), cult, in 
green-houses for the exquisite fragrance of its very small flowers ; the leaves 
oblong or oval, sharply serrate, bright gi'een, very smooth. 

6. CHIONANTHUS, Fringe-Tree. (Name of the Greek words for 
snow and blossom, from the very light and loose panicles of drooping snow- 
white flowers.) 

C. Virginica, Common F. Eiver-banks from Penn. S., and planted for 
ornament : shrub or low tree, with entire oval or obovate leaves (3' -5' long), 
the lower surface often rather downy, loose panicles of flowers in late spring or 
early summer, petals 1' long, and fruit blue-purple with a bloom. 

7. PBAXINUS, ASH. (Classical Latin name.) Timber-trees, with light 
and tough wood, dark-colored buds, and small insignificant flowers appearing 
in spring with or rather before the leaves of the season, from separate buds in 
the axils of the leaves of the preceding year. 

§ 1. European Ashes, planted as shade trees, Sfc. : flowers polygamous. 

F. drnus, Flowering Ash, of S. Europe, the tree which furnishes manna, 
not hardy N., sometimes planted S. : this and a species like it in California have 
4 petals, either distinct or' slightly united, or sometimes only 2, narrow, green- 
ish ; leaflets 5-9, lanceolate or oblong, small. 

P. excelsior, English or European Ash. Hardy fine tree, with bright 
green lance-oblong leaflets nearly sessile and serrate ; petals none and calyx 
hardly any ; fruit flat, linear-oblong. The Weeping Ash is a variety or sport 
of this. 

§ 2. American Ashes, all destitute of petals, and dicecioiis or mostly so. 

* Fruit terete at the base, winged from the other end : calyx minute, persistent : 

leaflets 7 - 9, or sometimes 5, stalked, either sparingly toothed or entire. 

F. Americana, White Ash. Large forest tree of low grounds, furnish- 
ing valuable timber ; with ash-gray branches, smooth stalks, ovate or lance- 
oblong pointed leaflets either pale or downy beneath ; and rather short fruit 
with a terete marginless body and a lanceolate or wedge-linear wing. 

F. pubescens. Red Ash. Common E. & S. ; known by its velvety- 
pubescent young shoots and leafstalks, and fruit with its flattish 2-edged seed- 
bearing body acute at the base, the edges gradually dilated into the lance-linear 
or oblanceolate wing. 

F. viridis. Green Ash. Like the last, into which it seems to pass, but 
is smooth, with leaves bright green on both sides : a smaller tree, most common 
W. &S. 

* * Fruit flat and ivinged all round : leaflets mostly green both sides and serrate. 

F. sambueifblia, Black Ash. Small tree in swamps, N. & N. W., 
with tough wood separable in layers, used for hoops and coarse baskets ; the 
bruised leaves with the scent of Elder: smooth; leaflets- 7 - 1 1 , sessile on the 
main stalk, oblong-lanceolate tapering to a point ; calyx none, at least in the 
fertile flowers ; fruits linear-oblong. 

F. quadrangulata. Blue Ash. Large forest tree W., yielding valuable 
wood ; with square branchlets, 5-9 ovate veiny leaflets on short stalks, and 
narrowly oblong fruits. 

F. platyc^rpa, Carolina Water-Ash. River swamps S. : small tree, 
with terete branchlets, 5-7 ovate or oblong short-stalked leaflets acute at both 
ends, and broadly winged (sometimes 3-wmged) fruits, oblong with a tapering 
base. 



282 BIRTHWORT FAMILY. 

III. APETALOUS DIVISION. Includes the orders with 
flowers destitute of 'corolla; some are destitute of calyx also. 

90. AHISTOLOCHICAEiE], BIRTHWORT FAMILY. 

Known from all other apetalous orders by the numerous ovules 
and seeds in a 6-celled ovary, to which the lower part of the calyx 
is adherent, the latter mostly 3-lobed, the stamens generally 6 or 
12. Anthers adnate and turned outwards. Calyx dull-colored, 
valvate in the bud. Leaves petioled, usually heart-shaped, not 
serrate. Flowers solitary, perfect, commonly large. Bitter, tonic 
or stimulant, sometimes aromatic plants. 

1. AS ARUM. Low stemless herbs, with one or two leaves on long petioles, and a 

flower at the end of a creeping aromatic rootstock, the flowers therefore 
close to the gi-ound. Calyx regular, with 3 equal lobes. Stamens 12, dis- 
tinct, borne on the apex of the ovary or the base of the stout style, usually 
pointed beyond the anther. Seeds large, thickish, in a rather fleshy and 
irregularly bursting pod. 

2. ARISTOLO"^CHIA. Leafy-stemmed herbs or woody twiners. Calyx tubular 

variously hregular, often curved. Filaments none : anthers adlierent directly 
and by their whole iimer face to the outside of the 3 - 6-lobed stigma. Seeds 
very flat, in a dry 6-valved pod. 

1. ASARUM, ASAEABACCA, WILD GIN'GER. (Ancient name, of 
obscure derivation.) On hillsides in rich woods : fl. spring. 2/ 

§ 1. Filaments slender, much longer than the short anthers : style 1, thick, hearing 
6 thick stigmas : leaves a single pair with a peduncle between them. 

A. Canadense, Canada Wild Ginger, sometimes called Snakeroot. 
Common N. : soft-pubescent ; leaves broadly beai't-shaped or kidney-shaped, not 
evergreen ; calyx beii-shaped but cleft down to the adherent ovary, brown- 
purple inside, the abruptly spreading lobes pointed. 

§ 2. Filaments short or almost none : anthers oblong-linear : styles 6, each 2-clefi, 

bearing the stigma below the cleft : leaves thick and evei-green, smooth, often 

mottled, icsually only one each year : rootstocks in a close cluster. 

A. Virginicum, Virginia W. Along the Alleghanies S. : leaves small, 

rounded heart-shaped ; calyx tubular-bell-shaped with a somewhat narrowed 

throat and broad short lobes, the base coherent only with base of the ovary. 

A. arifolium, from Virginia S , has larger somewhat halberd-shaped 
leaves, and very short and blunt lobes to the calyx. 

2. AHISTOLOCHIA, Birthwort. (Ancient name, from medicinal 
properties. ) Cells of the anthers in our species 4 in a horizontal row under 
each of the 3 lobes of the stigma, i. e. two contiguous 2-celled anthers in each 
set, or 6 in all. Flowers in and above the axils. 

A. Serpentaria, Virginia Snakeroot (used in medicine). Rich woods, 
chiefly in Middle States and S. : low downy herb ; stems clustered about 1° 
high ; leaves ovate or oblong and heart-shaped, sometimes halberd-form, acute ; 
flowers all next the root, curved like the letter S, contracted in the middle and 
at the throat, in summer. 2/ 

A. Sipho, Pipe- Vine, Dutchman's Pipe (from the shape of the curved 
calyx). Rich woods from Penn. along the mountains S. and planted for arbors : 
very tall-climbing woody twiner, smooth, but the rounded heart-shaped leaves 
often downy beneath, these becoming 8' -12' broad ; peduncles with a clasping 
bract, drooping ; calyx 1^' long, inflated above the ovary, narrowing abov-e, 
contracted at the throat, the flat border brown-purple and obscurely 3-lobed : 
fl. late spring. 

A. tomentosa. Common S. : a more slender woody climber, with smaller 
rounder and very veiny do>vny leaves, and yellowish ilower -ndth an oblique 
almost closed brownish orifice, the border reflexed : fl. late spring or summer. 



four-o'clock family. 283 

91. NYCTAGINACEJE, FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. 

Represented by a few plants with tubular or funnel-form calyx 
colored like a corolla, and falling away from a persistent lower 
portion which closes completely over the 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary 
and seed-like fruit, forming a hard and dry covering which would 
be mistaken for a true pericarp. Stamens 2-5, the long slender 
filaments hypogynous, but apt to adhere somewhat to the sides of 
the calyx-tube above. Embryo coiled around some mealy albumen. 
(Lessons, p. 15, fig. 36, 37.) Ours are herbs, with opposite simple 
entire or wavy leaves, and jointed stems, tunid at the joints. 

1. ABRONIA. Flowers small, many in a peduncled umbel-like head surrounded 

by an involucre of about 5 separate bracts. Calyx salver-shaped with a 
slender tube, and a corolla-like 5-lobed border, which is plaited in the bud, 
the lobes generally notched at the end. Stamens 5 and style included. 

2. OXYBAPHUS. Flowers small, a few together surrounded by a 5-lobed invo- 

lucre, which enlarges and becomes thin, membranaceous, reticulated, and 
wheel-shaped after flowering. Calyx with a very short tube constricted 
above the ovary, expanding into a bell-shaped 5-lobed corolla-like border, 
open only for a day. Stamens (mostly 3) and slender style protruding. 
Fruit (persistent base of calyx) akene-like, strongly-ribbed. 

3. MIRABILIS. Flower large, in the common species only a single one in the 

cup-shaped 5-cleft green involucre, which thus exactly imitates a calyx, as 
the tubular fmmel-shaped or almost salver-shaped delicate calyx does a 
corolla. Stamens 5, and especially the style (tipped with a shield-shaped 
stigma) protruded. Fruit ovoid, smooth and nearly even. 

1. ABRONIA. (Name from Greek word meaning delicate.) Western 
North American herbs, cultivated for ornament : fl all summer. 2/ 

A. Uinbellata, from coast of California, has prostrate slender stems, ovate- 
oblong slender petioled leaves, and rose-purple flowers open by day, the invo- 
lucre of small bracts. 

A. fragrans, from Rocky Mountains, hardy N., has ascending branching 
stems, lance-ovate leaves, and white sweet-scented flowers opening at sunset; 
the involucre of conspicuous ovate scarious and whitish bracts. 

2. OXYBAPHUS. (Name from a Greek word for a vinegar-saucer, from 
the shape of the involucre.) 2/ Several species on Western plains : fl. rose- 
purple, all summer. 

O. nyetagineus. Rocky or gravelly soil from Wisconsin W. & S. : 
smooth or smoothish ; leaves petioled, varying from ovate to lanceolate, obtuse 
or heart-shaped at base. 

O. albidus. From North Carolina S. : often hairy above ; leaves sessile 
or nearly so, acute at base, lanceolate or oblong ; fruit more hairy. 

3. MIRABILIS, FOUR-O'CLOCK or MARVEL-OF-PERU. (Clu- 
sius called it Admirahilis, which Linnasus shortened.) Natives of warm parts 
of America : roots very large and fleshy ; leaves more or less heart-shaped, 
the lower petioled ; flowers mostly clustered, showy, opening towards sunset 
or in cloudy weather, produced all summer. 2/ 

M. Jal^pa. Cult, for ornament in many varieties as to flower (red, yellow, 
white, or variegated), its tube only 2' long and thickish, stamens shorter than 
its spreading border ; Avholc plant nearly smooth. 

M. longifl.br a. Less common in cult. ; tube of the sweet-scented flower 
6' long and clammy-hairy (as well as the upper leaves) ; stamens shorter than 
its spreading white border. 

M. Wrighti^na. Texas and cult. : more slender than the last, nearly 
smooth, tube of the smaller and more slender faintly fragrant flower -4' long, 
the border Avhite tinged with rose ; stiunens and style inueli protruding. 



284 GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 

92. PHYTOLACCACE^, POKEWEED FAMILY. 

A small family, represented here only by a single species of the 
principal genus, 

1. PHYTOLACCA, POKE or POKEWEED. (A mongrel name, of 

the Greek word for plant prefixed to the French lac, lake, alluding to the 

crimson coloring-matter of the berries.) Calyx of 5 rounded petal-like white 

sepals. Stamens 5 - 30. Ovary of several cell? and lobes, bearing as many 

short styles, in fruit a depressed juicy berry, containing a ring of vertical 

seeds ; these formed on the plan of those of the next family. 2/ 

P. decandra, CoaiMON P. or Score, Garget, &c. Coarse smooth 

weed of low grounds, with large acrid-poisonous root, stout stems 6' - 9' high, 

alternate ovate-oblong leaves on long petioles, and racemes becoming lateral 

opposite a leaf, in summer, ripening the dai'k crimson purple berries in autumn ; 

stamens, styles, and seeds 10. 

93. CHENOPODIACEiE, GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 

Represented chiefly by homely herbs, with inconspicuous green- 
ish flowers ; the 1-celled ovary has a single ovule and ripens into 
an akene or utricle, containing a single seed, usually with embryo 
coiled more or less around mealy albumen. Leaves chiefly alter- 
nate. Plants neither attractive nor easy to students ; only the 
cultivated plants and commonest weeds here given. 

^ 1. Cultivated for ornament, twining plant, with wliite flowers : calyx corolla-like. 

1. BOUSSINGAULTIA. Flowers in slender spikes from the axils of the leaves, 

perfect. Calyx 6-parted, spreading, and with one or two exterior sepals or 
bracts. Stamens 6, with slender filaments. Style slender: stigmas 3, club- 
shaped. Fruit a thin akene, pointed with the persistent style. 

§ 2. Cultivated for food, from Eu. : flowers greenish, as is usual in the family. 

2. BETA. Flowers perfect, clustered, with 3 bracts and a 5-cleft calyx becoming 

indurated in fruit enclosing the hard akene, the bases of the two coherent. 
Stamens 5. Style short: stigmas mostly 2. Seed horizontal. 

3. SPINACIA. Flowers dioecious, in axillary close clusters ; the staminate ones 

racemed or spiked, consisting of a 4 - 5-lobed calyx and as many stamens. 
Pistillate flowers with a tubular calyx which is 2-3-toothed at the apex and 
2-3-horned on the sides, hardening and enclosing the akene. Styles 4. 
Seed vertical. 

§ 3. Weeds of cultivation, or of roadsides, fields, ^c. Floivers perfect, bractless. 

4. BLITUM. Flowers in close axillary clusters or heads, which are sometimes 

confluent into inteiTupted spikes. Calyx 2-5-parted, becoming fleshy or 
ben-y-like in fruit in the genuine species. Stamens 1-5. Styles or stigmas 
2. Seed vertical in the calyx. 

5. CHENOP ODIUM. Flowers in small clusters collected in spiked or sometimes 

open panicles. Calyx mostly 5-cleft, not succulent in fruit. Ovary and 
utricle depressed. (Lessons, p. 130, fig. 297.) Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed 
horizontal, or in a few species occasionally vertical. 

The following also are common species along the coast or near salt-water : -^ 

Atriplex patula, and one or two other species of Orache : most like 
Spinacia, but scurfy or mealy. 

Salicornia herbaeea, and two other species of Glasswort : low, leaf- 
less, fleshy, jointed, branching plants, with the flowefs sunken in the fleshy 
spikes. 

Sufeda maritima, Sea Elite : with branching stems, and small flowers 
in the axils of linear nearly terete fleshy leaves. 

Salsola Kali, Saltwort : bushy-branching annual, with awl-shaped 



GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 285 

prickly pointed leaves, and flesh-colored horizontal wings on the back of the 
fruiting cah'x, making a circular broad border. 

1. BOTJSSINGAULTIA. (Named for the traveller and agricultural 

chemist, Boussingault. ) 

B. baselloides, of South America : high twining plant, in cultivation her- 
baceous, from oblong tubers resembling small potatoes : smooth, with some- 
what heart-shaped succulent leaves, and slender racemes of deliciously fragrant 
small flowers in autumn. 2/ 

2. BETA, BEET. (Latin name.) One species in cultivation, viz. : — 

B. vulgaris, CoMMOisr Beet, from S. Eu. : cult, in many varieties, with 
ovate-oblong smooth often wavy-margined leaves, sometimes purple-tinged ; 
flower-clusters spiked ; root conical or spindle-shaped. Mangel Wurtzel or 
ScARCiTY-KooT is SL mere variety, the root vised for feeding cattle. (2) 

3. SPINACIA, SPINACH. (Name from Latin for spine or thorn ; prob- 
ably from the horns or projections on the fruiting-calyx which become rather 
spiny in one variety. ) 

S. oleraeea, CoMMon Spinach, cult, from the Orient, as a pot-herb ; the 
soft-fleshy leaves triangular or ovate and petioled. (1) (2) 

4. BLITUM, BLITE. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of some pot-herb 
or of the Amaranth.) Fl. summer. 

B. capitatum, Strawberry Blite, the flower-heads as the fruit matures 
becoming bright red and juicy, like strawberries ; leaves triangular and halberd- 
shaped, wavy-toothed, smooth and bright green. Dry banks, margins of woods, 
&c. N., sometimes in gardens. @ (1) 

B. Bonus-Henricus, Good-King-Henrt, cult, in some old gardens, is 
between a Blite and a Goosefdot, being slightly mealy, as in the latter, and the 
calyx not fleshy nor fully enclosing the fruit, but the seed is vertical ; leaves 
triangular and partly halberd-shaped ; flower-clusters crowded in an interrupted 
terminal spike. 2/ 

5. CHETTOPODIUM, GOOSEFOOT (which the name denotes in 
Greek), PIGWEED, &c. Weeds : fl. late summer and autumn. 

§ 1. Either smooth or with scurfs mealiness, insipid, never hairy nor aromatic. ® 
O. album, White G. or Lamb's-Quarters ; the commonest species in all 
cult, ground : pale, moi-e or less mealy, with leaves varying from rhombic-ovate 
to lanceolate, either angled-toothed or entire, and flower-clusters in dense pani- 
clcd spikes. Var. Boscianum, wild in shady places, mostly S., has loose 
branches, obscure mealiness, and smaller loosely clustered flowers. 

C urbicum, in waste grounds, is dull green, scarcely mealy, the triangular 
leaves coarsely and sharply many-toothed, flower-clusters in" dense panicled 
spikes, and seed with roimded margins, 

C. h^bridum, Maple-leaved G. Waste grounds, unpleasantly scented 
like Stramonium, bright green throughout ; the widely branching stem 2° - 4° 
high ; the tlii)i large leaves triangular and heart-shaped, sinuate and angled, the 
angles extended into a few taper-pointed coarse teeth ; racemes in loose and 
leafless panicles ; seed sharp-edged. 

§ 2.. Not meali/ or scurfy, but minutchj glandular or pubescent, aromatic-scented : 
the seed sometimes vertical. (1) (2) 

C. Bbtrys, Jerusalem Oak or Feather Geranium. Gardens and 
some roadsides : low, spreading, almost clanuuy-])ubescent, SAVoet-soontod ; 
leaves sinuatc-pinnatiiid, slcii(lcr-i)etioled ; racemos'loosely corymbod. 

C. ambrosioicles, Mexican Tea, Wormseed. Waste" grounds, especi- 
ally S. : rather stout, sinoothish, strong-scented ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, 
varying from entire to cut-i)inuatitid, nearly sessile ; spikes dense, leafy or leaf- 
less. This, especially the more cut-leaved A'ar. ANTHELMfNTiouM, is used as a 
vermifuge, and yields the icormseed-oil. 



286 AMARANTH FAMILY. 

94. AMARANTACE^, AMARANTH FAMILY. 

Weeds and some ornamental plants, chieflj herbs, essentially like 
the foregoing family, but the flowers provided with dry and mostly 
scarious crowded persistent bracts, and the fruit sometimes several- 
seeded. The cuhivated sorts are ornamental, like Immortelles, on 
account of their colored dry bracts which do not wither. 

§ 1. Leaves alternate, mostly long-petioled : anthers 2-celled. 

1. AMAEANTUS. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, each with 3 bracts. 

Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3, equal erect sepals, smooth. Stamens 5, some- 
times 2 or 3. Stigmas 2 or 3. Ovule solitary, on a stalk from the base of the 
ovary. Fruit an utricle, 2-3-pointed at apex, usually opening all round 
transversely, the upper part falling off" as a lid (Lessons, p. 130, fig. 298), 
discharging the seed. Flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters. 

2. CELOSIA. Flowers perfect. Ovules and seeds numerous. Otherwise nearly 

as Amarantus, but the crowded spikes imbricated with shining colored 
bracts. In cultivation the spikes are often changed into broad crests. 
§ 2. Leaves opposite: anthers 2-celled. 

3. GOMPHRENA. Flowers perfect, chiefly in terminal round heads, crowded 

with the firm colored bracts. Calyx 5-parted or of 5 sepals. Stamens 5, 
monadelphous below: filaments broad, 3-cleft at summit, the middle lobe 
bearing a 1-celled anther (Lessons, p. 114, fig. 239). Utricle 1-seeded. 

Achyranthes or Iresine VersehafiFeltii is lately cult, for its red 
foliage, a poor substitute for Coleus, except in shade, where it has clear red 
stems, its ovate or roundish opposite leaves strongly veined or blotched with red, 
or Avholly crimson. 

Iresine celosioides, a wild tall weed, with opposite leaves, and panicles 
of small white-woolly flowers, is common S. W. 

Acnida cannabina, in salt-marshes along the coast, is a tall annual, like 
an Amaranth, but dioecious, bracts inconspicuous, and the fleshy indehiscent 
fruit 3 - 5-angled and crested. 

1. AMARANTUS, AMARANTH. (From Greek for tm>im^.) Coarse 
weeds of cult, and waste grounds, and one or two cultivated for ornament : 
fl. late summer. Bracts commonly awn-pointed. (I) 

§ 1. Red Amaranths, the flower-clusters or the leaves tinged loith red or purple. 

A. eaudatUS, Princes' Feather. Cult, from India : tall, stout ; leaves 
ovate, bright green ; spikes red, naked, long and slender, in a drooping panicle, 
the terminal one forming a very long tail. 

A. hypochondriaeus. Cult, from Mexico, &c. : stout ; leaves oblong, 
often reddish-tinged ; flower-clusters deep crimson-purple, short and thick, the 
upper making an interrupted blunt spike. 

A. paniculatus. Coarse weed in gardens : the oblong-ovate or lance- 
oblong leaves often blotched or veined with purple ; flowers in rather slender 
purplish-tinged spikes collected in an erect terminal jjanicle. 

A. melancliolicus, Love-lies-Bleeding. Cult, from China or India : 
rather low ; stems and stalks red ; the ovate thin leaves dark purple or partly 
green ; or, in var. tricolor, greenish with red or violet and yellow variously 
mixed ; sepals and stamens only 3. 

§ 2. Green Amaranths, or Pigweeds, flowpvs and leaves green or greenish. 

A. retroflexus, Common Pigweed : erect, rougliish-pubescent or smooth- 
er ; spikes crowded in a stiff panicle, the awn-pointed bracts rigid. 

A. spinosus, Thorny A. Waste ground, chiefly S. : dull green leaves 
with a pair of spines in their axils ; flowers small, yellowish-green, in round 
axillary clusters and in a long terminal spike. 

A. albus. Roadsides and streets, spreading over the ground ; withobovate 
and spatulate leaves, flowers all in small clusters in their axils and covered by 
rigid sharp-pointed bracts ; sepals 3 ; stamens 2 or 3. 



BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 287 

2. CELOSIA, COCKSCOMB. (Name in Greek means dried, alluding to 
the scarious bracts.) Fl. summer. ® 

C. cristata. Common C. of the gardens, from India, in various usually 
monstrous forms, the showy flower-crests crimson-red, sometimes rose-colored, 
yellow, or white. 

3. GOMPHHEWA. (Ancient name of an Amaranth.) Fl. summer. 

G. globdsa, Globe Amaranth or Baciielor's-Button. Cult, from 
India : low, branching, pubescent, with oblong nearly sessile leaves, and dense 
round heads crimson, rose-color, or white. 



95. POLYGONACE^, BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 

Known by the alternate entire leaves having stipules in the form 
of scarious or membranous sheaths at the strongly marked usually 
tumid joints of the stem. Flowers mostly perfect, on jointed pedi- 
cels, with green or colored 4-6-parted usually persistent or wither- 
ing calyx, 4-9 stamens on its base, 2 or 3 stigmas, 1 -celled ovary 
with a single ovule rising from its base (Lessons, p. 122, fig. 268), 
forming an akene or nutlet. Embryo mostly on the outside of 
mealy albumen, the radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit. 

Eriogonum differs in having no obvious stipules, and the 
flowers from a cup-shaped involucre. There are a few species 
of the genus S. and S. W., and many near and beyond the Rocky 
Mountains. 

§ 1. Calyx of 6, rarely 4, more or less petal-like similar sepals, erect after flowering. 

1. POLYGONUM. Flowers in racemes, spikes, or else in the axils of the leaves. 

Akene either lenticular when there are 2 stigmas, or triangular when there 
are 3. Embryo curved round one side of the albumen : cotyledons narrow. 

2. FAGOPYEUM. Differs from one section of Polygonum mainly in having an 

embryo in the centre of the albumen, which is divided into 2 parts by the 
very broad leaf-like cotyledons. The triangular akene longer than the calyx. 

§ 2. Calyx of 6 sepals often of two sorts : styles 3. 

3. RHEUM. Sepals all similar, petal-like, withering-persistent underneath the 

3-win^ed fruit. Stigmas capitate or wedge-shaped. Stamens 9. 

4. RUMEX. Sepals of 2 sorts ; the 3 outer ones herbaceous and at length spread- 

ing; the alternate inner 3 larger, somewhat colored, enlarging after flowering, 
becoming veiny and dry, often bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back, and 
convergent over the 3-angled akene. Stigmas a hairy tuft. Stamens 6. 

1. POLYGONUM, KNOT WEED, JOINT WEED. (The name in Greek 
means many-jointed.) Chiefly weeds ; some with rather showy flowers ; the 
following are the commonest : fl. late summer and autumn. 

§ 1. Flowers along the stem, nearly sessile in the axils of the almost sessile linear or 
oblong leaves, small, greenish-white : sheaths scarious, usually clefl or torn 
and fringed. ® 

P. avicul^re, Knot-grass, Goose-grass, or Doorweed. Prostrate 
or spreading and variable low weed, with pale lanceolate or oblong leaves, 
commonly 5 stamens, and dull 3-sidod akene enclosed in the calyx. Yar. 
ERECTUM, has more upright stems, and laro-er oblong- or oval leaves.' 

P. ramosissimum. Chiefly W. in sandy soil : with nearly erect much- 
branched and rijiid striate stems 2° -4° hi,t;h ; ianceoiate or linear leaves tapor- 
inp: into a petiole, and a glossy akene ; sepals G and stamens 6 or 3, or else 
sepals ;") with 4 or 5 stamens. 



288 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 

P. tenue. Eocky dry soil : slender, upright, with thread-like branches, 
along which the upper flowers form a loose leafy spike ; leaves narrow linear, 
acute ; akene shining. 

§ 2. Flowers collected in terminal spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-purple or flesh- 
color, or rarely white or greenish. 

* Leaves small and thread-like or at length none : the sheatJis truncate, naked, rigid: 

many-jointed raceme with a single flower under each bract. 

P. airtieulatum. Sandy shores and barrens : a slender little plant, bushy- 
branching, 4' -12' high; flowers rose-colored, nodding; stamens 8; akene 
triangular. ® 

* * Leaves ovate, short-petioled : sheaths cylindrical, fringed-hairy : greenish 

flowers 1-3 from each bract of the long and slender spikes, unequally 4- 
parted ; the 2 styles reflexed on the lenticular akene and hooked at the tip. 
P. Virginianum. Thickets: 2° - 4° high, nearly smooth ; leaves rough- 
ciliate, 3' - 6' long ; flower somewhat curved ; stamens 5. 2/ 

* * * Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, chiefly petioled : sheaths cylindrical: 

flowers several from each bract of the spike, b-parted. 
-t- Sheaths mostly with an abruptly spreading foliaceous border {which sometimes 
falls off) : tall, 3° - 8° high, with dense cylindrical nodding spikes of rose- 
colored flowers, and flat akenes. 

P. orientale, Princes' Feather. Gardens and cultivated grounds, from 
India : with large ovate pointed leaves, and 7 stamens. 

P. Careyi. Swamps from Pennsylvania N. & E. : with lanceolate leaves, 
glandular bristly peduncles, and 5 stamens. 

-)--!- Sheaths truncate, without a border. 

1-i- Herbage and flowers not acrid nor punctate with pellucid glands or dots. 

= In moist soil : leaves lanceolate : plants nearly smooth. (T) 

P. incarnatum. Tall, 3° -6° high; leaves tapering from near the base 
to a narrow point (4' - 12' long) ; sheaths smooth and naked ; peduncles rough 
with scattered sessile glands ; "spikes linear, nodding ; flowers flesh-color or pale 
rose ; the 6 stamens and 2 styles included ; akene flat with concave sides. 

P. Pennsylvanicuni/ Stems l°-3° high, the branches above and pe- 
duncles bristly with stalked glands ; sheaths naked ; spikes oblong, thick and 
blunt, erect ; flowers rose-purple ; stamens 8, a little protruding ; style 2-cleft ; 
akene with flat sides. 

P. Persiearia, Lady's Thumb. Nat. from Eu. near dwellings, about 
1° high : upper face of leaves with a dark blotch near the middle ; sheaths 
somewhat bristly-ciliate ; spikes oblong, dense, erect, on naked peduncles; 
flowers greenish-pixrple ; stamens mostly 6; style 2-3-cleft; akene either 
flattish or triangular. 

= := 7/^ water : stems rooting below. % 

P. amphibium. Water P. Chiefly N. : stems often simple bearing a 
single ovate or oblong dense spike or head of pretty large and showy rose-red 
flowers ; leaves oblong, heart-oblong, lance-ovate or lanceolate, mostly long- 
petioled, often floating^; sheaths not fringed ; stamens 5 ; style 2-cleft. 

P. hydropiperoides. Commonest S. : stems slender, rising out of 
shallow water 1 ° - 3° high ; leaves narrowly lanceolate or lance-oblong ; sheatlis 
hairy and fringed with fong bristles ; spikes erect, slender ; flowers small, pale 
or white ; stamens 8 ; style 3-cleft ; akene shai-ply triangular. 

■^ -^ Herbage (smooth) pungently acrid: leaves and pale sepals marked with 
pellucid dots or glands, in which the acrid quality resides : sheaths fringed 
with bristles. ■ 
P. acre ^YATER S:hartweed. Shallow water or wet soil : stems rooting 
at the decii'mbent base, rising 2° -4° high; leaves lanceolate or linear, taper- 
pointed ; spikes slender, erect ; flowers whitish or pale flesh-color ; stamens 8 ; 
akene sharply triangular, shining. 2/ 



BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 289 

P. Hydropiper, Common S. or Water Pepper. Low or wet grounds 

N, : l°-2° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate; spikes nodding, mostly short; 
flowers greenish- white ; stamens 6 ; akene either flat or obtusely triangular. ® 

* * * * Leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped, petioled : sheaths haJf-cijlindrical. 
•t- Tear-thu3IB. Stems loith spreading branches, the angles and petioles armed 

loith sharp rejiexed prickles, bij which the plant is enabled almost to climb: 
Jloioers in peduncled heads or short racemes, ivhite or flesli-color. ® 

P. arifolium. Low grounds : leaves halberd-shaped, long-petioled ; the 
peduncles glandular-bristly ; stamens 6 ; styles 2 ; akene lenticular. 

P. sagittatum. Low grounds : leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled ; the 
peduncles naked ; stamens mostly 8 ; styles 3 ; akene sharply 5-angled. 

-i- -1- Black Bindweed. Stems twining, not priclcly : flowi-rs whitish, in loose 
panicled racemes : three outermost of the 5 divisions of the ca'yx keeled or 
crested, at least in fruit : stamens 8 : styles 3 : akenes triangular. 

P. Convolvulus. Low twining or spreading weed from Eu., in culti- 
vated fields, &c. : smoothish, with heart-shaped and almost halberd-shaped 
leaves, and very small flowers. ® 

P. cilinode. Rocky, shady places : tall-twining, rather downy, a ring of 
reflexed bristles at the joints ; leaves angled-heart-shaped ; outer sepals hardly 
keeled. 2/ 

P. dumetorum, CLiainiNG False Buckwheat. Moist thickets : tall- 
twining, smooth ; joints naked; leaves heart-shaped or, approaching halberd- 
shaped ; panicles leafy ; outer sepals strongly keeled and in fruit irregularly 
winged. 2/ 

2. FAGOPYRUM, BUCKWHEAT. (The botanical name, from the 
Greek, and the popular name, from the German, both denote Beech-wheat, the 
grain resembling a diminutive beech-nut.) Cult, from N. Asia, for the flour 
of its grain : fl. summer. (T) 

F. eseulentum, Common B. Nearly smooth ; Jeaves triangular-heart- 
shaped inclining to halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, on long-petioles ; sheaths 
half-cylindrical ; flowers white or nearly so in corymbose panicles ; stamens 8, 
witli as many honey-bearing glands interposed ; styles 3 ; acutely triangular 
akene large. 

F. tartarieum, Tart art or Indian Wheat. Cult, for flour on our 
N. E. frontiers and N. : like the other, but flowers smaller and tinged with 
yellowish ; grain half the size, with its less acute angles wavy. 

3. PvIIEUM, RHUBARB. (Name said to come from the Greek, and to 
refer to the purgative properties of the root ; that of several species, of N. 
Asia, yield officinal rhubirb.) 2/ 

H. B^hapdnticum, Garden R. or Pie-plant ; the large fleshy stalks of 
the ample rounded leaves, filled Avith pleasantly acid juice, cooked in spring as 
a substitute for fruit ; flowers white, in late spring. 

4. BtrMEX, DOCK, SORREL. (Old Latin name.) The three enlarged 
sepals which cover the fruit are called valves. Flowers greenish, in whorls 
on the branches, forming panicled racemes or interrupted spikes. 

§ 1. Dock. Herbage bitter: flowers perfect or parti y monoecious, in summer. 

* In marshes : stem erect, stout : leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, flat, not wavy : 

valves entire or obscurely wavy-toothed in theflrst species. 2/ 
R. orbiculatus, Great Water Dock. Common N. : 5°-G° liigh ; 
leaves often \° -2° long; flowers nodding on slender pedicels; the valves 
round-ovate or almost orbicular, thin, finely reticulated, nearly i' wide, each 
bearing a grain. 

B. Britannica,PALB D. Commoner S. • 2°-Q° high ; pedicels nodding, 
shorter than the fruiting calyx, Avhich has broadly ovate loosely reticulated 
valves, one with a large grain, the others commonly naked ; root yellow. 

19 



290 LAUREL FAMILY. 

B.. salieifolins, White D. Salt marshes : lo-3° high ; pedicels much 
shorter than the fruiting- calyx and in much-crowded whorls, forming a spike ; 
valves more triangular than in the foregoing and smaller, their grain very 
large ; root white. 

R. vertieillatus, Swamp D. Common N. : 3° -5° high; whorls loose; 
fruit-bearing pedicels slender and club-shaped, abruptly reflexed ; 'valves some- 
what rhombic and with narrow blunt apex, each bearing a very large grain ; 
leaves thickish, the lowest often heart-shaped at base. 

* * Weeds nat. froia Europe in cult, or waste ground : stem erect, 2° -4° high : 
lower lea ViS or so}iie of them heart-shaped at base, all more or less wavy: 
root commonhj y<Vow and spindle-shaped. 2/ 

R. crlspus, Curled D. Leaves green, lanceolate, very wavy-curled, the 
lower rather truncate than heart-shaped at base ; whorls crowded in long 
racemes ; valves rounded, heart-shaped, nearly entire ; mostly grain-bearing. 

R. sanguineus, Bloody-veixed or JRed D. Leaves less curled and 
red-veined, lanceolate or oblong; whorls distant; pedicels very short; valves 
narrowly oblong, one or more grain-bearing. 

R. obtusifolius, Bitter D. Leaves little wavy, the upper lance-oblong 
and acute, lower oblong-heart-shaped and obtuse; whorls loose and distant; 
valves ovate, partly halberd-shaped, beset with some long sharp teeth near the 
base, usually only one grain-bearing. 

* * * Sandy sea-shore and river-banks N. : 5'- 12' high, spreading, (i) 

R. maritiniUS. Minutely pubescent ; leaves lance-linear, waA-y-margined, 
the lower auricled or heart-shaped at base ;• whorls much crowded into leafy- 
spikes ; valves rhombic-oblong with a tapering point, turning orange-colored, a 
large grain on the back and 2 or 3 long stout bristles on each margin. 

§ 2. Sorrels. Herbage acid: some leaves halberd-shaped, others tviih entire 
narrowed base: flowers dicecious, small, in a terminal naked panicle : valves 
naked : jl. spring and summer. 2/ 
R. Acetosella, Common or Sheep Sorrel. Low weed in all sterile 
fields ; leaves lance-oblong or halberd-shaped, the lobes or auricles narrow ; pedi- 
cels jointed with the floAver ; ovate valves hardly enlarging in fruit. 

R. Engelmanni, only S. & W., differs in pedicels jointed near the mid- 
dle, and thin rounded heart-shaped valves becoming many times larger than 
the akene. 

96. LAURACE^, L4UREL FAMILY. 

Spicy-aromatic trees or shrubs, the alternate simple leaves (with 
entire margins but sometimes lobed) more or less marked with 
minute pellucid dots ; the regular flowers with a calyx of 4 or 6 
sepals imbricated in two ranks in the bud, and free from the 
ovary ; the latter is terminated by a simple style and stigma, is 
1-celled with a hanging ovule, and in fruit becomes a berry or 
drupe. The stamens (in ours 9) furnish a special character, their 
anthers opening by uplifted valves ! To this family belong the 
classical Laurel or Bay, the Cinnamon, the Camphor-tree, &c. 
* Fl(mers perfect, in axillary panicles. 

1. PER SEA. CaljTC 6-parted, persistent at the base of the beny. Stamens 9 

with anthers, the 3 outer of which are turned outwards, the 6 others inward ; 
also 3 glands or sterile filaments fonning an innermost row. The two proper 
cells of the anther with a lower and an npper chamber, making 4 compart- 
ments, each opening by a valve in the manner of a trap-door. 
* * Flowei ■< nihoUy or nearly dicecious, greenish-yellow, leaves deciduous. 

2. SASSAFRAS. Flowers in an open corymbed and peduncled clixster, with 

spi-eacling 6-parted calvx : sterile ones with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the filaments 
of the three inner with a pair of yellow stalked glands on their base. Anthers 
with 4 chambers as in the preceding. Fertile flowers with 6 rudiments of 
stamens and an ovoid ovary, becoming a drupe. 



MEZERUM FAMILY. 291 

3. LINDERA. Flowers in sessile lateral clusters, with a 6-parted honey-yellow 

calyx: sterile ones with 9 stamens having simply 2-celled and 2-valved 
anthers ; the inner 3 filaments lobed and glandular at base. Fertile flowers 
with a globular ovary, surrounded by numerous rudiments of stamens. 
Berry red, oval ; the stalk not thickened. 

4. TETRANTHERA. Prowers in small lateral clustered umbels, with 6-parted 

deciduous calyx: sterile ones with 9 similar stamens; anthers turned in- 
wards, the 2 cells Avith 2 chambers, each opening by a valve, as in Sassafras. 
Fertile flowers with a globular ovary, surrounded by numerous rudiments of 
stamens, and becoming a globular drupe or berry. 

1. PERSE A, EED BAY, (Ancient of some Oriental tree.) Leaves ever- 
green : flowers greenish-white, in summer. 

P. Carolinensis, Carolina Red Bay. . Tree or large shrub, in low 
grounds, from Delaware S. : hoary when young, the oblong leaves soon smooth 
above ; berries blue on a red stalk. 

2. SASSAFRAS. (The popular name of this very well-known tree.) 

S. officinale, Sassafras. In rich woods : a fine tree with mucilaginous 
yellowish tAvigs and foliage, spicy bark, flowers appearing in spring with the 
leaves ; these ovate and obovate, and some of them 3-cleft, smooth when old ; 
fruit blue on a club-shaped rather fleshy stalk. 

3. LINDERA, SPICEBUSH, WILD ALLSPICE, EEVERBUSH. 

("Named for J. Linder, a Swedish botanist.) Genus also named Benzoik. 
Shrubs : fl. in spring, preceding the leaves. 

L. Benzoin, Cojimon S. or Benjamin-bush. Damp woods: 6°-150 
high, almost smooth ; leaves thin, obovate-oblong, acute at base, 3' - 5' long. 

L. melissaefolia. Wet grounds S. : 2° - 3° high, silky-pubescent ; leaves 
oblong, obtuse Or slightly heart-shaped at base, l'-2' long, when old smooth 
above. 

4. TETRANTHERA. (Name in Greek means four anthers, alluding to 
the 4 chambers to each anther. ) 

T. genieulata. Pond Spige. Along ponds in pine-harrens from Virginia 
S. : large shrub, soon smooth, with forking and divergent or zigzag branches, 
rather coriaceous oval or oblong leaves (^'-1' long), appearing later than the 
flowers in spring ; these in little crowded clusters of 2 - 4 from 2 - 4-leaved in- 
volucres ; fruit red, globular. 

97. THYMELEACEiE, MEZERUM FAMILY. 

Shrubs with acrid and very tough fibrous bark, entire leaves, and 
perfect flowers, having a simple corolla-like calyx, bearing twice as 
many stamens as its lobes (usually 8), the anthers of the ordinary 
sort ; the free ovary one-celled, with a single hanging ovule, becom- 
ing a berry-like fruit. Flowers commonly in umbel-like clusters. 

1. DAPHNE. Calyx salver-shaped or somewhat funnel-shaped ; the 4 lobes 

spreading, the 8 anthers nearly sessile on its tube, included. Style very short 
or none : stigma capitate. 

2. DIRCA. Calyx tubular, without any spreading lobes, the wavy-truncate 

border sometimes obscurely indicating 4 teeth. The 8 stamens and the style 
long and slender, protruding. 

1. DAPHNE. (Mythological name, the nymph transformed by Apollo 
into a Laurel.) The following cult, for ornament from the Old World. 
D. Mezereum, Mezereum. Hardy low shrub from Enro])e, 1° - 3° high, 

with ])urp!c-rose-colored (rarely white) flowers, in lateral clusters on shoots of 

the preceding year, in early spring, before the lanceolate very smooth green 

leaves; berries red. 



292 SAXDALWOOD FAillLY. 

D. Cnebrum. Hardy under-slirub from Eii., spreading and brandling, 

with crowded lance-oblong or oblanceolate evergreen leaves (less than 1' long), 
and a terminal cluster of handsome rose-pink flowers in spring. 

D. odora, Sweet Daphne. Greenhouse shrub from China, with bright 
green lance-oblong evergreen leaves, and terminal clusters of white or pale pmk 
sweet-scented flowers, in winter. 

2. DIECA, LEATHEEY\'OOD, MOOSE-TVOOD. (Classical Greek 
name of a celebrated fountain.) 

D. palustris, the only species, in damp woods chiefly X. : shnib 2° -6° 
high, with tender white Avood, but very tough bark, used' by the Indians for 
thongs (whence the popular names), the numerous branches as if jointed; leaves 
obovate or oval, alternate, nearly smooth, deciduous ; flowers before the leaves 
in earliest spring, honey-yellow, few in a cluster from a bud of 3 or 4 dai'k-hairy 
scales forming an involucre ; berry reddish. 

98. EL^AGNACE^, OLEASTER FAMILY. 

Silverj-scurfy shrubs or small trees, having often dioecious 
inconspicuous flowers, the calyx-tube of the fertile ones itself 
enclosing the ovary, becoming fleshy and ripening into a sort of 
berry, around the akene-like true fruit, the seed of which is erect. 
Otherwise much like the preceding family. 

Shepherdia Canadensis, a low shnib along our northern borders, with 
opposite oval leaves, soon green above, but silvery and wirh some rusty scurf 
beneath, dioecious 4-parted flowers, and yellow berries. 

S. argentea, Buffalo-Berry, shiiib through the plains and mountains 
far W. and X. W., and planted for ornament, has alternate oblong leaves with 
narrowed base, silvery both sides, and edible acid red berries. 

El^agnus argentea, Silter-Berrt of the far West, also cult., with 

oval silvery leaves and mealy edible berries ; the genus knoAvn by the mostly 
perfect flowers with salver-shaped calyx, the stamens only as many as the lobes, 
usually 4. — One or two Old World species are occasionally planted. 

99. SANTALACE^, SAXDALWOOD FAMILY. 

Represented by one or two shrubs along the Alleghanies S., one 
of them the Ptrularia oleifera, the Oil-xut or Buffalo-nut, 
— and widely by a low herb, viz. 

1. Comandra umbellata. Dry ground, common X. : probably para- 
sitic on the roots of shnibs. Known by the 5 stamens with their anthers 
connected with the face of the white calyx -lobes behind them by a tuft of thread- 
like hairs (to which the name, from the Greek, alludes) ; tube of the calyx 
coherent below vrith the ovary, becoming a hard or nut-like fruit, filled by a 
globular seed. Stems 6'- 10' high, with many small oblong pale leaves. 

100. LOKANTHACE^, MISTLETOE FAMILY. 

Parasitic on the branches of trees, represented only, through the 
Middle and Southern States, by 

Phoradendron flaveseens, America>" Mistletoe ; with obovate or 
ova!, yel!owi<h-green, thick, slightly petioled leaves, and short yellowi:h jointed 
spikes in their axils, of dioecious greenish flowers, the fertile ones ripening viriLo 
berries. 



SPURGE FAMILY. 293 

101. SAURURACE^, LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY. 

A very small family, having a single Eastern North American 
representative in 

Saurtirus cernuus, Lizard's-tail. Wet swamps : fl. Slimmer ; stem 
jointed, 2° high, branching- ; leaves heart-shaped, with converging ribs, petioled ; 
flowers white, crowded in a dense but slender tail-like spike, with the end 
nodding, perfect, but with neither calyx nor corolla ; stamens 6 or 7, with long 
slender Avhite filaments ; pistils 3 or 4, slightly united at base. (Lessons, p. 90, 
fig. 180.) 

102. EUPHOHBIACE^, SPURGE FAMILY. 

Plants with mostly milky acrid juice and monoecious or dioecious 
flowers, of very various structure ; the ovary and fruit commonly 
3-celIed and with single or at most a pair of hanging ovules and 
seeds in each cell. 

§ 1. Ovules and seeds only one in each cell. 
* Flowers both siaminnte and pistillate really destitute both of calyx and corolla: a 
pistillate and numerous staminnte surrounded by a cup-like involucre which 
imitates a calyx, so that the whole would be taken for one perfect fower. 

1. EUPHORBIA. For the structure of the genus, which is recondite, see Manual, 

and Structural Botany, fig. 1143. These plants may be known, mostly, by 
having the 3-lobed ovary raised out of the cup, on a curved stalk, its 3 
short styles each 2-cleft, "making 6 stigmas. Fruit when ripe bursting into 
the 3 carpels, and each splitting into 2 valves, discharging the seed. What 
seems to be a stamen with a jointed filament is really a staminate fiower, in 
the axil of a slender bract, consisting of a single stamen on a pedicel, the joint 
being the junction. 

* * Flowers of both kinds provided loith a distinct calyx. 

2. STILLINGIA. Flowers in a terminal spike, naked and staminate above, a few 

fertile fiowers at base. Calyx 2 - 3-cIeffc. Stamens 2, rarely 3. Pod 3-lobed. 
Stigmas 3, simple. Bracts with a fleshy gland on each side. Leaves alter- 
nate, stipulate. 

3. ACALYPHA. Flowers in small clusters disposed in spikes, staminate above, 

fertile at base; or sometimes the two sorts in separate spikes. Calvx of 
sterile flowers 4-parted, of fertile 3- 5-parted. Stamens 8-16, short, mona.- 
delpbous at base; the 2 cells of the anther long and hanging. Styles 3, 
cut-fringed on the upper face, red. Pod of 3 (i-arely 2 or 1) lobes ox- ceUs. 
Fertile flower-clusters embraced by a leaf-like cut-lobed bract. Leaves alter- 
nate, petioled, with stipules, serrate. 

4. RICINUS. Flowers in large panicled clusters, the fertile above, the staminate 

below. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens very manv, in several bundles. Stvles 3, 
united at base, each 2-parted, red. Pod large, 3-lobed, with 3 large 'seeds. 
Leaves alternate, with stipules. 

5. JATROPHA. Flowers in cymes or panicles; the fertile in the main forks. 

Calyx colored like a corolla, in the sterile flowers mostly salver-shaped and 
5-lobed, enclosing 10-30 stamens, somewhat monadelplious in two or more 
ranks; in the fertile 5-parted. Styles 3, united below, once or twice forked 
at the apex. Pod 3-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, with 
stipules. 

§ 2. Ovules and mostly seeds 2 in each cell of the ovary and S-horned pod. Juice not 
milky ill the fol'lowin;/ : which have monoecious foirei's, 4 )ii'p(ds, 4 exserted 
staiiiens in the sterile, and 3 aiol-shaped spreading or recurved styles or stiymas 
in the fertile /lowers. 

6. BUXUS. Flowers in small sessile bractcd clusters in the axils of the thick 



and evergreen entire opposite leaves. Shrubs or trees. 
PACIIYSANDRA. Flowers in naker 



1 lateral spikes, staminate nbdve, a few 
fertile flowers at base. Filaments long, thickish and flat, white. Nearly 
herbaceous, low, tufted: leaves barely' evergreen, alternate, coarselv few- 
toothed. 



294 SPURGE FAMILY. 

1. EUPHORBIA, SPURGE. ( Said to be named for ^upAorSus, physician 
to King Juba. ) Flowers commonly in late summer. 

§ 1. Shruhhy sjoecies of the conservatory, winter-flowering, with red bracts or leaves. 

E. pulcherrima, or Poixsettia, of Mexico : unarmed stout shrub, with 
ovate or oblong and angled or sinuately few-lobed leaves, rather downy beneath, 
those next the flowers mostly entire (4' - 5' long) and of the brightest vermilion- 
red ; flowers in globular greenish involucres bearing a great yellow gland at the 
. top on one side. 

E. splendens, of the Mauritius : smooth with thick and horridly prickly 
stems, oblong-spatulate mucronate leaves, and slender clammy, peduncles bearing 
a cyme of several deep-red apparently 2-petalous flowers ; but the seeming petals 
are bracts around the cup-like involucre of the real flowers. 

E. flilgens, or jacquini.eflora, of Mexico : unarmed, smooth, with slen- 
der recurved branches and broadly lanceolate leaves, few-flowered ; peduncles 
shorter than the petioles, w hat appears like a 5-cleft corolla are the bright red 
lobes of the involucre. 

§ 2. Herbs natives of or naturalized in the country, the first and last and some- 
times a few of the others cult, in gardens : fl. late summer. 

* The leaves ivhich are crowded next the flower-cups or involucres have their mar- 
gins or a part of the base colored {white or reel) : stem erect, 1° - 3° high. ® 

E. marginata. Wild on the plains W. of the Mississippi, and cult, for 
ornament : leaves pale, ovate or oval, sessiie, the lower alternate, uppermost in 
threes or pairs and broadly white-margined ; flower-cup with 5 white petal-like 
appendages behind as many saucer-shaped glands. 

E. heterophylla. Eocky banks S. W. : smooth ; leaves alternate, ovate 
and siniiate-toothed, or fiddle-shaped, or some of them lanceolate or linear and 
entire ; the upper Avith red base ; no petal-like appendages to the flower-cup and 
only 1 or 2 sessile glands. 

E. dentata. Rich soil from Penn. S. W. : hairy, only the lower leaves 
alternate, the upper opposite, varying from ovate to linear, uppermost paler or 
whitish at base, and the few glands of the flower-cup short-stalked. 
■ * * The leaves none of them colored : but the flower-cup with 5 bright-white con- 
spicuous appendages, imitating a b-cleft corolla. 2/ 

E. COrollata. Gravelly or sandy soil, from New York S. & W. : 2° - 3° 
high ; leaves varying from ovate to linear, entire, the lower alternate, upper 
whorled and opposite ; flower-cups umbelled, long-stalked. 

* * * Lrave,'^ all alike and opposite, green, or with a broivn-red spot, shoH-petioled, 

ivith scaly or fringed-cut stipules : stems low-spreading or prostrate, repeat- 
edly forked : a smalt flower-cup in each fork, bearing 4 glands, each bor- 
dered with a more or less petal-like white or reddish margin or appendage. 
Of these there are several species, insignificant iveeds ; these two are the 
commonest everywhere in sandy or gravelly open places. 
E. maeulata. Prostrate ; leaves oblong-linear, very oblique at base, ser- 
rulate above, blotched in the centre ; pods sharp-angled, very small. 

E. hypericifolia. Ascending 10' -20' high; leaves ovate-oblong or 
linear-oblong, serrate, often with red spot or margins; pod blunt-angled; seeds 
wrinkled. 

* * * * Leaves without stipules, none with colored margins or spots : the flower- 

cups also green or greenish, umbelled, their glands wholly destitute of any 
petal-like appendage. 
-^ Leaves of the commonly erect stem alternate or scattered : those of the umbel -like 
inflorescence ivhorlcd or opposite and of different shape, usually roundish : 
glands of the flower-cup mostly 4.' Weeds oi- weed-like. 
++ Glands of the flower-cup transversely oval and obtuse. ® 
E. platyph^^lla. Nat. from Europe N. : upper stem-leaves lance-oblon?r, 
acute, minutelv serrulate ; uppermost heart-shaped ; floral ones triannrrJar-ovnie 
and heart-shaped; umbel 5-rayed; glands large and sessile; pod beset with 
depressed warts ; seed smooth. 



SPURGE FAMILY. 295 

E. obtusata. Native W. & S : like preceding, but taller, 10-2° high; 
stem-leaves oblong-spatulate and obtuse, the upper heart-shaped ; floral ones 
dilated-ovate ; umbel once or twice 3-rayed, then 2-rayed ; glands of tlower-cup 
short-stalked ; pods long-warty. 

E. dictyosperma. Open ground S. W. Resembles the preceding, but 
slender ; leaves obtusely serrate ; glands small, almost sessile ; seeds delicately 
reticulated. 

E. Helioscopia. Weed from Europe in waste places N. : with stouter 
ascending stems 6' - 12' high ; leaves all obovate and roimded or notched at the 
end, the lower wedge-shaped, finely serrate ; umbel first with 5, then 3, and at 
length with 2 rays ; glands orbicular and stalked ; pods smooth and even ; 
seeds with honeycomb-like surface. 

•t-i- ++ Glands of the flower-cup with 2 long horns : pod smooth : seeds sculptured 
or pitted and pale. (T) @ 

E. Peplus. Waste places, from Eu. : stem erect ; leaves petioled, entire, 
round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel first 3-rayed, afterwards 
2-forked ; pod 2-crested on each lobe. 

E. commutata. Wild from Wisconsin and Virginia S. W., on shady 
slopes : stems with decumbent base ; leaves obovate, the upper sessile, the 
rounded floral ones broader than long ; umbel 3-forked ; pod crestless : fl. early 
summer. 

++++-)-)- Glands crescent-shaped : pod granular : seeds smooth, dark-colored. 2/ 

E. Cyparissias, Cypress Spurge. Gardens from Eu. and running 
wild E. : in dense clusters 6'- 10' high, smooth ; stem and branches crowded 
with small linear entire leaves, the floral ones small and rounded heart-shaped ; 
umbel many-rayed. 

-t- -i- Leaves all or chiefly opposite, entire, smooth, almost sessile : pod smooth. 

E. Ipecacuanhas, Ipecac Spurge. Sandy soil from New York S. : 
branching repeatedly from the long perpendicular root, widely spreading ; 
leaves barely 1' long, vai-ying from obovate to linear ; peduncles solitary in the 
forks, slender ; flower-cup dull purple, with 5 glands. 2/ 

E. Lathyris, Caper Spurge. Cult, from Eu. in country gardens : glau- 
cous ; stem erect, stout, 2^ - 3° high ; leaves thick ; those of the stem lance- 
linear, floral ones oblong-ovate and heart-shaped ; umbel 4-rayed, then forking ; 
glands short-horned. (2) 

2. STTLLINGIA. (Named for Dr. B. Stillingfleet.) Very smooth plants, 

only S. : flowering all summer. 

S. syivatica, Queen's Delight. Dry soil from Virginia S. : herbl°- 
3° high, clustered from a woody root ; leaves crowded, almost sessile, varying 
from obovate to lance-linear, serrulate ; stamens 2. 

S. ligUStrina. River-swamps from N. Carolina S. : shrub 6° -12° high; 
leaves lance-obovate or oblong, entire ; spikes short ; stamens mostly 3. 

S. sebifera, Tallow-tree of China, planted South Carolina & S. : tree 
20° - 40° high ; leaves rhombic-ovate, entire, long-petioled ; stamens 2 ; seeds 
white, yielding a useful vegetable tallow or wax. 

3. ACATjYPHA. (Ancient Greek name of Nettle.) Flowering through 
lat • summer and autumn. 

A. Virginica. A most common, coarse, low weed in fields, &c : smoiothish 
or hairy, turning purplish, with leaves varying from ovate to linear, fertile 
flowers in short clusters ; pod and seed smootliish. (p 

A. Caroliniana. Cult, ground, chiefly S. : has thin heart-shaped closely 
ferrate leaves, mostly a long terminal fertile spike, pods beset with soft prickles, 
and seeds rough-wrinkled. ® 

4. EJCIITUS, PALMA-CriRISTI, CASTOR-OIL RLANT. (Latin 
name of a bug, which the seed resembles.) 

R. COmmuTlis, the only species, but of many varieties, native ]u-obably of 
Africa : a sort of tree, but cult, in temperate climates as a stately annual, for its 



296 NETTLE FAMILY. 

seeds, from which castor-oil is expressed, and in ornamental grounds for its 
magnificent foliage ; the peltate and palmately 7 - 11-cleft leaves 1° - 2° broad, 
or even more : fl. late summer. 

5. JATROPHA. (Derivation of name obscure.) Chiefly troj)ical plants ; 
one is a Aveedj plant wild S., viz. 

J, urens, var. stimulosa (or J. stimulosa), Tread-Softlt or Spurge- 
Nettle, names referring to its stinging bristly hairs, which are like those of 
Nettles : dry sandy soil, tjranching, 6' -12' high ; leaves rounded heart-shaped, 
3-5-]obed or variously cleft or parted; flowers slender, white ; stamens 10, 
their filaments almost separate. 2/ 

6. BUXUS, BOX. (Ancient Latin, from the Greek name of the Box-tree. ) 
B. sempervirens, Tree Box, and its more common var. kIna, the 

Dwarf Box, Avith much smaller leaves, from the Mediterranean, are planted 
North chiefly for borders, especially the Dwarf Box. 

7. PACHYSANDRA. (The name in Greek means ^/i/c^ sta772e??s.) 11 
P. prociimbens. Eocky Avoods, W. slope of the Alleghanies, and in some 

gardens ; developing its copious spikes from the base of the short procumbent 
densely tufted stems, in early spring. 

103. URTICACE^, NETTLE FAMILY. 

This family, taken in the largest sense, includes very various 
apetalous plants, with monoecious or dioecious flowers (except in 
the Elm Family), having a distinct calyx free from the 1 -seeded 
fruit. Inner bark generally tough. Leaves with stipules, which 
are sometimes early deciduous. There are four suborders. 

I. ELM FAMILY. Trees, the juice not miiky. Leaves 
alternate, 2-ranked, simple : stipules small and falling early. 
Flowers monoeciously polygamous, many of tiiem perfect, with 
the lilaments not inflexed in the bud, and 2 diverging styles or 
long stigmas. Ovary 1 - 2-celled, with 1 or 2 hanging ovules, 
in fruit always 1-celled and 1-seeded. 

* Fruit dry, winged or nut-like. Anthers turned outwards. 

1. ULMUS. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-9-cleft. Stamens 4-9: filaments long and 

slender. Ovary mostly 2-celled, becoming a 1-celled thin samara or key- 
frait winged all round (Lessons, p. 131, fig. 301). Flowers in clusters in 
axils of last year's leaves, in early spring, before the leaves of the season, 
pm-plish or yellowish-gi-een. Leaves straight -veined, serrate. 

2. PLANER A. Like Elm, but flowers more polygamous, appearing with the 

leaA^s in small axillary clusters ; the lobes of the calyx and stamens only 4 
or 5; the 1-celled l-OAnaled ovary fonuing a wingless nut-like fruit. 
* * Fruit a berry-like globular small drupe. Anther's turned inward. 

3. CELTIS. Calyx 5 - 6-parted, persistent. Stamens 5 or 6. Stigmas very long, 

tapering. Ovary and drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Flowers gi-eeni^h, in the 
axils of the leaves; the lower ones mostly staminate and clustered, the upper 
fertile and mostly solitary on a slender peduncle. 

II. FIG FAMILY. Trees with milky or colored acrid or 
poisonous juice. Leaves alternate. Flowers strictly monoecious or 
dicecious. Styles or stigmas commonly 2. 

■ § 1. Flowers of both kinds mixed, lining the inside of a closed fleshy receptacle, or 
hollow jiower-stalk, which ripens into what seems to be a sort of berry. 

4. FICUS. Receptacle in which the flowers are concealed borne in the axil of 

the leaves. Akene seed-like. Stipules large, successively enveloping the 
young leaves in the bud, falling off as the leaves expand. 



NETTLE FAMILY. 297 

§ 2. Fhirers of ike two Mnds mostly separate ; the fertile crowded in catkin-lihe 

s/jikes or heads, lohich become [fleshy in fruit : filaments infitxed in the bud, 

spreading elusiically when the calyx exjyands. 

6. MORUS. FlowersusuallymoncEcious, both sorts in catkin-like spikes. Calyx 

4-parted. Stamens 4. Fertile spike altogether becoming an oval or oblong 

multiple pulpy fruit imitating a blackberry, but the pulp consists of the 

cnlyx, bracts, &c. of the flowers, each enclosing a small akene. 

6. BRODSSONETIA. Flowers dioecious; the sterile in cylindrical catkins, and 

like those of Mulberry; the fertile in globular heads, mixed with little bristly 
scales, their calyx urn-shaped and 3-4-toothed, out of which the ripened 
ovary protrudes and forms a club-shaped rather fleshy fruit. Style single. 

7. MACLQRA. Flowe s dioecious; the sterile in racemes, and nearly like those 

of jMulbeny ; the fertile densely crowded in a large spherical head, its calyx 
of 4 unequal sepnls, in fruit enclosing the small akene: the whole head 
ripening into a fleshy yellow mass, resembling an orange with a roughish 
surface. 

III. NETTLE FAMILY proper. Herbs, as to our wild 
species, with bland Vv-atery juice and tough fibrous barli : many are 
armed wi'h stinging hairs. P^lowers monoecious or dioecious, green- 
ish. Filaments transversely wrinkled and infiexed in the bud, 
straightening elastically when the calyx opens. Fruit an akene : 
style or stigma one and simple. — All ours worthy of notice belong 
to the. three following genera. 

8. URTICA. Flowers in racemed, spiked, or head-like clusters; the calyx in 

both sorts of 4 separate sepals. Stamens 4. Stigma a sessile globular tuft. 
Akene flat, ovate, straight and erect, enclosed between the larger pair of 
sepals. Herbage beset with stinging hairs : leaves opposite. 

9. LAPORTEA. Flowers in loose open cymes, the upper chiefly fertile, and 

lower sterile; the latter with 5 sepals and stamens; the latter of 4 very 
unequal sepals, the two outer or one of them minute. Stigma slender awl- 
shaped, hairy down one side, persistent on the ovate flat very oblique and 
nearly naked akene, which is soon reflexed on its wing-margined pedicel. 
Herbage beset with stings : leaves large, alternate. 

10. BGEHMERIA. Flowers either dioecious or intermixed, clustered in spikes; the 

sterile as in Urtica; the fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped calyx barely 
toothed at the apex, enclosing the ovary and closely investing the oblong flat 
akene. ISIo stings. 

IV. HEMP FAMILY. Rough herbs, with watery juice and 
tough fibrous bark. Leaves mostly opposite and palmately lobed 
or compound. Flowers dioecious, greenish ; the sterile in axillary 
loose compound racemes or panicles, the fertile in close clusters or 
catkins : calyx of the former with 5 sepals, of the latter one scale- 
like sepal embracing the ovary and akene. Stigmas or hairy styles 
two, long. 

11. CANNABIS. Erect herb. Stamens 5, drooping. Fertile flowers in irregular 

spiked clusters. Leaves of 5-7 lanceolate irregularly tootlied leaflets. 

12. HUiMULUS. Tall-tAvining. Stamens erect. Fertile flowers in solitary short 

catkins or s]nkes, 2 flowers under each of the broad thin bracts whicli make 
the scales of the strobile or hop-fruit. 

1. IJLMUS, ELM. (The classical Latin name.) Fine trees in deep, 
mostly moist or alluvial soil. Fl. early spi'ing ; fruit in early summer. 

§ 1 . Leaves rough and harsh on the upper, soft and iisnalli/ doniii/ on the hirer 
surface: seed in the middle of the orhicHhir or round-oval fruit, far airay 
from the shallow notch : Jiower-clusters (/lobular : pedicels very short. 
IT. fulva, Slippkry Elm. Common, rather small tree through the coun- 
try, with tough reddish wood, well-known very mucilaginous inner bark, and 



298 NETTLE FAMILY. 

rusty-downy buds ; leaves 4' -8' long, doubly serrate, very rough above ; these 
and the flowers sweet-scented in drying ; calyx-lobes and stamens 7 - 9 ; fruit 
much less than 1' long, the seed-bearing centre pubescent. 

U. montana, Wych or Scotch Elm. Planted from Eu. : leaves smaller 
and less rough ; buds not downy ; calyx-lobes and stamens about 5 ; fruits 1' 
long, smooth. 

§ 2. Leaves smooth above, smaller: notch at the summit of the fruit reaching nearly 
to the seed-bearing cell : fruit only about ^' long. 

* European species occasionally planted : flowers in close clusters : pedicels very 

short or hardly any : stamens 4 or 5 ; fruit smooth, round-obovate. 

U. campestris (or glabra), English Elm. Large tree with rather short 
horizontal or ascending branches ; leaves 2' -4' long, mostly or soon smooth. 

U. SUberosa, European Cork-Elm. Probably a mere variety of the 
preceding, with thick plates of cork on the branches. 

* * Wild species, with the flowers soon hanging on- slender stalks, which are jointed 

above the middle : fruit ovate or oval, with 2 sharp teeth at apex, the margin 
downy-ciliate at least when young. 

IT. Americana, American or White Elm. Well known large tree, 
with long ascending branches gradually spreading, drooping slender branchlets, 
which are smooth as well as the buds, not corky ; the abruptly pointed leaves 
2' - 4' long ; flowers in close clusters, with usually 7-9 calyx-lobes and stamens ; 
fruit smooth except the margins, its incurved points closing the notch. 

U. racemosa, Corky White Elm. Resembles the foregoing, but with 
downy-ciliate bud-scales ; branches becoming corky, young branchlets some- 
what pubescent, leaves with straighter veins, and flowers racemed. 

U. alata, Whahoo or Winged Elm. Virginia to 111. and S. : small 
tree, with bud-scales and branchlets nearly smooth, winged plates of cork on 
the branches, and small thicldsh leaves (l'-2' long) almost sessile. 

2. PLANERA, PLANER-TREE. (Named for /. J. Planer, a German 
Botanist.) Flowers greenish, appearing with the leaves in early spring. 

P. aquatiea, American P. River swamps, from Kentucky S. : small 
tree, leaves ovate-oblong, smooth ; fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular 
warts or crests. 

3. CELTIS, HACKBERRY or NETTLE-TREE. (Ancient Greek name 
for the Lotus-berry, produced by the European species.) El. spring: fruit 
ripe in autumn, eatable. 

C. OCCidentalis, American H. Small or middle-sized tree, of rich low 
grounds ; with reticulated ovate and taper-pointed serrate or entire leaves, 
oblique or partly heart-shaped at base, sweet thin-fleshed fruit as large as a pea. 
Var. pumila, a straggling bush, chiefly S., only 4° - 10° high. 

4. PIOUS, FIG. (The Latin, altered from the Greek name of the Eig.) 
P. Carlca, Common Fig. Cult, from the Levant, as a house-plant N. : 

leaves broad, 3-5-lobed, roughish above, rather downy beneath; figs single in 
the axils, pear-shaped, luscious. 

P. elastica, India-Rubber-tree of E. Indies (not that of S. America) : 
tree cult, in conservatories for its beautiful leaves, 6' -10' long, oval-oblong, 
entire, thick, smooth, bright green, glossy above. 

P. repens, from China, a delicate creeping species, fixing itself firmly by 
rootlets and covering walls in conservatories; leaves 1' or less long, oblong- 
ovate, with unequal partly heart-shaped base. 

5. MORTIS, MULBERRY. (Old Greek and Latin name.) Leaves heart- 
shaped or ovate, mostly serrate, often palmately lobed ; short catkin-like 
spikes axillary or lateral ; fl. spring : fruit in summer, eatable. 

M. r libra, Red Mulberry. Low tree, wild in rich woods or along 
streams ; leaves rough above, downy beneath, pointed ; spikes often dioecious, 
fruit cylindrical, red, turning dark purple. 



NETTLE FAMILY. 299 

M. nigra, Black M. Middle-sized tree, planted and sparingly run wild 
from the Levant ; leaves rough. ; spikes short and short-peduucled ; fruit short- 
oblong or globular, red turning black, pleasant-tasted. 

M. alba, White M. Small tree, planted from China : the leaves feed silk- 
worms, these are smooth and mostly oblique at base ; spikes slender-peduncled, 
in fruit oval or oblong, white or paie rose-color, rather insipid. 

6. BROXJSSOWETIA, PAPER-MULBERRY. (Named for Bwussonet, 
a French naturalist.) 

B. papyrifera, of Japan. Cult, as a shade-tree from New York S. : 
spreading by suckers, with a very fibrous bark ; leaves rough above, downy be- 
neath, serrate, some of them ovate or slightly heart-shaped, others 3-cleft or 
variously lobed : flowering in spring. 

7. MACLtlBA, OSAGE-ORANGE. (Named for the late Mr. Maclure, 
founder of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. ) 

M. aurantlaea. Common 0., or Bois d'arc (Bow-wood, the tough 
yellow wood used for bows by the Indians). Low bushy tree from Arkansas, 
&c. : multiplying ra])idly by its running roots ; planted for hedges, especially 
W. ; armed with slender and very sharp spines ; leaves lance-ovate, entire, very 
glossy : fl. spring. 

8. UIITICA, NETTLE. (The classical Latin name.) Common in waste 
grounds and near dwellings : fl. summer. 

* Flower-chisters in branching panided spikes : often dioecious. 2/ 

U. dioioa, ComxMOn N. A weed from Eu., full of stings, 2° -3° high, 
with heart-ovate very deeply serrate leaves downy beneath. 

XJ. gracilis. Fence-rows, &c. : 2° - 6° high, with ovate-lanceolate less 
deeply serrate leaves, longer petioles, rather few stings, and slender spikes. 

* * Flower-clusters shorter than the petiole, mostly 2 in the same axil, containing 
both sorts of flowers : stings scattered. ® 

U. chamaBdryoides. Wild S. & W. : slender, with heart-ovate or lance- 
ovate leaves moderately toothed, and dense floAver-clusters. 

U. urens. Small N. Weed from Eu., not common : 8' -12' high, with 
ovate leaves deeply cut into long spreading teeth ; flower-clusters small, loose. 

9. LAPORTEA, WOOD-NETTLE. (Named for one Zaporte.) X 

L. Canadensis. Moist and rich woods : 20-3° high; ovate leaves 4' -7' 
long and long-petioled, a single 2-cleft stipule in the axil : fl. all summer. 

10. BCEHMERIA, FALSE-NETTLE. (Named for Prof Bohmer of 
Germany.) 2/ 

B. cyiindrica. Moist shady grounds, 10-3° high, smoothish ; leaves 
mostly opposite, ovate or lance-ovate, 3-nerved, serrate, long-petioled ; flower- 
clusters crowded in long narrow interrupted spikes, in summer. 

B., nivea, Ramie, or the Grass-Cloth Plant of China, &c., 3^-4° high, 
with ovate leaves white-downy beneath, is recently planted S. W. for its very 
valuable textile fibres. 

11. CANNABIS, HEMP. ( The ancient name. ) Fl. all summer. ® 

C. sativa, Common Hemp. Tall coarse plant from the Old World : cult, 
for the fibres of its stem. 

12. HUMULUS, HOP. (Name said to be a diminutive of humus, the 
ground; the application not apparent.) Fl. summer. 2/ 

H. Ltipulus, Common Hop. Wild in alluvial soil N. & W. : also cult, 
from Eu. for hops : the aromatic bitterness resides in the yellow resinous grains 
Avhich appear on the fruiting calyx, akenes, &c. ; stems' almost prickly down- 
wards ; leaves heart-shaped and strongly 3 - 7-lobed. 



300 WALNUT FAMILY. 

104. PLATANACE^, PLANE-TREE FAMILY. 

This order, if it may be so called, consists merely of the small 
genus 

1. PL AT ANUS, PLANE-TREE. (The ancient name of the Oriental 
species^ from the Greek word for broad, alhiding either to the leaves or the 
wide-spreading branches.) Elowers monoecious, in separate naked heads 
hanging on slender peduncles ; the sterile of many short stamens with club- 
shaped little scales intermixed ; the fertile of club-shaped or inversely py- 
ramidal ovaries mixed with little scales and tipped Avith a slender awl-.-;haped 
simple style, ripening into a sort of akene Avith a tawny-hairy contracted 
base. No evident calyx. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or angled, the 
hollowed base of the petiole covering and concealing the axillary bud (Les- 
sons, p. 22, fig. 50) : stipules sheathing, like those of the Polygonum Family. 
El. spring. 

P. oecidentalis, American Plane, Stca3iore, or Buttokwood. 
Well-known large tree by river-banks, with white close bark separating in thin 
brittle plates ; leaves truncate or heart-shaped at base, rather scurfy-downy 
until old, the short lobes sharp-pointed, and fertile heads solitary. 

P. orientalis, Oriental Plane, especially its var. ackbifolia, seldom 
planted in this country, is very like ours, but has, leaves more cut and sooner 
smooth, the heads larger. 

105. JUGLANDACE^, WALNUT FAMILY. 

Trees with alternate pinnate leaves, no stipules, and monoecious 
flowers ; the sterile ones in catkins with an irregular calyx and 
several stamens ; the fertile single or 2 or more in a cluster, with a 
3 - 5-lobed calyx, the tube of which is adherent to the ovary. 
The latter is incompletely 2 - 4-celled, but has only a single ovule, 
erect from its base, and ripens into a large fruit, the bony inner part 
of which forms the nut, the fleshy at length dry outer part the 
husk. Seed 4-lobed, filled with the fleshy and oily embryo, the 
large and separated cotyledons deeply two-lobed and crumpled or 
corrugated. 

1. JUGLAXS. Sterile flowers in solitaiy catkins from the wood of the preceding 

veiir, each with 12-40 stamens on very short filaments. Fertile flowers on 
a terminal peduncle, with a 4-toothed calyx, 4 little gi-een petals, and 2 club- 
shaped and fringed conspiciious stigmas. " Husk of the fruit drying up with- 
out splitting. Bark and shoots resinous-aromatic and strong-scented. Buds 
several, one over the other^the uppermost far above the axil (Lessons, p. 27, 
fig. 52). Pith in plates. Leaflets numerous. 

2. CARTA. Sterile flowers in clustered lateral catkins, with 3-10 ahnost sessile 

anthers. Fertile flowers 2 -5 in a cluster on a terminal peduncle: no petals: 
stigmas 2 or 4, large. Eusk of the fruit splitting into 4 valves and falling 
awliy from the smooth nut. Valuable timber and nut trees, Avith very hard 
and'toush wood, and scalv buds single (Lessons, p. 22, fig. 49), from which 
are usuahy put forth both kinds of flowers, the sterile below and the fertile 
above the leaves. 

L JIJGL AIM'S, WALNUT. (Name from Jovis glans, the nut of Jupiter.) 
Fl. spring : fruit ripe in autumn. Seed sweet and edible. 

*- Native trees of the country: nut with very rough and furrowed surface, from 
which the dried husk does not fall away : seed very oily. 

J. einerea, Butternut or White Vf . Middle-sized tree, mostly N. : 
stalks and shoots clammy-downy; leaflets downy, at least bencatli, oblong- 
lanceolate, pointed, serrate , fruit oblong ; nut with very rugged ridges. 



OAK FAMILY. 301 

J. nigra. Black W. Large tree, commoner W. & S. : stalks and shoots 
not clammy, minutely downy ; leaflets smoothish, ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; 
fruit spherical. 

* *- Planted from the Old World : husk friable, separating when dry from the 

roundish and smoothish thin-shelled nut. 

J. regia, English Walnut, so called, but native of Asia : leaflets oval, 
entire, smoothish ; fruit ripens sparingly in Middle States. 

2. CAE-YA, HICKORY. (Greek name of the Walnut, applied to these 
North American trees.) Fl. in rather late spring : nuts fall in autumn. 
§ 1. Sterile catkins in a sessde cluster: leaflets 13-15, short-stalked: nut edible. 

C. olivssformis, Pecan-nut. Along rivers, from Illmois S. : leaflets 
oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; nut cylindrical-oblong, olive-shaped, the seed 
delicious. 

§ 2. Sterile catkins 3 or more together on a common peduncle : leaflets sessile or 
nearly so, of 5-9 or rarely 11-13 leaflets : nut globular or short-oval. 

* Nuts sweet-tasted and edible {the hickonj-nuts of the market) ; the husk splitting 

into 4 thick and hard valves : buds large, of about 10 scales. 

C. alba, Shell-baek or Shag-Bark H. Commonest E. : bark of old 
trunks very shaggy, separating in rough strips ; inner bud-scales becoming very 
large and conspicuous on the young shoot ; leaflets 5, the 3 upper much larger 
and lancc-obovate ; nut white. 

C. sulcata, Western Shell-bark H. From Penn. W. & S. : differs 
from the foregoing in lighter-colored heart-wood, 7-9 leaflets more downy be- 
neath, fruit with very thick husk 4-ribbed above the middle, and larger yellow- 
ish or dull-white nut (sometimes 2' long) mostly with a point at both ends. 

C. tomentdsa, Mocker-nut or^WniTE-HEART H. Common E. & S. : 
bark rough, biit not splitting oif in strips ; shoots and lower surfiice of the 
leaves woolly-downy when young; leaflets 7-9, lance-obovate, or the lower 
lance-oblong ; fruit with very thick hard husk, and globular nut (not flatfish on 
the sides) brownish, very thick-shelled, hardly fit to eat. 

* * Nuts bitter, in a rather thin and friable husk, ivhich splits onhi at the top, or 

tardily to near the base : bark on the trunk close : bud-scales falling early. 

O. poreina. Brown H. or Pig-nut. Colnmon N. : bark of trunk 
rough; bud-scales about 10, small; shoots and leaves nearly smooth; leaflets 
5-7, obovate-lanceolate; fruit pear-shaped; nut oblong or oval, hard-shelled, 
seed at first sweet, then bitterish. 

C. amara, Bitter-nut. Moist or low grounds : bark of trunk smooth and 
very close ; yellowish bud-scales about 6 ; shoots and leaves pubescent when 
young; leaflets 7-11, lanceolate or lance-oblong; fruit and white thin-shelled 
and tender nut globular ; seed at first sweet, then very bitter. 

C aquatiea, Water H. River-swamps S. ' Small tree, with rough 
bark; bud-scales as in the last; leaflets 9-13, lanceolate, smooth; nut thm- 
shelled, 4-angular, flatfish ; seed very bitter. 

108. CUPULIFER^, OAK FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, 
very deciduous stipules, and monoscioiis flowers ; the sterile in 
slender catkins (except in the Beech) ; the fertile solitary, clustered, 
or sometimes spiked, and furnished with an involucre which forms 
a cup or covering to the 1-celled 1 -seeded nut. This nut comes 
from an ovary with 2 or more cells having one or two ovules hang- 
ing from the summit of each ; but all except one coll and one 
ovule are abortive. There is a calyx adhering to tlu^ ovary, as is 
pbown by the minute teeth crowning its summit. Seed lilled by 
the embryo, which has thick and fleshy cotyledons. 



302 OAK FAMILY. 

§ 1. Sterile Jloioers with a distinct 4 - 7-lobed calyx and 3-20 slender stamens : fertile 

Jiowers 1-4: in a cup or bur-like involucre. 
* Sterile jiowers clustered in slender catkins : their bracts inconspicuous or deciduous. 

1. QUERCUS. Stamens 3 - 12. Fertile flower only one in the bud-like involucre, 

which becomes a scaly cup. Stigma 3-lobed. Nut (acom) terete, with a firm 
shell, from Avhich the thick cotyledons do not emerge in germination. (Les- 
sons, p. 130, fi^. 299; p. 13, fig." 21, 22.) 

2. CASTAXEA. Stamens 8-20. Fertile fiowers few (commonly 3) in each in- 

volucre, one or more ripening ; stigmas mostly 6 or 7, bristle-shaped. Nuts 
coriaceous, ovoid, when more than one flattened on one or both sides, en- 
closed in the hard and thick very prickly bur-like at length 4-valved invo- 
lucre. Cotyledons somewhat folded together and cohering, remaining under 
ground in germination. 

* * Sterile Jiowers in small heads on drooping peduncles. 

3. FAGUS. Calyx of sterile flowers bell-shaped, 5 -7-cleft, containing 8-16 long 

stamens. Fertile flowers 2 together on the summit of a scaly-bracted pe- 
duncle; the innermost scales uniting form the 4-lobed involucre: ovary 
3-celled when young, crowned by 6 awl-shaped calyx-teeth and a 8-cleft or 
3 thread-like styles : in fruit a pair of sharply 3-sided nuts in the 4-cleft soft- 
prickly rigid involucre. Cotyledons thick, somewhat crumpled together, but 
rising and expanding in germination. (Lessons, p. 11, fig. 13-15.) 

§2. Sterile Jiowers consisting of a feio short stamens partly adhering to the bract^ 
and destitute of any proper calyx; the anthers \-celled: fertile flowers in 
pairs under each bract of a head, spike, or shoi't catkin, each with one or tioo 
bractlets, forming afoliaceous or sac-like involucre to the nut. Sterile catkins 
rather dense. 

4. CORYLUS. Scales of the sterile catkin consisting of a bract to the inside of 

which 2 bractlets and several stamens adhere. Fertile flowers in a little 
head, like a scaly bud: stigmas 2, long and red. Nut rather large, bonj*, 
wholly or partly enclosed in a leaf-like or tubular and cut-lobed or toothed 
involucre. 

5. OSTRYA. Scales of the sterile catkin simple. Fertile flowers in a sort of 

slender catkin, its bracts deciduous, each flower an ovary tipped with 2 long 
slender stiginas and enclosed in a tubular bractlet, which becomes a bladdery 
greenish- white oblong bag, in the bottom of which is the httle nut: these 
together form a sort of hop-like fi-uit. 

6. CARPINUS. Sterile catkin as in Ostrya. Fertile flowers in a sort of slender 

loose catkin ; each with a pair of separate 3-lobed bractlets, which become 
leaf-like, one each side of the small nerved nut. 

1. QUERCUS, OAK. (The classical Latin name.) Plowers in spring; 
acorns ripe in autumn. All but one of the following species ai'e natives 
of the country. 

§ 1 . Annualfruited Oaks, the acoi-ns maturing the autumn of the first year, there- 
fore on the wood of the season, usually in the axil of the leaves, out of 
which they are often raised on a peduncle: kernel commonly sweet-tasted: 
no bristles on the lobes or teeth of the leaves. 
* White Oaks, with lyrately or sinuate! y pimiatifid and deciduous leaves. 
-t- European tree, more or less planted eastward. 
Q,. Robur, European or English Oak. Belongs to the same section 
with our White Oak ; but leaves smaller, not glaucous beneath, sinuate-lobed, 
but hardly pinnatifid ; acorn oblong, over 1' long, —one or a few in a cluster 
which is nearly sessile in the axils in var. sessilifloea, — raised on a slender 
peduncle in var. pedunculata. 

H_ ^_ Native species : leaves pale or whitish beneath. 
Q. alba, White Oak. Rich soil : large tree with whitish bark ; leaves 
soon smooth, bright green above, whitish beneath, with 3-9 oblong or linear 
obtuse and mostly entire oblique lobes ; the shallow rough cup very much 
shorter than the oVoid-oblong (about 1' long) acorn ; seed edible. 

Q. obtusiloba, Post Oak, Rough or Box White Oak. Small tree in 
barren soil, commonest S., with very durable wood; thickish leaves grayish 



OAK FAMILY. 303 

downy beneath, pale and rough above, sinuately 5 - 7-lobed, the lobes divergent 
and rounded, the upper pair larger and sometimes 1-3-notched; naked cup 
deep saucer-shaped, half or one third the length of the small acorn 

Q. macrocarpa, Bur-Oak, Over-cup or Mossy-cup White Oak. 

Middle-sized tree in fertile soil, commonest W. : with obovate or oblong lyrately 
pinnatifid leaves, of various shape, pale or downy beneath, smooth above ; 
cup deep, thick and woody, from hardly 1' to 2' in diameter, covered with hard 
and thick pointed scales, the upper ones tapering into bristly points, making a 
mossy-fringed border; acorn I'-l^' long, half or wholly covered by the cup. 

Q. iyrata, Southern Overcup Oak. ' Large tree in river-swamps, from 
N. Car. S. & W. : leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong, 
Avith 7-9 triangular and entire acute lobes, glossy above, whitish-downy be- 
neath ; cup sessile, globular, rough with rugged scales, almost covering the 
globular nut. 

* * Chestnut-Oaks, ivith toothed or sinuate leaves, not lohed except slightly in 

the first species, ivhite or whitish downy beneath: cup hoary, about half the 
length of the oblon<j-ovoid edible acorn. 

Q. bieolor, Swamp White Oak. Low grounds, chiefly N. & W. : tall 
tree, with leaves intermediate between the White and the Chestnut Oaks, being 
more or less obovate and sinuate-toothed, or some of them nearly pinnatifid, 
hoary with soft down beneath, wedge-shaped at base, the main veins only 6-8 
pairs and not prominent ; peduncle in fruit longer than the petiole ; cup often 
mossy-fringed at the margin ; acorn hardly 1' long. 

Q. Prinus, Chestnut Oak. The leading form is Swamp Chestnut 
Oak, in low grounds mainly S. ; with obovate or oblong leaves wavy-toothed 
and minutely downy beneath, the main veins 10-16 pairs and prominent be- 
neath ; fruit-bearing peduncle short ; the thick cup I' - 1' wide, tubercled with the 
thick scales ; acorn 1' or less long. — Var. monticola. Rock Chestnut Oak, 
has large acorns like the above, but more the chestnut-like leaves of the next ; 
grows in and near the mountains. — Var. acuminata. Yellow Chestnut Oak 
of rich rather dry soil through the interior, mostly of the Middle States, has 
chestnut-like oblong or lanceolate leaves, mostly roundish at base, on slender 
petioles, equally and sharply toothed, and very straight- veined ; cup about ^' 
broad, its scales small and close ; acorn rather small. 

Q, prinoides, Dwarf Chestnut or Chinquapin-Oak. Barren or 
sandy soil, mostly E. : shrub 2° -4° high, with obovate or oblong sinuate 
leaves narrowed at base ; and acorns and cup like those of true Chestnut Oak, 
but very much smaller ; producing little abortive acorns in the axils of some of 
the scales of the cup. 

* * * Live Oak, with evergreen coriaceous leaves, not lobpd. 
Q. virens, Live Oak. Barrens or sands along the coast from Yirg. S. 
Small or large tree, or a mere shrub, with very durable firm wood, the branch- 
lets and lower face of the small oblong entire (or rarely spiny-toothed) leaves 
hoary ; conspicuous peduncle bearing 1-3 small fruits, with top-shaped cup 
and oblong acorn. 

§ 2. Biennial-fruited Oaks, the acorns not maturing until the autumn of 
the second year, these therefore borne on old wood be.loiv the learps of the 
season, on short and thick peduncles or none : kernel always bitter : tip or 
lobes of the leaves commonly bristle-pointed. 

* Thickish-lbavbd Oaks, some of them almost or quite evergreen, at the South, 

coriaceous but deciduous N., entire, sparingly toothed, or barely 3-lobed at 
the summit. 

-t- Leaves generally entire, not widened upwards : acorns spherical, small. 

Q. cin^rea, Upland Willow Oak. Dry pine-barren^, S. E. Virginia 
and S. Small tree or shrub ; resembles Live Oak, but more downy, nm*rowor- 
Icavcd, the cup shallow, and small acorn globular. 

_Q. Phellos, Willow Oak. Satuly low woods from New Ycn-k S. : a 
middle-sized tree, remarkable for its linear-lanceolate smooth wiilow-like leaves 
narrowed at both ends. 



304 OAK FAMILY. 

Q. inibricaria, Laurel or Shingle Oak. Rather sterile soil, from New 
Jersey W. & S. W. : a middle-sized tree, with laurel-like lance-oblong leaves 
glossy above, more or less downy beneath. 

•i- -i- Leaves icidming upwards, where they are sometimes moderate! ij 3- 5-lobed : 
acorns globular, ovoid, small. 

Q. aquatiea, Water Oak. Wet ground from Maryland S. : a small 
tree, with very smooth and glossy obovate-spatnlate oblanceolate or wedge- 
oblong leaves long-tape"ring at base ; cup saucer-shaped. 

Q. nigra, Black-Jack or Barren Oak. Barrens, from New York S. 
& Vv\ : low tree (8°- 25° high), with wedge-shaped leaves v'idelv dilated and 
mostly S-iobed at summit, but often rounded at the narrow base', rusty-downy 
beneath, smooth and glossy above ; cup top-shaped, coarse-scaly. 

* * Black and Red Oaks, with long-petioled and sinuate-lobed or pinnatijid 
deciduous leaves. 
-I- Downy beneath even when mature : cup saucer-shaped tcith top-shaped base. 
Q. ilicifolia, Bear or Black Scrub-Oak. Sterile hills and barrens, 
mostly N. & W. : shrub 3° -8° high, straggling; leaves obovate Avith wedge- 
shaped base, above angularly 3 - 7-lobed, whitish-downy beneath ; acorn ovoid, 
barely i-' long. 

Q. faleata, Spanish Oak. Dry soil, New Jersey to 111. and S. : large 
tree, Avith ob'ong leaves obtuse or rounded at base, 3 - .5-lobed above, grayish or 
yellowish-downy beneath, the lobes mostly narrow and entire or "^sparingly 
toothed and somewhat curved ; acorn globular, hardly |-' long. 

H- -1- Muture leaves smooth on both sides or nearly so, generally ovate, oblong, or 
some of the larger obovate in outline, and varying from sinuately to deeply 
pinnatijid, turning various shades of red or crimson in late autumn : wood 
course-grained. 
-w- Leaves with wedge-shaped base and short petiole, rather thick and coriaceous. 

Q. Catesbsei, Turkey or Barrens Scrub-Oak. Small tree in pine 
barrens S. : leaves deeply pinnatifid or 3-5-cleft, the long and narrow or un- 
equal lobes somewhat scythe-shaped and often nearly entire ; cup very thick 
and of coarse scales, 1' or less broad, half enclosing the ovoid nut. 

++ ++ Leaves mostly rounded or obtuse at the base, slender-petioled, thinner. 

Q. eoeeinea, Scarlet Oak. Dry or barely moist soil : large tree, with 
gray bark, the interior reddish, rather firm leaves more or less glossy above and 
deeply pinnatifid ; cup coarse-scaly, top-shaped or hemispherical Avith a conical 
scaly base, covering half or more of the roundish acorn (this ^' -%' long). 

Var. tinctoria, Quercitron, Yelloav-barked, or Black Oak. Bark 
of trunk darker-colored, thicker, rougher, internally orange (quercitron), and 
much more valuable ro the tanner and dyer ; cup less top-shaped ; leaves less 
pinnatifid or some of them barely sinuate, thinner, less gloss}', and more like 
those of the next. • 

Q. rubra, Red Oak. Common in rich and poor soil : large tree, with 
dark gray smoothish bark, very coarse reddish Avood, and thinnish moderately 
pinnatifid leaves ; cup saucer-shaped, sessile or on a short and abrupt narrow 
neck, of fine close scales, very much shorter than the nearly oblong acorn (this 
1' or less in length). 

Q. paliistris, Saa^\mp Spanish or Pin Oak. Loav grounds, only N. : 
middle-sized tree, AA-ith less coarse AA^ood, deeply pinnatifid smooth leaves Avith 
their divergent lobes sepai'ated by bi'oad and rounded sinuses ; cup flat-saucer- 
shaped Avith a short scaly base or stalk, of fine scales, very much shorter than 
the roundish acorn, Avhich is barely ^' in length. 

2. CASTAWEA, CHESTNUT. (Classical name, taken from that of a 
tOAvn in Thessaly. ) FloAVcrs in summer, ajDpearing later than the elongated 
strongly straight-veined and merely serrate leaves. 

C. vesea, European Chestnut : seldom planted : large ti-ee, Avith oblong- 
lanceolate pointed leaA'es beset Avith coai'se sharp-pointed teeth, AA'hen matm'e 
smooth and green both sides ; nuts 2 or 3 in each involucre. 



SWEET-GALE FAMILY. 305 

Var. Americana, American Chestnut : large tree in hilly woods, 
from Canada to Florida, distinguishable from the European only by leaves acute 
at the base, and nuts sweeter and smaller. 

C. pumila, Chinquapin. Sandy dry soil chiefly S. & E. : shrub or 
small tree; with lance-oblong leaves whitish downy beneath, and very sweet 
nut solitary in the involucre, therefore terete. 

3. FAGUS, BEECH. (Classical Latin name, from the Greek, alluding to 
the nuts being good to eat.) Flowers appearing with the (straight-veined 
and serrate) leaves, in spring. 

P. ferruginea, American Beech. Forest tree, commoner N., with fine- 
grained wood, close and smooth light .gray bark, and light horizontal spray ; 
the leaves oblong-ovate and taper-pointed, distinctly toothed, thin, their silky 
hairs early deciduous, the very straight veins all ending in the salient teeth. 

F. syiv^tiea, European Beech, occasionally planted as a shade-tree, is 
distinguished by broader and shorter, firmer, more hairy, and wavy-toothed 
leaves, some of the main veins tending to the sinuses. 

4. CORYLUS, HAZEL-NUT, FILBERT. (Classical Latin name.) 
Shrubs, with flowers in early spring, preceding the rounded-heart-shaped, 
doubly-serrate, at first downy leaves. Edible nuts ripe in autumn. 

C. Avellana, European H. or Filbert. Occasionally planted : 6° -10° 
high, with bristly shoots, and smoothish deeply-cleft involucre about the length 
of the (1' long) oval nut. 

C Americana, American H. Thickets : 4°-6° high, with more downy 
shoots, leaves, and involucre, the latter open down to the smaller globular nut 
in the form of a pair of broad cut-toothed leafy bracts. 

C. rostrata, Beaked H Thickets and banks, mostly K : 2° -5° high, 
with more ovate and scarcely heart-shaped leaves, the densely bristly involucre 
prolonged in a narrow curved tube much beyond the ovoid nut. 

5. OSTHYA, HOP-HORNBEAM. (The classical name.) Slender trees, 
with very hard wood : flowers appearing with the (Birch-like) leaves, in 

spring. 

O. Virginiea, American H., Iron-wood or Lever-wood. Rich woods : 
tree 30° - 50° high, with brownish rough bark, and oblong-ovate taper-pointed 
sharply doubly serrate leaves downy beneath, the sacs of the fruit bristly at base. 

6. CARPINUS, HORNBEAM, IRON-WOOD. (Ancient Latin name.) 
Low trees or tall shrubs, with furrowed trunks and very hard wood, the close 
gray bark and small leaves resembling those of the Beech ; flowers with the 
leaves, in spring. 

C. Americana, American H., also called Blue or Water Beech. 

Banks of streams: 10° -20° high; with ovate-oblong pointed doubly serrate 
leaves, becoming smooth, and halberd-3-lobed bracts of the involucre. 



107. MYEICACE^, SWEET-GALE FAMILY. 

Shrubs, with resinous-dotted often fragrant simple leaves, and 
moncecious or dioecious flowers, both kinds in short scjtly catkins or 
heads, and destitute of any- proper calyx, the 1 -seeded fruit a fleshy 
little drupe or at length dry nut, commonly coated with wax. 

1. MYRICA. Flowers mostly dioecious, the catkins from lateral scaly buds: each 

flower under a scale-like bract and with a pair of bractlets; the sterik> of 
2-8 stamens; the fertile of an ovary bearing 2 slender stigmas and surround- 
ed by a few little scales. 

2. COMl'TONIA Flowei-s mostly monoecious, the sterile in cylindrical catkins; 

tlie fertile m globular bur-like heads. Ovary surrounded by long awl-shr.pod 
scales which persist around the smooth little nut. 
20 



306 BIRCH FAMILY. 

1. MYRICA, BAYBEREY, SWEET GALE. (Ancient name of some 
ai-omatic shrub. ) El. spring, with or earlier than the leaves. 

M. Gale, Sweet Gale. Cold bogs N. : lo-4° high, with pale wedge- 
lanceolate leaves, serrate towards the apex ; little nuts crowded, and as if 
winged by a pair of scales. 

M. cerifera, Batberry, Wax-Myrtle. Along the coast : shrub 2° - 8° 
high, with fragrant lance-oblong or lanceolate mostly entire leaves, becoming 
glossy above, the scattered bony nuts thickly incrusted with greenish or white 
wax and appearing like berries. 

2. COMPTONIA, SAVEET-EERN. (Named for Henry Compton, a 
bishop of London. ) Elowers rather later than the leaves, in sjaring. 

C. asplenlfolia, the only species, in sterile rocky soil, chiefly E. : 10-2° 
high, with linear-lanceolate downy leaves pinnatifid into many short and rounded 
lobes, resembling a Eern, and sweet-aromatic. 

108. BETULACE.ZE, BIRCH FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs, often resinous-sprinkled and aromatic, with al- 
ternate, simple, mostly straight-veined leaves, commonly deciduous 
stipules, and monoecious flowers, both kinds in scaly catkins, and 2 
or 3 under each bract. Ovary 2-celled and 2-ovuled, but the fruit 
(a Httle nut or akene often surrounded by a wing like a samara) 
1 -ceiled and 1-seeded. Stigmas 2, thread-like. 

1. BETULA. Sterile catkins long and hanging: 3 flowers under each shield- 

shaped scaly bract, each with a scale bearing 4 short stamens with l-celled 
anthers. Fertile catkins stout: 2 or 3 flowers under each 3-lobed bract, each 
of a naked ovary ripening into a roimded broadly winged scale-like little key- 
fruit, tipped with the 2 stigmas. 

2. ALXUS. Flowers much as in Betula : but usually a distinct 3 - 5-parted calyx ; 

anthers 2-ceIled; oval fertile catkins composed of thick and at length 
woody persistent scales; and the little nutlets less wmged or wingless. 

1. BETULA, BIRCH. (The ancient Latin name.) Trees with slender 
spray (or a few low shrubs), more or less spicy-aromatic tsvigs, sessile scaly 
buds', floAvers in early spring along with the leaves ; the sterile catkins golden 
yellow ; the fertile ones mostly terminating very short 2-leaved branches of 
the season. The following are ail native trees. 

* TrimJc with brown or yellow-gray barJc, the inner and the twigs and thin straight- 

veined leaves spicy-aromatic : petioles short : thick fruiting catkins with 
their thin scales rather persistent : fruit ivith narrow wing. 

B. lenta, Sweet, Black, or Cherry Birch. Moist woods mostly N. : 
a rather large tree, with fine-grained valuable wood, dark brown close bark on 
the trunk (not peeling in thin layers) and bronze-reddish twigs, very aromatic ; 
leaves oblong-ovate and somewhat heart-shaped, sharply doubly serrate all round, 
soon glossy above and almost smooth ; fruiting catkins oblong-cylindrical. 

B. lutea, Yellow or Gray B. With the other and more northward : 
less aromatic ; bark of trunk yellowish-gray and somewhat silvery, separating 
in filmy layers ; leaves duller, more downy, and rarely at all heart-shaped ; 
fruiting catkins short-ob'ong. 

* * Trunk loith chalky-white hark peeling horizontally in thin sheets .• leaves and 

narrow cylindrical smooth catkins slender-stalked : bracts falling with the 
broad-winged fr u it. 
B. alba, var. populifolia, A3ierican White Birch. Small tree in low 
or sterile soil, from Penn. N. E., 15°- 25° high, with triangular very taper- 
pointed smooth and glossy leaves. 

B. papyraeea, Paper or Canoe Birch. Large tree, from upper part of 
Penn. N., mostly far N. ; with more ovate and even heart-shaped leaves (dull 



WILLOW FAMILY. 307 

beneath, and even dark green above), and more papery bark than in White 
Birch, separating in ample sheets. 

* * * Trunk with greenish-hrown hark, hardly peeling in layers, reddish twigs 
little aromatic, and oblong downy short-stalked catkins : wings of fruit hroad. 

B. nigra, Kivek or Red Birch. Middle-sized tree of low river-banks, 
commonest S. : leaves rhombic-ovate, whitish and mostly downy beneath. 

2. ALTSrUS, ALDER.. (Ancient Latin name.) Small trees or shrubs, with 
narrow leaf-buds of very few scales and often stalked, and catkins mostly 
clustered or racemed on leafless branchlets or peduncles. 

§ 1. Flowers with the haves in spring, the sterile from catkins which were naked 
over winter, while the fertile catkin was enclosed in a scaly bud. 

A. viridis, Green or Mountain Alder. Only rather far N., and on 
mountains : 3° - 8° high ; leaves round-oval or ovate, glutinous ; fruit with 
a broad thin wing. 

§ 2. Flowers in earliest spring, much before the leaves, both sorts from catkins 
which have remained naked over winter : wing of fruit narrow and thickish. 

A. Serrul^ta, Smooth a. Common, especially S. : 6' -12' high, with 
obovate smooth or smoothish leaves green both sides and sharply serrate. 

A. incana. Speckled or Hoary A. Common N. along streams : 8° - 20" 
high ; with broadly oval or ovate leaves rounded at base, serrate and often 
coarsely toothed, whitened and commonly downy beneath. 

109. SALICACE^, WILLOW FAMILY. 

Trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, soft light wood, alternate undi- 
vided leaves, either persistent or deciduous stipule.^, and dioecious 
flowers ; both kinds in catkins, one flower under each bract or scale, 
the staminate of naked stamens only ; the fertile of a 1 -celled ovary 
which becomes a 2-valved pod with 2 parietal or basal placentae, 
bearing numerous seeds furnished a tuft of long cottony down at 
one end. 

1. SALIX. Scales of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of few or rarely many 

stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers with a little 
gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side: stigmas 2, short, each 
sometimes 2-Iobed. Shrubs or trees with lithe branches, mostly 1-scaled 
buds, and narrow leaves. 

2. POPULUS. Scales of the catkins cut or cleft at the apex. Flowers on a cup- 

shaped oblique disk. Stamens usually numei-ous. Stigmas long. Catkins 
drooping; flowers preceding the leaves, these mostly broad. Buds scaly. 

1. SALIX, WILLOW, OSIER. (The classical Latin name.) The Wil- 
lows, especially the numerous wild ones, are much too difficult for the be- 
ginner to undertake. For their study the Manual must be used. The 
following are the common ones planted from the Old World, with some of 
the most tree-like wild ones. 

§ 1. Stamens 2, but their f. laments and of en the anthers also xinited into one. 

S. purpurea, of Eu. : known by the reddish or olive-colored twigs, lateral 
catkins before the leaves and with dark scales, red anthers, and sessile downy 
ovary. 

§ 2. Stamens 2 and separate. 

* Flowers earlier than the leaves: catkins sessile along the shoot of preceding year. 

S. vimin^lis. Basket W. or Osier, of Eu., the twigs best for basket- 
work ; has lauce-linear entire slender-pointed leaves 3' - 6' long and satiny-white 
underneath. 



308 WILLOW FAMILY. 

* * Flowers slightly earlier than the leaves hut rather late in spring, on lateral 
catkins which have 4 or 5 leafy bracts at their base. 

S. cor data. A common wild species along streams, badly named, as the 
leaves are seldom heart-shaped at base and generally lanceolate, often tapering 
to both ends, sharply serrate, smooth, pale or whitish beneath ; stipules on 
young shoots conspicuous, ovate or kidney-shaped ; ovary slender-stalked, 
tapering, smooth. 

*- * * Flowers in loose catkins terminating leafy lateral shoots of the season, there- 
, fore later than the leaves, in late spring or early summer. 

S. longif61ia, Long-leaved W. Wild on river-banks N. : low shrub or 
low tree, with very long lance-linear nearly sessile sparsely denticulate leaves 
grayish-hairy when young ; catkins with narrow yellowish scales ; the stalked 
silky-downy ovary bearing large stigmas. 

S. Babylonica, Weeping W. Planted from the Orient : a familiar tree, 
with very slender drooping branches, and linear-lanceolate leaves white beneath ; 
in the monstrous variety called annularis. Hoop W., curved into a ring. 

S. alba, White W., commonly the var. vitellina, with yellow twigs : 
planted from Eu. ; a familiar tree ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, white-silky under- 
neath ; stipules lanceolate ; ovary nearly sessile and smooth. 

S. fragilis, Brittle W., from Eu. (so called because the twigs, used for 
basket-work, &c., break off readily from their base, as in several other species) ; 
large tree, with lanceolate taper-pointed leaves white but smooth beneath, half 
heart-shaped stipules, and nearly sessile smooth ovary. 

§ 3. Stamens 3-5 or more, separate : catkins late flowering, terminating leafy 
branches of the season as in the preceding species : stamens hairy : ovary 
smooth : scales deciduous : leaves serrate, smooth. 

S. nigra, Black W. Low river-banks : wild tree, with rough black bark, 
narrow-lanceolate taper-pointed leaves, 3-6 stamens, and short-ovate pods. 

S. pentandra. Bat W. A handsome tree, planted from Eu. for the deep 
green very glossy lanceolate taper-pointed leaves, of the same hue both sides, 
the large staminate catkins of golden yellow flowers also handsome : stamens 
4-12, commonly 5 ; pods tapering. 

S. liieida, American Bat W. Wild in wet ground N. : very like the 
last, but a shrub, with shorter catkins on a less leafy short branch. 

2. POPUL US, POPLAR, ASPEN. ( Classical Latin name. ) El. spring. 

§ 1. Buds not glutinous : leaves cottony, at least beneath, even ichen old. 

P. alba, Abele or White P. Tree planted from Eu., with spreading 
branches, roundish slightly heart-shaped wavy-toothed or lobed leaves soon 
green above, very white-cottony beneath : spreads inveterately by the root. 

§ 2. Buds not glutinous : leaves cottony when developed, but soon smooth and 
green both sides : bark smooth and close, greenish-white. 

P. tremuloides, American Aspen. Small tree, common in woods N. ; 
with small roundish-heart-shaped leaves beset with small regular teeth ; scales 
of the catkin cut into 3 or 4 linear lobes, fringed with long hairs. 

P. grandidentata. Larger American Aspen. Middle-sized tree, com- 
mon in woods : the larger roundish-ovate leaves with coarse and irregular blunt 
teeth ; scales unequally 5 - 6-cleft, slightly fringed.- 

P. heteroph3/"lIa, Downt Poplar. Wet grounds, common only W. & 
S. : tree 40° -60° high; leaves round-ovate or heart-shaped with the sinus 
closed by the overlapping lobes, obtuse, serrate with incurved teeth, 3' -5' long, 
white wool deciduous" only with age, leaving traces on the veins beneath and on 
the petioles ; fruiting catkins smooth. 

§ 3. Buds glutinous with aromatic resin or balsam: leaves smooth from the first. 

P. dilatata, Lojibarbt P. Stiff spiry tree, with closely appressed branches, 
and small broadly triangular pointed leaves, formerly much planted, from the 
Old World, — thought to be a remarkable state of 



PINE FAMILY. 309 

P. nigra, Black P., of Eu., which is occasionally planted, and has spread- 
ing branches, larger leaves, more glutinous buds, &c. 

P. monilifera, Cotton-wood or Necklace P. Along the Great Lakes 
and rivers, from L. Champlain W. and S. W. : large tree, with young branches 
somewhat angled ; leaves dilated-triangular or slightly heart-shaped, taper- 
pointed, serrate with cartilaginous incurved teeth and prominent lateral veins ; 
fertile catkins very long and interrupted, then- scales cut-fringed ; stigmas very 
large, toothed. 

P. balsamifera, Balsam P. or Tacamahac. Middle-sized tree, wild 
along our Northern borders and N. W, : has round or scarcely angled branch- 
lets, very glutinous and pleasantly balsamic strong-scented bud-scales, and ovate 
or lance-ovate gradually tapering leaves. 

Var. candicans, Balm-of-Gilead P. : planted around dwellings as a 
shade tree, wild in some places, spreading inveterately from the root ; appears 
to be a variety of the Balsam Poplar, with broader ovate and often heart-shaped 
leaves lighter-coloried beneath. 

Subclass II. GYMNOSPERMOUS : no closed ovary, style, 
or stigma, but ovules and seeds naked on a scale or some other sort 
of transformed leaf, or in Yew at the end of a scaly-bracted stalk ; 
the mouth of the ovule receiving the pollen directly. (Lessons, p. 121, 
fig. 264-266; p. 133, fig. 312-314) Leaves not netted-veined. 

Cycas revoluta (Lessons, p. 19, fig. 47), from the southern part of 
Japan, a palm-like low tree of conservatories, wrongly called Sago Palm, and 

Zamia integrifolia, the Coontie of Florida, the root-like trunk of 
which does not rise above ground, and furnishes a kind of flour called Florida 
Arkow-eoot, represent the order Cycadace^. 

111. CONIFERS, PINE FAMILY.* 

Trees or shrubs, with wood of homogeneous fibre (no ducts), 
resinous juice, commonly needle-shaped or awl-shaped leaves, and 
monoecious or sometimes dioecious flowers destitute of both calyx 
and corolla, and in catkins or the like. (See Lessons, as above.) 

I. PINE FAMILY proper. These are true ConifercE, or 
cone-bearing trees, the fertile flowers being in a scaly catkin which 
becomes a strobile or scaly cone. The scales are each in the axil 
of a bract (which is sometimes evident and projecting, but often 
concealed in the full-grown cone), and bear a pair' of ovules ad- 
hering to their inner face next the base, the orifice downwards, 
and the two winged seeds peel off the scale as the latter expands 
at maturity. They all have scaly buds. All the common and 
hardy trees of the family belong to the following. , 

1. PINUS. _ Leaves persistent, long and needle-shaped, 2, 3, or 5 in a cluster from 
the axil of dry bud-scales, developed after the scaly slioot of the season 
lengthens. Sterile catkins clustered at the base of the shoot of the season: 
each stamen answers to a flower, reduced to a 2-celled anther, with hardly 
any filament. Cone woody, mostly large, maturing in the autumn of the 
second vear. Cotvledous of the euibrvo several. (See Lessons, p. 18, fig. 
45, 46; p. 72, fig. 140; p. 133, 144, fig. 312-314.) 

* For a particular account of the numerous trees of this noMe family now planted or 
begiuninij; to be planted for ornament special works should be consulted, such, especiallv, aii 
the recent '• Book of Evergreens " by Mr. Iloopes. We give here only the principal species 
of the country, east of the Mississippi, and the well-established introduced species, mainly 
fiuch as are fully hardy North. 



310 PINE FAMILY. 

2. ABIES. Leaves persistent, linear or short needle-shaped, borne directly on the 

shoots of the season, over which they are thickly and uniformly scattered. 
Sterile catkins in the axils of the leaves of the preceding year. Fertile cat- 
kins solitary, maturing in the autumn of the same year; their scales thin and 
even, never prickle-bearing. 

3. LAEIX. Leaves all deciduous in autumn, soft, short needle-shaped, in spring, 

developed very many in a dense cluster from axillary buds of the previous 
summer (Lessons, p. 71, fig. 139), those on shoots of the season similar but 
scattered. Cones as in Abies, the scales persistent. 

4. CEDRUS. Leaves as in Larix, but rigid and persistent. Cones globular, 

large, of very broad thin scales, which at length fall away from the axis. 

II. CYPKESS FAMILY. These have both kinds of flowers 
in short often globular catkins of few scales ; the fertile making a 
globular or ovate small cone, which is often fleshy when young, 
sometimes imitating a berry. The branches appear and the shoots 
grow on without the intervention of any scaly buds. Leaves often 
opposite or whorled, sometimes scale-like and adnate to the branch. 

§ 1. Scales of the globular cone with a pointed bract behind each wedge-shaped scale, 
party cohering with its back. 

5. CRYPTOMERIA. Cone terminating a leafy branch, the recurved tip of the 

bract and awl-shaped lobes of the top of the scales projecting. 

§ 2. Scales of the fruit simple, no bract behind them. 
* Fruit a sort of cone, dry and hard when mature : flowers monoecious, rarely dioecimts. 
-t- Leaves thin and delicate, flat, deciduous. 

6. TAXODIUM. Two kinds of flowers on the same branches ; the sterile catkia 

spike-panicled, of few stamens ; the fertile in small clusters. Cone globular, 
firmly closed till mature, of several very thick-topped and angular shield- 
shaped scales, a pair of erect 3-angled seeds on their stalk, 
•t- -1- Leaves evergreen, linear and awl-shaped, alternate, free, destitute of glands. 

7. SEQUOIA. Catkins globiilar, the scales of the fertile ones bearing several 

ovules. Cone woody; the shield-shaped scales closed Avithout overlapping, 

and bearing 3-5 flat wing-margined seeds hanging from the upper part of 

their stalk-hke base. 

•I- -1- -I- Leaves evergreen, opposite, awl-shaped and scale-shaped {the former on the 

more vigorous lengthening shoots, the latter closely imbricated and decussate on 

the succeeding branchlets). commonly loilh a resinous gland on the back. Seeds 

and ovules erect : cotyledons only 2 or 3. 

8. CUPRESSUS. Cones spherical; the shield-shaped scales closing by their 

well-fitted margins, not overlapping, separating at maturity, each scale bear- 
ing two or usuaUy several ovules and winged or wing-margined seeds, its 
broad summit with a central boss or short point. 

9. THUJA. Cones oblong or globular, the scales not shield-shaped but concave 

and fixed by their base, overlapping in pairs, pointed if at all from or near 
their summit, spreading open at maturity, each bearing a single pair of 
ovules and seeds, or rarely more. 

* * Fruit berry-like : flowers commonly dioecious. 

10. JUNIPERUS. Catkins very small, lateral; the fertile of 3-6 fleshy scales 

growing together, and ripening into a sort of globular berry, containing 1-3 
bony seeds. Leaves evergreen, opposite or whorled. 

III. YEW FAMILY. Distinguished by having the fertile 
catkin, if it may be so called, reduced to a single terminal flower, 
consisting of an ovule only, surrounded by some bracts, ripening 
into a nut-like or drupe-like seed: cotyledons only 2. There is 
nothing answering to the scales of a pine-cone. Leaf-buds scaly as 
in the true Pine Family. Flowers mostly dioecious, axillary. 

11. TAXUS. Leaves linear, appearing more or less 2-ranked, green both sides. 

Both kinds of catkins, if such they may be called, are small axillary buds 



PINE FAMILY. 311 

imbricated with persistent scales, bearing at the apex, one a few naked 
stamens, each with 3-8 anther-cells under a somewhat shield-shaped apex, 
the other an ovate ovule. This in fruit becomes a nut-like blackish seed, 
resting in the bottom of a berry-like red cup. 

12. TORREYA. Leaves, catkins, &c., nearly as in Taxus. Stamens more scale- 

shaped at top, each bearing 4 hanging anther-cells. Naked seed resembling 
a thin .fleshed drupe or when dry a nut, with no cup aroiind it, as large as a 
nutmeg, which it resembles also in the brain-like interior structure. 

13. SALISBURIA. Leaves wedge-shaped and fan-shaped, deeply 2-cleft and the 

lobes wavy- toothed and somewhat cleft at the broad truncate end, traversed 
with straight simple or forking nerves or veins, like a Fern. Flowers not 
often seen. Sterile catkins slender and loose. Seed drupe-like, and with a 
tieshy short cup around its base. 
PODOCARPUS, one or two species in choice conservatories, and two half 
hardy in the Middle States as low shrubs, — the genus so called because 
the fleshy seed is raised on a sort of stalk, — belongs here. The leaves are 
sometimes much unlike those of other Coniferous trees, being large, linear, 
lanceolate, or even ovate, and veinless, except the midrib. 



1. PINUS, PINE. (The classical Latin name.) Flowers in late spring. 

§ 1. PiTCH-PiNES and their relatives, with leaves only 2 or 3 in the cluster, 
scaly-sheathed at the base : wood resinous. 

* Cones lateral and persistent on the branch long after shedding the seed, the scales 
thickened at the end, often tipped with a cusp or spine : leaves rigid. 
t- Leaves 3 in the cluster. All natives, but the last Californian. 

P. australis, Long-leaved or Southeen Yellow Pine. Lofty striking 
tree, of pine-barrens from N. Car. S. ; with leaves 10' -15' long, very resin- 
ous wood, and cones 6'- 10' long, the scales tipped Avith a reflexed short spine. 

P. t^da, Loblolly or Old-field P. Smaller tree, in light soil, from 
Virginia S , with less resinous wood, dark green leaves 6'- 10' long, and solitary 
cones 3' -5' long, the scales tipped with a short straight or incurved spine. 

P. rigida, Northern Pitch P. Sandy or thin rocky soil, abounding 
along the coast N. and in the upper country S. : a stout tree, Avith dark green 
leaves 3' -5' long from short sheaths, clustered ovate-conical cones 2' -3' long, 
the scales tipped with a recurved spine or prickle. 

P. serotina, Pond P. Small tree in wet ground from N. Car. S. ; with 
valueless wood, leaves 4'- 8' long, and mostly opposite round-ovate cones 2' -3' 
long, their scales tipped with a very small and weak prickle. 

P. ponderdsa (or BenthamiXna) ; planted from California, where it is a 
characteristic tree, with heavy wood, deep green leaves 6'- 11' long, and clus- 
tered cones about 3' long, reflexed on a short stalk. 

-t- -i- Leaves only 2 in the sheath, or a few of them sometimes in threes. 
++ Planted from Europe. 
P. sylvestris, Scotch Pine (wrongly called also Scotch Fir), the com- 
mon Pine of N. Europe : middle-sized tree, known by the bluish-white hue of 
its flat leaves (2' -4' long), reddish bark on the trunk, and narrow tapering 
cones, the scales with tubercle-like tips. 

P. Austriaca, Austrian P., a probable variety of P. LARfcio, or Cor- 
siCAN P. of S. Eu. : a fast-growing massive tree, with very rough branches, 
dark-green slender but rigid leaves 4' -6' long, and conical cones 2|^'-3' long. 

++ ++ Wild species of the country. 

P. piingens, Table-Mountain or Prickly Pine. Along the Allo- 
ghanics from Penn. to S. Car. : middle-sized tree ; with dark bluisli-grocn 
leaves only about 2' long; but the heavy and clustered cones fully 3' long, 
ovate, and the scales armed with a very strong somewhat ho(^ked s])ine. 

P. mitis, Yelloav Pine of the North, Short-lkaved Yellow Pine S. : 
a middle-sized tree in sandy or dry soil, with firm flne-grainod wood, slender 
leaves (not rarely in threes) 3' -.5' long, and mostly solitary ovate or oblong- 
onical cones barely 2' long, the scales tipped with a minute weak prickle. 



312 PINE FAMILY. 

P. inops,' Jersey Scrub P. Low straggling tree of barrens and sterile 
hills, from JS^ew Jersey S. & W. ; with drooping branchlets, leaves l'-3' long, 
and solitary ovate-oblong cones 2' long, reflexed on a short stalk, the scales 
tipped with an awl-shaped prickle. 

P. Banksiana, Gray or Northern Scrub P. Along our northern 
frontiers and extending N., on rocky banks : straggling shrub or tree, 5° -20° 
high ; with oblique or contorted leaves 1' long, curved cones barely 2' long, and 
blunt scales. 

* * Cones at the apex of the branch and falling after shedding the seed, their 
scales slightly thickened at the end and without any prickly point ; leaves 
only 2 in the cluster and with a long sheath, slender. 

P. resinbsa, Red Pine, and wrongly called Norway Pine : the Latin 
name not a good one, as the tree is not especially resinous : dry woods N. 
from N. England to Wisconsin ; 50° - 80° high, with reddish and smoothish 
bark, compact wood, dark green leaves 5' - 6' long and not rigid, and ovate- 
conical smooth cones about 2' long. 

§ 2. White Pines, with softer leaves, 5 in the cluster, their sheath and the scale 
underneath early deciduous : cones long, cylindrical, terminal, hanging, 
falling after shedding the seeds, their scales hardly if at all thickened at the 
end, pointless : seed thin-shelled and winged. 

P. StrbbUS, White Pine. Tall tree in low or fertile soil N. and along 
the mountains ; with soft white wood invaluable for lumber, smooth greenish 
bark on young trunks and branches, pale or glaucous slender leaves 3' - 4' long, 
and narrow cones 5' - 6' long. 

P. exeelsa, Bhotan or Himalayan White P. Ornamental tree barely 
hardy for N. ; with the drooping and white leaves and the cones nearly twice 
the length of those of White Pine. 

P. Lambertiana, Lambert's or Sugar P. One of*the tallest trees of 
Oregon and California, beginning to be planted : has leaves as rigid as in many 
Pitch Pines, 3' - 5' long, bright green, the cones also at first erect, when full 
grown 12' -20' long. 

§ 3. Nut Pines, with leaves, Sfc. as in the preceding section, but short thick cones 
of fewer and thick pointless scales, and large hard-shelled edible seeds desti- 
tute of a wing. 

P. Cembra, Cembra or Swiss Stone P. of the higher Alps : small, 
slow-growing, very hardy ornamental tree, with green 4-sided leaves 3' -4' long 
and much crowded on the erect branches ; cones round-oval, erect, 2' long, the 
round seeds as large as peas. 

2. ABIES, SPRUCE, EIR (Classical Latin name. — The names Abies 
and Picea, for Spruce and Eir, are just oppositely used by different authors. 
Linnaeus employed the former for Spruce, the latter for Eir, and so do some 
late writers. The ancients used the names just the other way, and the later 
botanists mostly follow them. ) El. late spring. 

§ 1. Spruce. Cones hanging or nodding on the end of a branch, their scales 
persistent : cells of the anther opening lengthwise : the needle-shaped and 
4-sided leaves pointing every way. 

A. exeelsa, Norw^ay Spruce : the most common and most vigorous 
species planted, from Europe ; fine large tree, with stout branches, deep green 
leaves larger than in the next, the mature hanging cones 5' -7' long. 

A. nigra, Black or Double Spruce. Cold woods and swamps N. and 
along the mountains S. : middle-sized tree, with leaves (seldom over ^'_ long) 
dark green, and a glaucous-Avhitish variety E. ; its ovate cones recurving on 
short branches, I'-l^' long, persistent for several years, thin rigid scales with 
thin often eroded edge. 

A. alba. White Spruce. Wild only along our northern borders and N. ; 
when planted a very handsome tree, with pale glaucous leaves ; cylindrical 
nodding cones about 2' long, falling the first winter, the thinner scales with a 
firm even edge. 



PINE FAMILY. 313 

A. Menzi^sii, Me?^zies' Spruce, of the Rocky Mountains and W., is 
planted and likely to become common : fine tree, with broader and stifFer leaves 
than the foregoing, almost prickly-pointed, silvery-whitish beneath ; cones about 
3' long, cylindi'ical, soft ; their scales rhombic-ovate, thin and pale. 

§2. Hemlock-Spruce (Tsuga). Cones hanging on declined branches of the 
preceding year, small, persistent, and their scales persistent : sterile catkins 
very small and globular, of a few anthers which open across : leaves fat, on 
distinct little petioles, most of them spreading right and left so as to appear 
2-ranked on the branch. 

A. Canadensis, Hemlock-Spruce. Common on hills N., and planted 
for ornament : large tree, with coarse wood, light and spreading spray, broadish- 
linear and blunt leaves only ^' long, green above and white beneath, and oval 
cones only ^' or |' long, their bracts very short and hidden. 

A. Douglasii, Douglas Spruce, one of the tall trees from Rocky 
Mountains and W. to the Pacific, planted but proves not quite hardy enough N., 
is of this section : it has slender leaves 1' or more long, light green, indistinctly 
2-ranked; cones 2' -3' long, loose, with pointed and tooth bracts projecting 
beyond the scales. 

§ 3. Fir. Cones set rigidly erect on the upper side of spreading bi-anches of the 
preceding year, their scales and commonly conspicuous bracts falling away 
with the seeds when ripe from the persistent slender axis : seeds resinous : 
anthers irregularly bursting : leaves flat, white beneath each side of the 
prominent midrib, those on horizontal branches inclined to spread right and 
left so as to appear 2-ranked. 

* Balsam Firs, native trees: bark yielding Canada balsam from blisters, Sfc. 

A. bals^mea, Common B. Small tree of cold or wet grounds N., hand- 
some when youn^, but short-lived, with worthless wood, narrow linear leaves 
I' or less than 1' long and much crowded, cylindrical violet-colored cones 2' -4' 
long and 1' thick, their bracts with only the abrupt slender point projecting. 

A. Fraseri, Fraser's or Southern B. Along the higher Alleghanies : 
small tree, like the precedmg ; but the small cones (only l'-2' long) oblong- 
ovate, with the short-pointed upper part of the bracts conspicuously projecting 
and reflexed, 

* * Silver-Firs, &c., very choice ornamental trees, only the first at all common. 

-I— Leaves blunt. 

A. peetinata, European Silver-F. Large tree with wood, its horizon- 
tal branches with narrow leaves (greener above than in Balsam F., nearly as 
white beneath and \\' long) forming a flat spray; cones 6' -8' long, with 
slender projecting points to the bracts. 

A. Nordmanniana, from the Crimea and N. Asia ; with thicker-set and 
broader leaves than the foregoing, linear, curved, 1' long, deep green above and 
whitened beneath ; cones large and ovate. 

A. Piehta, Siberian Silver-F. ; with thicker-set leaves than those of 
European Silver-Fir, dark green above and less white beneath ; cones only 3' 
long, their short bracts concealed under the scales. 

A. grandis, Great Silver-Fir of Oregon and California : resembles a 
fine Balsam Fir on a large scale, with broader leaves notclied at the cud, about 
1' long, and thicker cones with concealed bracts. 

1- Leaves acute or pointed, especially on main shoots, rigid, ividehj and about 
equally spreading on all sides. 

A. Cephalonica, Cephalonian Silver-Fir : remarkable for its very 
stiff almost prickly-pointed squarrose lea^'cs dark green above, white beneath. 

A. Pinsapo, Spanish Silver^Fir : resembles the last, but not so hardy, 
leaves less pointed, and the bracts of the cones are concealed. 

3. LARIX, larch. (The ancient name.) Trees planted for ornamont 
and valuable for timber : branches slender, the young ones pendulous : tlow- 
ers in eai-liest spring, much before the leaves appear : catkins from lateral 



314 PINE FAMILY. 

spurs or broad buds ; the sterile globular, yellow ; the fertile oval, crimson- 
red, being the color of the bracts. 

L. Europ^a, European Larch, the one generally planted : a fine fast- 
growing tree, with leaves about 1' long, and longer cones of numerous scales. 

L. Amerieana, American L., Tamarack or Hackmatack. Swamps 
N. : slender tree with shorter and paler leaves, and small cones of few scales, 
only g-' or |' long. 

4. CEDRUS, CEDAR, i. e. of Lebanon. (Ancient Greek name.) Wood 
redtlisli, fragrant. Cult, for ornament, but precarious in this climate. 

C. Libani, Cedar of Lebanon ; with dark foliage and stiff horizontal 
branches, the terminal shoot erect : not hardy E. of Xew York. 

C. Deodara, Deodar C. of Himalayas'^; with lighter drooping spray on 
young trees, and whitish foliage : seems unlikely to flourish in this country. 

5. _ CRYPTOMERIA. (Name, from the Greek, means concealed parts or 
joints.) Evergreen tree from Japan. 

C. Japonica, not hardy X. but often in conservatories ; leaves crowded, 
awl-shaped, many-ranked, edgewise and decurrent on the stem. 

6. TAXODIUM, BALD-CYPEESS. (Xame, from the Greek, means 
Yeic-hke: the resemblance is only in the shape of the leaves.) Fl. before 
the leaves, in eaiiiest spring. 

T distiehum, American B. or Southern Cypress. Large tree in 
swamps S., and planted, even N. : branchlets slender, manv of them falling in 
autumn like leafstalks ; leaves light green, ^' long, narrow-linear, 2-rankedt on 
some flower-bearing shoots awl-shaped and imbricated ; cones 1' or less thick. 

7. SEQUOIA, REDTTOOD. (Named for the Cherokee half-breed Indian 
See-qua-yah, who invented an alphabet for his nation.) Very celebrated, 
gigantic, Californian trees, with fibrous baik, not unlike that of Taxodium, 
and soft, fissile, dull-red wood. Neither species is hardy in New England, 
or safe in the Middle States ; but the second is disposed to stand. 

S. sempervirens, Common Redwood of the coast ranges of California ; 
with flat and linear acute leaves 2-ranked on the branches, but'small awl-shaped 
and scattered ones on the erect or leading shoots, and small globular cones 
(barely 1' long). 

S. gigantea, Giant Redwood (in England called Weleingtonia) of the 
Sierra Nevada ; with all the leaves awl-shaped and distributed round the branch ; 
cones ovoid, l^'-2' long. 

8. CUPRESSUS, CYPRESS. Classical name of the Oriental Cypress, 
namely, 

C. sempervirens, planted only far S. ; stiff narrow tree, with slender 
erect branchlets, dark foliage, and cone 1' in diameter, each scale many-seeded. 

-C. thyoides, White Cedar. Tree of low grounds S. & E., with white 
valuable wood, slender spray, and pale glaucous-green triangular- awl-shaped 
leaves much finer than in Arbor Vitse ; cones hardly |-' wide, with few seeds to 
each scale, and these almost wingless. 

C. Lawsoniana, of N. California, recently much planted, and if fully hardy 
promising to be very ornamental ; has thickly set and plume-like flat spray, of 
bluish-green hue, and cones scarcely above |' in thickness, their scales bearing 
2-4 ovules and ripening 2 or 3 seeds. 

C. pisifera, or Retinospoka pisifera (of which C. obtusa is seemingly 
a foi-m Avith the scale-shaped leaves blunter and cone larger), is a scarcely hardy 
species, introduced from Japan, the cones only as large as peas (to which the 
specific name refers), a single pair of broad-winged seeds to each scale. 

C squarrbsa, or ericoides, from Japan, is perfectly hardy N., perhaps 
a variety of the last, but of strikingly different appearance, bearing only loose 
and awl-shaped leaves. 



PINE FAMILY. 315 

9. THUJA, ARBOE, YITM. (Ancient name of some resin-bearing ever- 
green.) The varieties planted in collections are very numerous ; the follow- 
ing are the principal natural types, by many taken for genera. 

T. occidentalis, American Arbor ViTiE, or White Cedar of the 

North. Common tree N., in swamps and cool moist woods, much planted, 
especially for hedges and screens ; leaves mostly of the scale-shaped sort, blunt 
and adnate ; cones oblong, rather soft, the oblong scales pointless, and bearing 
2 thin winged seeds. Many nursery varieties, some of which, especially var. 
ERicoiDES or HexVTH-like a., have the loose awl-shaped sort of leaves. 

T. orientalis, or Biota orientalis, the Chinese A., not fully hardy 
far N. : small tree, with even the scale-shaped leaves acute, cone larger, Avith 
thicker scales tipped with a recurving horn-like apex or appendage, each 
2-seeded, and the seeds hard-shelled and wingless. — Var. aurea, the Golden 
A. is dwarf and very dense, with yellow-green or partly golden-tinged foliage. 
Var. Tartarica, is a more hardy glossy-green variety, the leaves scale-shaped. 
Vai\ Meldensis, one with only loose and awl-shaped leaves. Even the slender- 
stemmed and weeping T. pendula is an extreme variety. 

T. dolabrata, or Thujopsis dolabrata of Japan. Remarkable for its 
very flat spray, broad and very blunt large leaves (sometimes .{' long) greeti 
above and white beneath ; the cone with thick and rounded scales, each with 
5 wing-margined seeds. 

10. JUNIPERUS, JUNIPER. ( Classical Latin name. ) Fl. late spring. 
§ 1. Leaves {scale-like and aivl-shaped, small, the former sort minute and very 

adnate) like those of Cypress and Arbor Vitoe. 

J. Virgini^na, Red Cedar or Savin. A familiar shrub and small or 
large tree, with most durable and valuable reddish odorous Avood ; the small 
fruit dark with a white bloom, erect on the short supporting branchlet. 

J. Sabina, var. procurabens. Rocky banks, trailing over the ground 
along our northern borders, with the scale-shaped leaves less acute, and the 
fruit nodding on the short peduncle-like recurved branchlet. 

§ 2. Leaves all of one sort, in whorls of S, jointed with the stem, linear with an awl- 
shaped prickly point, the midrib prominent, also the rib-like margins. 

J. COmmtinis, Common Juniper. Erect or spreading shrub ; with very 
sharp-pointed leaves green below and white on the upper face ; berries large and 
smooth. The wild, low, much spreading variety is common N. in sterile or 
rocky ground. Var. Hibernica, very erect tree-like shrub, forming a narrow 
column, is most planted for ornament, from Eu. 

11. TAXXJS, YEW. (Classical name, from the Greek for a bow, the tough 
wood was chosen for bows.) Fl. early spring 

T. baeeata, European Yew. Low tree, with thick upright trunk, spread- 
ing short branches, and pointed dark green leaves about 1' long ; when planted 
in this country forms only a shrub. 

Var. fastigiata, Irish Yew ; a singular form, making a narrow column, 
the branches appressed ; the leaves shorter, broader, and scarcely in two ranks. 

Var. Canadensis, American Yew or Ground Hemlock ; shady cold 
banks and woods N. ; the stems spreading over the ground. 

12. TORIIEYA. (Named for our Dr. John Torrey.) Flowers in spring. 
T. taxifolia. Woods in Florida : a handsome tree, but with the wood and 

foliage ill-scented ; leaves like those of Yew but longer and tampering to a sharp 
point : hardy as a shrub as far north as New York. — T. Califoiinica, is the 
Calipoknian Nutmeg-tree. T. NUcfPERA, from Japan, is another species. 

13. SALISBtjRIA, GINKGO-TREE. {^MXiCiXiov R. A. Salisbury.) 

S. adiantifdlia (the name denotes the likeness of the leaves to those of 
the Maidenliair J'ern) , a most singular tree, planted from Japan, luu'dy even 
N. ; branches spreading ; the fan-shaped alternate leaves with their slender 
stalks, 3' or 4 long. 



316 PINE FAMILY. 

Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS 
PLANTS : Distinguished by having the woody matter of the 
stem in distinct bundles scattered without obvious order 
throughout its whole breadth, never so arranged as all to 
come in a circle, when abundant enough to form proper 
wood as in Palms and the like, this is hardest and the 
bundles most crowded toward the circumference. Embryo 
with a single cotyledon ; the first leaves in germination 
alternate. Leaves mostly, but not always, parallel-veined. 
Parts of the flower almost always in threes, never in fives. 
See Lessons, p. 117, and for style of vegetation, p. 19, fig. 47. 

The plants of this class may be arranged under three gen- 
erally well-marked divisions. 

L SPADICEOUS DIVISION. Flowers either naked, i. e. 
destitute of calyx and corolla, or these if present, not brightly 
colored, collected in the sort of spike called a spadix, which is 
embraced or subtended by the kind of developing bract termed a 
spathe. The most famihar examples of this division are offered 
by the Arum Family. To it also belong on one hand the Palms, 
01^ the other the Pond weeds — here merely mentioned, as follows : — 

Sabal Palmetto, Cabbage Palmetto, of the sandy coast from N. Car- 
olina S., our only tree of the class, with 

S. serrulata, Saw Palmetto, of the Southern coast, the trunk of which 
creeps on the ground, and the short petioles are spiny-margined, whence the 
popular name, 

S. Adansonii, Dwarf Palmetto, the leaves of which, rising from a 
stem underground, are smooth-edged, and 

Chain83rops Hystrix, Blue Palmetto of S. Carolina, &c., with erect 
or creeping trunks only 2° -3° long, and pale or glaucous leaves 3° -4° high ; 
— these represent with us the Palm Family. 

Potamogeton natans, and other species of PoNDWEED abound in 
ponds and streams, and represent the NAiADACEiE or Pondweed Pamily, — 
plants of various forms but of little interest — in fresh water. 

Zostera marina, Grass-Wrack or Eel-Grass of salt water, with its 
long ribbon-like bright green leaves, and flowers hidden in their upper sheaths, 
represents the same family in shallow bays of the ocean. 

Ijem.na polyrhiza, Duck-sveed, consisting of little green grains, about 
1'-^' long, Hoating on stagnant water, producing a tuft of hanging roots from 
their lower face, never here found in blossom, 

L. m.inor, still smaller and with only a single root, — and the less common 

L. trisulca, which is oblong-lanceolate from a stalk-like base, — all propa- 
gating freely by budding from the side and separating, — are greatly simplified 
little plants representing the Lemxace^ or Duckweed Family, their mi- 
nute flower rarely seen. See Manual ; also Structural Botany, p. 70, fig. 102. 



ARUM FAMILY. 317 

112. ARACE^, ARUM FAMILY. 

Plants with pungent or acrid watery juice, leaves mostly with 
veins reticulated so as to resemble those of the first class, flowers 
in the fleshy head or spike called a spadix, usually furnished with 
the colored or peculiar enveloping bract called a spathe. 

There are several stove-plants of the family now rather common 
in choice collections, mostly species and varieties of Caladium, cul- 
tivated for their colored and variegated foliage. 
§ 1. Leaves with expanded blade, and with spreading nerves or veins, never linear. 
* Flowers loholly destitute of calyx and corolla. 

1. AEISiEIMA. Leaves compound, only one or two, with stalks sheathing the 

simple stem, which rises from a fleshy corm, and terminates in a long spadix 
bearing flowers only at its base, where it is enveloped by the convolute lower 
part of the greenish or purplish spathe. Sterile floAvers above the fertile, 
each of a few sessile anthers ; the fertile each a 1-celled 5 - 6-ovuled ovary, 
in fruit becoming a scarlet berry: commonly dioecious, the stamens being 
abortive in one plant, the pistils abortive in the other. 

2. COLOCASIA. Leaves simple, peltate, and with a notch at the base. Spathe 

convolute, yellowish, much longer than the spadix: the latter covered with 
ovaries at base, above Avith some abortive rudiments, still higher crowded 
with numerous 6 - 8-celled sessile anthers, and the pointed summit naked. 

3. PELTANDEA. Leaves arrow-shaped; these and the scape from a tufted 

fibrous root. Spathe convolute to the pointed apex, green, wavy-margined. 
Spadix long and tapering, covered completely with flowers, i. e. above with 
naked shield-shaped anthers each of 5 or 6 cells, opening by a hole at the 
top, below with one-celled ovaries bearing several erect ovules, in fruit a 
1-3-seeded fleshy bag. Seeds obovate, surrounded by a tenacious jelly. 

4. EICHARDIA. Leaves arrow-shaped; these and the long scape from a short 

tuberous rootstock. Spathe broad, spreading above, bright white, convolute 
at base around the slender cylindrical spadix, which is densely covered above 
with yellow anthers, below with ovaries, each incompletely 3-celled, and con- 
taining several hanging ovules. 

5. CALLA. Leaves heart-shaped, on long petioles; these and the peduncles from 

a creeping rootstock. Spathe open, the upper face bright white, spreading 
widely at the base of the oblong spadix, which is wholly covered with 
flowers; the lower ones perfect, having 6 stamens around a 1-celled ovary; 
the upper often of stamens only. Berries red, containing a few oblong seeds, 
surrounded with jelly. 

* * Flowers with a perianth, perfect, covering the tohole spadix. 

6. SYMPLOCAEPUS. Leaves ovate, very large and veiny, short-petioled, ap- 

pearing much later than the flowers "from a fibrous-rooted corm or short 
rootstock. Spathe shell-shaped, ovate, incurved, thick, barely raised out of 
ground, enclosing the globular spadix, in which the flowers are as it were 
nearly immersed. Each flower has 4 hooded sepals, 4 stamens with 2-celled 
anthers turned outwards, and a 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary tipped with a short 
awl-shaped style : the fruit is the enlarged spongy spadix under the rough 
surface of which are imbedded large fleshy seeds. 

§ 2. Leaves linear, flag-like, nerved: spadix appearing lateral. 

7. ACOEUS. Spadix cylindrical, naked, emerging from the side of a 2-edged 

simple scape resembling the leaves, densely covered with perfect flowers. 
Sepals 6, concave. Stamens 6, Avith linear filaments and kidney-shaped an- 
thers. Ovary 2 -3-celled, with several hanging ovules in each cell, becoming 
dry in fruit, ripening only one or two small seeds. 

1. ARISiEMA, INDIAN TURNIP, &c. (Name altered from Arum, to 
which these plants were formerly referred. ) AYild plants of rich woods, fl. 
in spring, veiny-leaved, their turnip-sha]ied corm farinaceous, hut imbued 
with an intensely pungent juice, which is dissipated in drying. 2/ 

A. triph^llum, Common Indian Turnip. In rich woods ; leaves mostly 

2, each of 3 oblong ])ointed leaflets ; stalks and spathe either green or variegated 
with whitish and dark-purple stripes or spots, the latter with broad or flat 
summit incurved over the top of the club-shaped and blunt spadix. 



318 CAT-TAIL FAMILY. 

A. Draeontium, DRAcoivr-ARUM, Dragon-root, or Green Dragon. 

Low grounds; leaf mostly solitary, its petiole l°-2° long, bearing 7-11 
pedate lance-oblong pointed leaflets ; the greenish spathe wholly rolled into a 
tnbe with a short slender point, very much shorter than the long and tapering 
tail-like spathe. 

2. COLOCASIA. (The ancient Greek name of the common species.) Jl 
C. antiquorum, one variety called C. esculenta ; cult, in the hot parts 

of the world for its farinaceous thick rootstocks (which are esculent when the 
acrid principle is driven off by heat, as also the leaves), and in gardens for its 
magnificent foliage, the pale ovate-arrow-shaped leaves being 2° - 3° long when 
well grown ; the stalk attached much below the middle, the notch not deep. 

3. PELTANDRA, ARROW-ARUM. (Name of Greek words meaning 
shield-shaped stamen, from the form of the anthers.) Fl. summer. "21 

P. Virginica. Shallow water : 1° - 2° high ; leaves pale ; the fine trans- 
verse nerves running from the midrib and netted with 2 or 3 longitudinal ones 
near the margin ; scapes recurved in fruit ; top of the spathe and spadix 
rotting off, leaving the short fleshy base firmly embracing the globular cluster 
of green berries. 

4. E-ICHARDIA. (Named for the French botanist, L. C. i^zc^arcf.) :^ 
R. Afrieana, the Ethiopian or Egyptian Calla, of common house- 
culture, but a native of the Cape of Good Hope and not a true Calla, — too 
familiar to need fuller description. 

6. CALLA, WATER ARUM. (An ancient name. ) Fl. early summer. :^ 
C palllstris. Cold and wet bogs from Penn. N. : a low and small, rather 
handsome plant ; leaves 3' - 4' long ; filaments slender ; anthers 2-celled. 

6. SYMPLOCARPUS, SKUNK CABBAGE. (Name of Greek words 
ior fruit grown together.) 11 

S. foetidus, the only species, in swamps and wet woods, mostly N. : send- 
ing up, in eai'liest spring, its purple-tinged or striped spathe enclosing the head 
of flowers, and later the large leaves, when full grown 1°- 2° long, in a cabbage- 
like tuft ; the fruit 2' -3' in diameter, the hard bullet-like seeds almost |' wide, 
ripe in autumn. 

7. AGORTJS, SWEET FLAG or CALAMUS. (Ancient name, from 
the Greek, said to refer to the use as a remedy for sore eyes.) ^ 

1. A. Calamus, Common Sweet-Flag : in wet grounds ; sending up the 
2-edged sword-shaped leaves, 2° or more high, from the horizontal pungent 
aromatic rootstock : fl. early summer. 

113. TYPHACEJE, CAT-TAIL FAMILY. 

Marsh herbs, or some truly aquatic, with linear and straight- 
nerved erect (unless floating) long leaves, sheathing at base, and 
monoecious flowers on a dry spadix, destitute of calyx and corolla ; 
the fruit dry and nut-like, 1 -seeded, rarely 2-seeded. 

Near to this belongs Pandanus, cult, for its foliage in some con- 
servatories, with prickly toothed leaves crowded on woody stems. 

1. TYPHA. Flowers indefinite, in a dense cylindrical spike terminating the long 

and simple reed-like stem ; the upper part of stamens only, mixed with long 
hairs : the lower and thicker part of slender-stalked ovaries tapering into a 
style and below surrounded by numerous club-shaped bristles, which form 
t\xe copious down of the fruit. 

2. SPARGANIUI\'^ Flowers collected in separate dense heads, scattered along 

the summit ( , the leafy stem; the upper ones of stamens only with some 



WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. 319 

mmute scales interposed, the lower of pistils, each ovary with a few small 
scales at its base, the whole ripening into a spherical head of small nuts, 
which are wedge-shaped below and with a pointed tip. 

1. TYPHA, CAT-TAIL FLAG. (From Greek word for fen, in which 
these pU\nts abound.) Fl. early summer. % 

T. latifolia, Common C. or Reed-Mace ; with flat leaves, these and the 
stem 6°- 10° high ; no interval between the sterile and fertile part of the spike. 

T. angUStifblia, Naekow-leaved C. Less common, smaller; leaves 
narrower, more channelled toward the base ; commonly a space between the 
sterile and the fertile part of the spike. 

2. SPABGANIUM, Bur-Reed. (Name from Greek for a fillet, alluding 
to the ribbon-shaped leaves.) Fl. summer, 2/ 

S. eurycarpum, Great B. Border of ponds and streams, 30-5° high, 
with panicled-spiked heads, the fertile when in fruit \\'' thick, the nuts broad- 
tipped ; stigmas 2 ; leaves \' - 1' wide, flat on upper side, keeled and concave- 
sided on the other. 

S. simplex, Smaller B. Only N. : in water ; erect, sometimes floating, 
l°-2° high, mostly with a simple row of heads; leaves narrower; stigma 
simple, linear, as long as the style ; nuts tapering to both ends and with a 
stalked base. 

S. mmimum, Smallest B. Mostly with leaves floating in shallow 
water (6'- 10' long) and flat; heads few; stigma simple, oval; nuts oval, 
short-pointed and short-stalked. 

11. PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. Flowers not on a spadix, 
with a perianth (calyx and corolla), all or part of it usually colored. 

114. ALISMACEJS, WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. 

Marsh herbs, with flowers on scapes or scape-like stems, in pani- 
cles, racemes, or spikes, with distinct calyx and corolla, viz. 3 se- 
pals and 3 petals, and from 3 to many distinct pistils ; stamens on 
the receptacle. Juice sometimes milky, The genuine Alismaceae 
have solitary ovules and seeds, and wholly separate pistils. Some 
outlying related plants differing in these respects are annexed. 

L ARROW-GRASS FAMILY. Calyx and corolla colored 
alike (greenish). Anthers turned outwards. Ovaries 3 partly 
united, or a single 3 - 6-celled compound pistil. Leaves petiole-like, 
without a blade. 

1. TRIGLOCHIN. Flowers perfect, small, in a slender spike or raceme, bract- 

less. Calyx and corolla deciduous. Stamens 3 or 6, with oval anthers on 
short filaments. Ovary 3 - 6-celled, splitting when ripe from the central axis 
into as many closed and dry seed-like 1-seeded cells : stio-mas sessile. 

2. SCHEUCHZERIA. Flowers perfect, few and rather small, in a loose bracted 

raceme. Sepals and petals oblong, persistent. Stamens 6, with linear an- 
thers. Pistils 3, with globular 2 - 3-ovnled ovaries sliahtlv united at base, and 
diverging in fruit, forming 3 turgid pods. Stigmas flat, sessile. 

11. WATER^PLANTAIN FAMILY PKorER. Calyx of 3 
persistent green sepals. Corolla of 3 deciduous white petals. An- 
thers turned outwards. Ovaries many, tipped with short style or 
stigma, 1-ovuled, becoming akenes in fruit. Leaves sometimes oidv 
petioles, commonly with distinct blade, when the nerves or ribs 
are apt to be more or less joined by cross veins or netted. 



320 WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. 

3. ALISMA. Flowers perfect, loosely panicled. Petals involute in the bud. 

Stamens 6. Ovaries many, in a ring, very flat-sided, becoming coriaceous 
flat akenes, 2 - 3-keeled on the back. 

4. ECHINODORUS. Flowers perfect, in proliferous umbels. Petals imbricated 

in the bud. Stamens 9 or more. Ovaries heaped in a head, becoming wing- 
less akenes. 

5. SAGITTARIA. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious or polygamous, in suc- 

cessive whorls, the sterile at the summit of the scape; the lowest fertile. 
Stamens usually numerous. Ovaries very many, heaped on the globular 
receptacle, in fruit becoming flat and winged akenes. 

HI. FLOWERING-RUSH FAMILY. (Butojie^.) Dif- 
fers from the preceding mainly in the few ovaries having numerous 
ovules distributed all over the inside. 

6. LIMNOCHARIS. Flowers perfect, long-peduncled. Petals large, yellow. Sta- 

mens numerous with slender filaments, a few of the outeraiost without an- 
thers, the rest with linear anthers. Ovaries 6 or more, somewhat united at 
base. Leaves roimdish and heart-shaped, long-petioled. 

1. TRIGLOCHIN, ARROW-GEASS. (Name in Greek means three- 
pointed. ) Insignificant rush-like plants, in marshes, mostly where the wa- 
ter is brackish : fl. summer. 2/ 

T. palustre. Slender, 6' -18' high, witli linear-club-shaped ovary and 
fruit, the 3 pieces when ripe separating from the sharp-pointed base upwards. 

T. maritimuni. Stouter, 12' -20' high, with fruit of about 6 pieces 
rounded at base. — Var. elXtum, in bogs of the interior, N., 20' -30' high, the 
pieces of the fniit sharp-angled on the back. 

T. triandrum, a small slender species along the coast S., has only 3 
sepals, no petals, 3 stamens, and a 3-lobed fruit. 

2. SCHEXJGHZERIA. (Named for the early Swiss botanist, Scheuchzer.) 
S. palTlstris. Peat-bogs from Penn. N. : 1° high : fl. early summer. Jl 

3. ALISMA, WATER-PLANTAIN. (The old Greek name, of uncertain 
meaning. ) Fl. all late summer. 

A. PlantagO. Shallow water : leaves long-petioled, varpng from or oblong- 
heart-shaped to lanceolate, 3-5-ribbed ; panicle l°-2° long of very many and 
loose small floM^ers. 2/ 

4. ECHITTODORUS. (Named probably from Greek words for prickly 
flask, the head of fruit being as it were prickly-pointed by the styles, but 
hardly so in our species. The following occur in muddy or wet places, chiefly 
W. & S. : fl. summer ; the flowering slioots or scapes mostly proliferous and 
creeping. 

E. parvulus : a tiny plant, l'-3' high, with lanceolate or spatulate leaves, 
few-flowered umbels, 9 stamens, and almost pointless akenes. (T) 

E. rostratUS, with broadly heart-shaped leaves (l'-3' long, not including 
the petiole) shorter than the erect scape, which bears a panicle of proliferous 
umbels; flower almost ^' wide; 12 stamens; akenes beaked with slender 
styles. ® 

E. radieans, with broadly heart-shaped and larger leaves (3' -8' wide) 
which are very open or almost truncate at base ; the creeping scapes or stems 
becoming l°-4° long and bearing many whorls ; flowers ^' -%' broad ; akenes 
short-beaked. 

5. SAGITTARIA, ARROW-HEAD. (From the Latin for orroio, from 
the sagittate leaves which prevail in the genus. In shallow water : fl. all 
summer. 2/ 

* Filaments long and slender, i. e. as long as the linear-ohlong anthers. 
S. lancifolia. Common from Virginia S. : with the stout leaves l°-3° 
and scapes 2° - 5° high, the coriaceous blade of the former lance-oblong and 



frog's-bit family. 321 

always tapering into the tMck petiole, the nerves nearly all from the thick 
and prominent midrib. 

S. variabilis. The common species everywhei-e, exceedingly variable; 
almost all the well-developed leaves arrow-shaped ; filaments nearly twice the 
length of the anthers, smooth ; akenes broadly obovate, with a long and 
curved beak ; calyx remaining open. 

S. ealycina. Along rivers, often much immersed ; many of the leaves 
linear or Avith no blades ; the others mostly halberd-shaped ; scapes weak, 
3' - 9' high ; pedicels with fruit recurved ; filaments roughish, only as long as 
the anthers ; akenes obovate, tipped with short horizontal style ; calyx appressed 
to head of fruit and partly covering it ; the fertile flowers show 9-12 stamens, 
the sterile occasionally some rudiments of pistils. 

* * Filaments very short and broad. 

S. heterophylla. Common S. & W. : scapes 3' -2° high, weak; the 
fertile flowers almost sessile, the sterile long-pedicelled ; filaments glandular- 
pubescent ; akenes narrow-obovate, with a long erect beak ; leaves linear, lance- 
olate, or lance-oblong, arrow-shaped with narrov/ lobes or entire. 

S. graminea. Common S.. : knoAvn from the foregoing by the slender 
pedicels of both kinds - of flowers, small almost beaklass akenes, and leaves 
rarely arrow-shaped. 

S. pusilla. From N. Jersey S. near the coast : known by the small size 
(1 —3' high), few flowers, usually only one of them fertile and recurved in fruit ; 
stamens only about 7, with glabi'ous filaments ; akenes obovate, with erect beak ; 
and leaves without a true blade. 

S. natans, only S. is probably a large state of the last, with leaves having 
a floating blade V -2' long, ovate or oblong, or slightly heart-shaped, 5-7 
nerved. 

6. LIMNOCHARIS. (Name from the Greek means delight of the pools.) 

L. Humboldtii. Tender aquatic plant from S. America, Avhich, turned 
into pools, spreads widely by its proliferous branching and rooting stems, and 
flowers all summer and autumn ; each flower lasting but a day, the 3 broad 
sulphur-yellow petals I'-l^'long; pistils about 6; leaves about 3' long, the 
midrib swollen below. 

115. HYDROCHAIIIDACE^, FROG'S-BIT FAMILY. 

Water-plants, with dioecious, monoecious, or polygamous flowers 
on scape-like peduncles from a sort of spathe of one or two leaves, 
the perianth in the fertile flowers of 6 parts united below into a 
tube which is coherent with the surface of a compound ovary : — we 
have three plants, two of them very common. 

* Floating .1 si)readlng by proliferous shoots ; leaves long-petioled, rounded lieart-shaped. 
1. LIMNOBIUM. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, from sessile or short-stalked 

leaf-like spathes, the sterile spathe of one leaf surrounding 3 long-pedicelled 
staminate flowers: the fertile 2-leaved, with one short-pedicel led flower. 
Perianth of 3 outer oval lobes (calyx) and 3 narrow iimer ones (petals). A 
cluster of 6-12 unequal monadelp'hous stamens in the sterile flower: some 
awl-shaped rudiments of stamens and a 6-9-celled ovarv in the fertile 
flower; stigmas 6-9, each 2-parted. Fruit berry-like, many-seeded. 

* * Groioing under ivater, the fertile fowers only rising to the surface ; the sterih 

{not often detected) brenking off their short stalks, and foating on the surface 
around the plstdlate flowers. 
1. ANACHARIS. Stems leafy and branching. Fertile flowers rising from a tubu- 
lar spathe; the periantlf prolonged into an exceedingly slender stalk-like 
tube, G-!obed at to]), cdnnnonly bearing 3-9 apparently good staniens: ovary 
l-collod with a fc\v ovules on the walls: stylo coherent with the tube of the 
periaiifb: stignias 3, norched. 
3. VA^LI^Xl^I'IA. Steniless; leaves all in tufts from creeping rootstocks. Fer- 
tile flowers with a tubular spathe, raised to the surfoco'"of the water on an 
21 



322 PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY. 

extremely long and slender scape: tube of the perianth not prolonged beyond 
the 1-celled ovary, with 3 obovate outer lobes (sepals) and 3 small inner 
linear ones (petals), and no stamens. Ovules very numerous lining the walls. 
Stigmas 3, sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit cylindrical, beiTy-like. 

1. LIMNOBIUM, FROG'S-BIT. (Name in Greek means living in 
pools.) Plowers whitish, the fertile ones larger, in summer. 2/ 

L. Spongia. Floating free on still water S. & W. ; has been found in bays 
of Lake Ontario: rooting copiously; leaves l'-2' long, purple beneath, tumid 
at base with spongy air-cells. 

2. AT^ACHABIS, WATER-WEED. (Name from the Greek means 
destitute of charms.) El. summer. 2/. 

A. Canadensis. Slow streams and ponds : a rather homely weed, with 
long branching stems, beset with pairs or whorls of pellucid and veinless 
1-nerved minutely serrulate sessile leaves (^'-1' long), varying fi'om linear 
to ovate-oblong, the thread-like tube of the yellowish perianth often several 
inches long. 

3. VALLISNERIA, TAPE-GKASS, EEL-GRASS of fresh water. 

(Named for A. Vatlisneri, an early Italian botanist.) Fl. late summer. 2/. 

V. spiralis. In clear ponds and slow streams, with bright green and grass- 
like linear leaves (l°-2° long), delicately nerved and netted; fertile scapes 
rising 2° -4° long, according to the depth of the water, afterwards coiling up 
spirally and drawing the fruit under water to ripen. — The leaves of this and 
the preceding are excellent to show cyclosis. (See Structural Botany, p. 31, 
Lessons, p. 167.) 

116. PONTEDEMACE^, PICKEREL-WEED F. 

A few water plants, distinguished from the foregoing by having 
the tubular corolla-like perianth free from the ovary, and the flow- 
ers perfect. Represented by 

Sehollera graminea, or Water Stak-Grass ; a grass-like weed grow- 
ing under water in streams, with branching stems beset with linear pellucid ses- 
sile leaves ; the flower Avith a slender salver-form pale yellow perianth, of six 
narrow equal divisions raised to the surface on a very slender tube, and only 3 
stamens. 

Hetera,nthera reniformis, Mud-Plantain, in mud or shallow water 
S. & W. ; with floating round-kidney-shaped leaves on long petioles, and 3 - .5 
ephemeral w^hite flowers, from the sheathing base or side of a petiole ; their per- 
ianth salver-form, with a slender tube, bearing 6 nearly equal divisions and 3 
dissimilar stamens, one Avith a greenish, two Avith yellow anthers. 

H. limosa, in mud S. & W. : distinguished by its oblong or lance-oblong 
leaves, and solitary blue floAver. — The only widely common plant of the family 
belongs to 

1. POlfTEBEKIA, PiCKEREL-AA-EED. (Named for the Italian botanist 
Pontedera.) FloAvers in a terminal spike. Perianth of 6 divisions irregularly 
united beloAV in a tube, the 3 most united forming an upper lip of 3 lobes, the 
others more spreading and with more or less separate or lightly cohermg 
claAvs forming the loAver lip, open only for a day, rolling up from the apex 
doAvnwards as it closes ; the 6-ribbed base thickening, turning green, and en- 
closing the fruit. Stamens 6, the 3 loAver in the throat, Avith incurved fila- 
ments ; the 3 unper loAver doAvn and shorter, often imperfect. Ovary 3-celled, 
2 cells empty, <.ae Avith a hanging OA'ule. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded utricle. 
P. cordata, Common P. EveryAvhere in shalloAv water ; stem 1° - 2° high, 

naked beloAV, above bearing a single petioled heart-shaped and oblong or lance- 

arroAA^-shaped obtuse leaf, and a spike of pur])Iish-blue fl'owers ; upper lobe Avith 

a conspicuous yellowish-green spot : fl. all summer. 2/ 



ORCHIS FAMILY. 323 

117. ORCHIDACE^, ORCHIS FAMILY. 

Herbs, with flowers of peculiar structure, the perianth adherent 
to the one-celled ovary (which has numberless minute ovules on 
3 parietal placentae), its chiefly corolla-like 6 parts irregular, 3 in 
an outer set answering to sepals, 3 within and alternate with these 
answering to petals, one of these, generally larger and always differ- 
ent from the others, called the lahellum or Up : the stamens are 
gynandrous^ being borne on or connected with the style or stigma, 
and are only one or two; the pollen is mostly coherent in masses of 
peculiar appearance. All perennials, and all depend upon insects 
for fertilization. Beginners will not very easily comprehend the 
remarkable structure of most Orchideous flowers. But our more 
conspicuous common species may be readily identified as to genera 
and species. 

§ 1. Epiphyte or Air-Plant Orchids. Of these a great variety are cultivated 
in the choicest conservatories. We have one in the most Southern States. 

1. EPIDENDUM. The 3 sepals and 2 petals nearly alike and widely spreading: 

the odd petal or lip larger and 3-lobed, its base" united with the style, which 
bears a lid-like anther, containing 4-stalked pollen-masses, over the glutinous 
stigma. 

§ 2. Terrestrial Orchids, growing in the soil, in woods or low grounds. 
4t Anther only one, but of 2 cells, which when separated (as in Orchis) must not be 
mistaken for two anthers : pollen collected into one or more masses in each 
cell : stigma a glutinous surface. 

■i- Lip or odd petal produced underneath into a free honey-bearing horn or spur : 
pollen of each cell all connected by elastic threads with a central axis or stalk, 
the Iwoer end of which is a sticky gland or disk, by adhesion to which the lohole 
mass of pollen is dragged from the opening anther and carried off by insects. 

2. OECHIS. The 3 sepals and 2 petals are conniving and arched on the upper 

side of the flower; the lip turned downwards (i. e. as the floAver stands on its 
twisted ovary). Anther erect, its two cells parallel and contiguous ; the 2 
glands side by side just over the concave stigma, and enclosed in a sort of 
pouch or pocket opening at the top. 

3. HABENARIA. Flower generally as in Orchis, but the lateral sepals com- 

monly spreading; the glands attached to the pollen-masses naked and ex- 
posed. 

■i- -i- No spur to the lip : anther borne on the back of the style below its tip. erect oi' 
inclined: the ovate stigma on the front. Flowers in a spike, small, white. 

4. SPIRANTHES. Flowers oblique on the ovary, all the parts of the perianth 

erect or conniving, the lower part of the li'p involute around the style and 
■with a callosity on each side of the base, its narrower tip somewliat recurved 
and crisped. Pollen-masses 2 (one to each cell), each 2-parted into a thin 
plate (composed of grains lightly united by delicate threads), their summits 
united to the back of a narrow boat-shaped sticky gland set in the beaked tip 
over the stigma. Leaves not variegated. 
6. GOODYERA. Flowers like Spiranthes; but the lip more sac-shaped, closely 
sessile, and destitute of the callous protuberances at base. Leaves variegated 
with white veining. 

+- -I- -I- No spur to the lip, or one adherent to the wary: anther inverted on the apex 
of the style, commonly attached by a sort of hinge : pollen 2 or 4 separate soft 
masses, not attached to a stal/c or gland. 

•H- Flowers rather large : pollen-masses soft, of lightly-connected powdery gy'ains. 

6. ARETHUSA. Flower only one, on a naked scape; the 3 sepals and 2 petals 

lanceolate and nearly alike, all united at the base, ascending and arching 

over the top of tlie long and somewhat wing-margined style, on the petal-like 

top of which i-ests the helmet-shaped hinged anther, over a little shelf, the 



324 ORCHIS FAMILY. 

lower face of which is the stigma. Lip broad, erect, with a recurving 
rounded apex and a bearded crest down the face. Pollen-masses 4, two in 
each cell of the anther. 

7. CALOPOGON. Flowers 2, 3, or several, in a raceme-like loose spike; the lip 

turned towards the axis, diverging widely from the slender (above vang-mar- 
gined) style, narrower at base, larger and rounded at the apex, strono-lv 
bearded along the face. Sepals and the 2 petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, 
separate and spreading. Anther lid-like : pollen-masses 4. 

8. POGONIA. Flowers one or few terminating a leaf-bearing stem; the sepals 

and petals separate; lip crested or 3-lobed. Style club-shaped, vringiess: 
stigma lateral. Anther lid-Mke, somewhat stalked: pollen-masses 2, only one 
in each cell. 

++ 4-1- Flowers mostly small, dull-colored, in a spike or raceme on a brownish or yel- 
lowish leafless scape : pollen-masses 4, globular, soft-waxy. 

9. CORALLOEHIZA. Flowers with sepals and petals nearly alike ; the lip broader, 

2-ridged on the face below, from its base descends a short sac or obscure spur 
which adheres to the upper part of the ovary. Scape with sheaths in place 
of leaves ; the root or rootstock thickish, much branched and coral-like. 

10. APLECTRUM. Flowers as in No. 9, but no trace of a spur or sac, larger. 

Scape rising from a large solid bulb or corm, which also produces, at a differ- 
ent season, a broad and many-nerved green leaf. 

« « Anthers 2 (Lessons p. 111. fig. 226), borne one on each side of the style, and a 
trowel-shaped body on the upper side answers to the third stamen, the one that 
alone is 2)reseni in other Orchids : pollen powdery or pulpy : stigma rouyhish, 
not glutinous. 

11. CYPRIPEDIUM. Sepals in appearance generally only 2, and petals 2, besides 

the lip which is a large inflated sac, into the mouth of which the style, bear- 
ing the stamens and tenninated by the broad terminal stig-ma, is 'declined. 
Pollen sticky on the surface, as if v^ath a delicate coat of varnish, powdery or 
at length pulpy underneath. 

1. EPIDENDUM. (Name in Greek means upon a tree, i. e. an epiphyte.) 
E. COnopseum, our only wild Orchideous Epiphyte or Air-plant, is found 

from South Carolina S. & AV. on the boughs of Magnolia, &c., clinging to the 
bark by its matted roots, its tuberous rootstocks bearing thick and firm lance- 
olate leaves (l'-3' long), and scapes 2'- 6' long, with a raceme of small greenish 
and purplish flowers, in summer. (Lessons, p. 34, 35, fig. 35.) 

2. ORCHIS. (The ancient name, from the Greek, ) We have only one true 
Orchis, viz. 

O. spectabilis, Shov^^t Orchis. Eich hilly woods N. ; with 2 oblong 
obovate glossy leaves (3 '-5' long) from the fleshy-fibrous root, and a leaf}- 
bracted scape 4' -7' high, bearing in a loose spike a few pretty flowers, pink- 
piirple, the ovate lip white : in late spring. 

3. H ABETTARIA, popularly called ORCHIS. (Name from Latin habena, 
a rein or thong, from the shape of the lip of the corolla in some species.) 
Flowers in a terminal spike, each in the axil of a bract, in late spring or sum- 
mer. In all but one species the ovary twists and the lip occupies the lower or 
anterior side of the flower. 

§ 1. Fringed Orchis. Lip and often the other petals cut fringed or cleft, 
shorter than the long curving spur : cells of the anther more or less diverging 
and tapering below, the sticky gland at their lower end strongly projecting 
forwards. These are our handsomest wild Orchises : all grow in bogs or low 
grounds: stems leafy, 1^-4° high. 

* Flowers violet-purple, in summer : the lip fan-shaped, 3-parted nearly down to the 
stalk-like base, and the divisions more or less fringed. 

H. fimbriata, Larger Purple Fringed 0. "Wet meadoAvs fromPcnn. 
N. E. : lower leaves oval or oblong, upper few and small; raceme-like epilie 
oblong, Avith rather fcAV large floAvers in early summer ; petals oblong, toothed 
down the sides ; lip almost 1' wide, hanging, cut into a delicate fringe. 



ORCHIS FAMILY. 325 

H. psyeddeSj Smaller Purple Fringed O. Common, especially 
N. : leaves oblong, above passing into lance-iinear bracts ; spike cylindrical, 
4'- 10' long, crowded with smaller and fragrant flowers; lateral petals wedge- 
obovate, almost entire ; lip spreading, only ^' wide, cut into denser fringe. 

H. peranidena. Fi-om Penn. W. & S. along and near the mountains : 
flowers of size intermediate between the two preceding, the broad wedge-shaped 
lobes of the lip moderately cut-toothed, but not fringed. 

* * Flowers greeimh or yellowish-white, in late summer : ylands oval or lanceolate, 

almost facing each other : spike long and loose. 

H. iGUGOph^a.. Prom Ohio W. «& S. : 2° -4° high; leaves lance-oblong; 
floAvers rather large, the fan-shaped lip 3-parted, |' long, and many-cleft to the 
middle into a thread-like fringe. 

H. lacera, Ragged Fringed O. Common N.&E.: l°-2°high; leaves 
lanceolate or oblong ; petals oblong-linear, entire ; divisions of the slender-stalked 
3-parted lip narrow and slenderly fringed. 

* * * Flowers bright white, in summer: the lip fringe-margined but not cleft. 

H. blephariglottis, White Fringed 0. Peat-bogs N. : like the next, 
but rather smaller, l°"high, the fringe of the lance-oblong lip hardly equal to 
the width of its body. 

* * * * Flowers bright orange-yellow, in late summer: glands orbicular, projecting 

on the beak-pointed bases of the very diverging anther-cells : ovary and pod 
long, tapering to the summit. 

H. ciliaris, Yellow Fringed O. Sandy bogs: l^°-2° high; leaves 
oblong or lanceolate ; spike short, of many crowded very showy flowers ; petals 
cut-fringed at apex, the oblong body of the lip narrower than the copious long 
and fine fringe. 

H. cristata, from Penn. S. : smaller, with narrower leaves, and flowers 
only a quarter the size of the preceding, the petals crenate, and the ovate lip 
with a narrow lacerate fringe. 

§ 2. Yellow, green, or white species, with lip entire, at least not fringed. 

* Stem leafy: leaves oblong or lanceolate : flowers small: anther-cells nearly parallel. . 
H. Integra. Pine barrens from New Jersey S. : resembles H. cristata, 

having small bright orange-yellow flowers, but the lip is ovate and entire or 
barely crenulate. 

H. vireseens. Wet grounds, common: 10' -20' high, with a conspicu- 
ously bracted at length long and loose spike of small dull-green flowers ; the 
lip oblong, almost truncate at the apex, its base with a tooth on each side and 
a nasal protuberance on the face ; spur slender, club-shaped. 

H. viridis, var. braeteata. Cold damp woods N. : 6' -12' high, with 
lower leaves obovate, upper reduced to bracts of the short spike, which are much 
longer than the green flowers; lip truncate and 2 - 3-toothed at the tip, very 
much longer than the sac-shaped spur. 

H. hyperborea. Cold low woods and bogs N. : 6'- 2° high, very leafv; 
leaves lanceolate ; spike dense, often long ; flowers greenish, the lanceolate lip 
like the other petals, spreading, entire, about the length of the incurved spur. 

H. dilatata. Resembles the last, grows in same places, but commonly more 
slender and with linear leaves ; flowers white, less wide, open, the lanceolate 
lip with a rhombic-dilated base ; glands strap-shaped. 

H. nivea. Sandy bogs, from Delaware S. : 10-2° high, all the upper 
leaves bract-like ; flowers white, in a loose cylindrical spike, very small, difl^ln-ent 
from all the rest in having the (white) ovary without a twist, and the linear- 
oblong- entire lip with its long thread-like spur therefore looking inwards. 

* * Stem a naked scape: the leaves only 2 at the ground: fowers pretty large in 

a loose spike: anther-cells widely diverging at their tapering or beak-like 
projecting base. 

H. orbiculata, Great Green O. Evergreen woods and hillsides N. : a 
striking plant; its exactly orb'cular leaves 4' -8' wide, bright green above and 
silvery beneath, lying flat on the ground ; scape \°-2'^ high, braotod, bearing 
many large greenish- white flowers in a loose raceme; sepals roundish; lip uar- 



326 ORCHIS FAMILY. 

rowly spatulate-linear and drooping; spur about 1^' long, cui-ved, gradually 
thickened towards the blunt tip : fl. July, 

H. Hookeri. Sandy woods from Penn, N. : smaller in all parts, flowers 
in June; the orbicular leaves only 3' -5' broad and flat on the ground; scape 
naked, 6' -12' high, bearing fewer yellowish-green flowers in a strict spike; 
sepals lance-ovate; lip lanceolate and pointed, incurved, the other petals lance- 
awl-shaped; spur slender, acute, nearly 1' long. 

4. SPIRANTHES^ LADIES'-TRESSES. (Name from the Greek, de- 
notes that the flowers are spiral : they often are apparently spirally twisted in 
the spike. ) Flowers white. The species are difficult ; the following are the 
commonest. 

* Flowers crowded in 3 ranks in a close spike : wet hanks or hogs. 

S. latifblia. Only from Delaware N. : known by its oblong or lance-ob- 
long leaves (l'-3' long), all at the base of the scape, and narrow spike of small 
smootli flowers early in June. 

S. Romanzoviana. Cold bogs, from N. New England W. . 5' - 15' high, 
with oblong-lanceolate or grassy-linear leaves, a dense spike of flowers at mid- 
summer, all 3 sepals and 2 petals conniving to form an upper lip. 

S. cernua, Common E. and S. : 6' -20' high, with lance-linear leaves, 
cylindrical often lengthened spike, and lower sepals not upturned but parallel 
with the lower petal or lip : fl. in autumn. 

* * Flowers in one straight or often spirally tivisted rank, in summer. 

S. graminea. Wet grassy places from N. England S. : stem about 1° 
high, towards its base and at the fleshy root bearing linear or lance-linear leaves, 
which mostly last through the flowering season ; spike dense and much twisted, 
rather downy. 

S. gracilis. Hills and sandy plains : scape slender, 8'- 18' high, bearing a 
slender spike ; leaves all from the tuberous root, short, ovate or oblong, apt to 
wither away before the small flowers appear in late summer, 

5. GOODYERA, RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. (Named for John 
Cooc/^/er, an English botanist.) EloAvei's small, in summer, greenish-white, 
spiked on a scape; the leaves all clustered at the root, ovate, small. 

G-. repens. Evergreen woods N. : 3' -8' high, slender ; flowers in a loose 
one-sided spike, with inflated sac-shaped lip. 

G. pubescens. Oak and pine woods E. & S. : 6'- 12' high ; larger, with 
leaves more beautifully white-reticulated, and flowers not one-sided in the denser 
spike ; lip globular. 

G. Menziesii. Woods, only from New York W. : 9'- 12' high ; leaves less 
reticulated ; flowers loose in the spike, narrower and pointed id the bud, the lip 
hardly sac-shaped at the base and tapering to a narrow apex. 

6. ARETHUSA. (Mythological name of a nymph and fountain.) El. late 
spring. 

A. bulbbsa. A charming little plant, in wet bogs N. : consists of a scape 
6'- 10' high rising from a solid bulb or corm, sheathed below with one or two 
green bracts, and terminated with the bright rose-pink flower 1'- 2' long. 

7. CALOPOGON. (Name in Greek means beautiful heard, referring to 
the lip.) El. early summer. 

C pulohellus. Wet bogs : scape about 1° high, from a small solid bulb, 
slender, bearing next the base a long linear or lanceolate many-nerved grass-like 
leaf, and at the summit 2-6 beautiful pink-purple flowers (1' broad), the lip as 
if hinged at its base, bearded with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs. 

8. POGONIA. (Name in Greek means bearded, i. e. on the lip : this is 
hardly the case in most of our species.) We have several, but the only widely 
common one is 

P. ophioglossoides. Wet bogs along with the Calopogon, and in 
blossom at the same time : stem 6' - 9' high from a root of thick fibres, bearing 



ORCHIS FAMILY. 327 

an oval or lance-oblong closely sessile leaf near the middle, and a smaller one or 
bract near the terminal floAver, sometimes a second flower in its axil ; flower 1' 
long, pale rose-co]or or whitish, sweet-scented; sepals and petals nearly alike; 
lip erect, beard-crested and fringed. 

9. COBALLORHIZA, CORAL-ROOT (which the name means in 
Greek). 

C. innata. Low woods, mostly N. : 3' -6' high, yellowish, with 5-10 very 
small almost sessile flowers ; lip 3-lobed or halberd-shaped at base : fl. spring. 

C. OdontorMza. Rich woods, common only S. : 6'- 16' high, thickened 
at base, brownish or purplish, with 6-20 pedicelled flowers, and lip not lo'oed 
but rather stalked at base, the spur obsolete. 

C. multiflora. Common in dry woods^ 9' -20' high, purplish, stout, with 
10-30 short-pedicelled flowers, lip deeply 3-lobed, and adnate spur manifest. 

10. APLECTRUM, PUTTY-ROOT, ADAM-AND-EVE. (Name, 
fi'om the Greek, means destitute of spur.) 

A. hyemale. Woods, in rich mould, mostly towards the Alleghanies and 
N. : scape and dingy flowers in early summer ; the large oval and plaited-nerved 
petioled leaf appears towards autumn and lasts over winter ; solid bulbs one 
each year, connected by a slender stalk, those of at least two years found to- 
gether (whence one of the popular names), 1' thick, filled with strong glutinous 
matter, which has been used for cement, whence the other name. 

11. CYPRIPEDIUM, LADY'S SLIPPER, MOCCASON-FLOWER. 

(Greek name for Venus, joined to that for a slipper or buskin.) Two exotic 
species are not rare in conservatories ; the others are among the most orna- 
mental and curious of our wild flowers : in spring and early summer. Root- 
stocks very short and knotty, producing long and coarse fibrous roots. 
§ 1. The three sepals separate: stem leafy, one-flowered. 

C. arietinum, Ram's head C. Cold bogs N. : not common ; the smallest 
species, with slender stem 6' - 10' high, oblong-lanceolate leaves, and a dingy 
purplish flower, the sac conical and in some positions resembling a ram's head, 
one sepal lance-ovate, the two others and the two petals linear. 

§ 2. Two of the sepals united by their edges into one under the sac or slipper, but 
their very tijis sometimes separate. 

* Stem l'?-2° high, leafy to the l-S-fowered summit: leaves lance-ohlong or 
ovate, with many somewhat plaited nerves, more or less pubescent: sac or 
slipper horizontal, much inflated, open by a rather large round orifice. 

-{- Sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals brownish, pointed, larger than the sac. 

C. pub^seens, Yellow Lady's-Slipper. Low woods and bogs, mainly 
N. : sac light yellow, higher than broad, convex above ; sepals long-lanceolate : 
flowers early summer, scentless. 

C. parvifldrum, Smaller Yellow L. In similar situations ; stems and 
leaves generally smaller, and flower about half the size of the other, somewhat 
fragrant, the sac broader than high, deep yellow, and the lance-ovate sepals 
browner. 

C. eandidum, Small White L. Bogs and Ioav prairie:^, chiefly W. : 
small, barely 1° high, slightly pubescent ; sac like that of preceding but" white. 
•1- ■*- Sepals and petals broad or roundish and flat, white, not larger than the sac. 

C. spectabile, vSho-wy L., and deserving the name, in bogs and rich low 
woods N., and along the mountains S. : downy, 2° or more liigh. with leaves 
6' -8' long, white flowers with the globular lip (l^'long) painted with ]iink- 
purple, in July. 

* * Scape naked, bearing a small bract and one flower at summit. 
•1- Wild species, with only a pair of oblong 7nany-nerred downy lea res at the roof. 
C. acaule, Stemless L. Moist or sandy ground in the shade of over- 
greens: scape 8' -12' high; sepals and petals ' greenish or purplish, the latter 



328 BANANA FAMILY. 

linear, shorter than the rose-purple oblong-obovate drooping sac, which is split 
down the front but nearly closed : fl. spring. 

•t- East Indian species of the conservatory, with several thick and firm keeled 
in 2 ranks at the root : sac hanging, largely open at top. 



C. insigne, has linear strap-shaped cartilaginous leaves, and yellow flower 
with some greenish and pui-ple-spotted. 

C. venustum, with more fleshy oblong-strap-shaped mottled and spotted 
leaves, and purphsh flower with some green and yellow. 

118. SCITAMINE.^, BANANA FAMILY. 

Here is assembled a group of tropical or subtropical plants, with 
leaves having distinct petiole and blade, the latter traversed by 
nerves running from the midrib to the margin ; flowers irregular, 
with a perianth of at least two ranks of divisions, below all combined 
into a tube which is adherent to the S-celled ovary ; the stamens 
1-6 and distinct. We have only two, by no means common, wild 
representatives on our southeastern borders ; the cultivated ones 
are chiefly grown for their ornamental foliage, and most of them are 
rarely seen in blossom. They may therefore be simply referred to, 
as follows. 

I. GINGER FAMILY. Seeds, rootstocks, or roots hot-aro- 
matic. Stamen only one, with a 2-celled anther, commonly em- 
bracing the style, but not united with it. 

Hedychium Gardnerianam, Garlaxd-Flower, cult, from India : 

stems 3° -4° high, furnished to the top with oblong 2-ranked leaves, terminating 
in a large spike of handsome light-yellow flowers, a slender tube bearing 6 
divisions" Avhich may be likened to those of an Orchideous flower, one (answer- 
ing to the lip) much larger and broader than the 5 others, and a very long 
protruding reddish filament terminated by a yellow anther sheathing the style 
up almost to the stigma. 

II. ARROWROOT or INDIAN-SHOT FAMILY. No hot- 
aromatic properties, the thick rootstocks, &c., commonly contain 
much starch, from which genuine arrowroot is produced. Stamen 
only one with an anther, and that one-celled. 

Thalia dealbata, wild in marshes and ponds far S., is dusted over with a 
white powder, the heart-ovate long-petioled leaves all from the root, reed-like 
scape branching above into panicled spikes of small much-bracted purple flowers. 

Maranta zebrina, rarely flowers, but is a shoAvy leaf-plant in conserva- 
tories ; the oblong leaves 2 or" 3 feet long, purple beneath, the upper surface 
satiny and with alteniating stripes of deep and pale green ; flowers dull purple, 
inconspicuous, in a bracted head or spike near the ground on a short scape. 

Canna Indica, Common Indian Shot (so called from the hard shot- 
like seeds, these several in the 3 cells of the rough-walled pod) : frecjuently 
planted for summer flowering ; the lance-ovate or oblong pointed leaves 6' -12' 
long; flowers several in a" simple or branching spike, about 2' long, red, 
varving to yellow, or variegated ; stamen with petal-like filament bearing the 
anther on one side, otherwise resembling the 3 divisions of an inner corolla, 
these probably transformed sterile stamens. — The following, more magnificent 
for summer foliage, and sometimes for flowers, are choicer sorts, but much 
confused as to species. 

C. Warszewiezii, 4° -.5° high, with mostly purplish or purjDle-margined 
pointed leaves, and crimson-red flowers. 



PINE-APPLE FAMILY. 329 

C. discolor, grows 60-10° high, with broad purple-tinged very large 
leaves, and crimson or red-purple flowers. 

C. glauca, especially its var. ANNiei, 8° -13° high, with its glaucous 
pale taper-pointed leaves, and yellow or red flowers 4' long. 

C. flaceida, wild in swamps from South Carolina S. : 2° -4° high, with 
ovate-lanceolate pointed leaves, and yellow flowers 3' -4' long; all the inner 
divisions obovate and wavy, lax, the 3 outer or calyx reflexed. 

III. BANANA FAMILY proper. Not aromatic or pungent. 
Stamens 5 with 2-celIed anthers, and an abortive naked filament. 

Strelltzia ReginSS, a large stemless conservatory plant, from the Cape 
of Good Hope, winter-flowering, with 2-ranked root-leaves, their long rigid 
petioles bearing an ovate-oblong thick blade ; scape bearing at apex an oblique 
or horizontal and rigid conduplicate spathe, from which several large and 
strange-looking blossoms appear in succession ; the 3 outer divisions of the peri- 
anth 3' -4' long, orange-yellow, one of them conduplicate and taper-pointed, and 
somewhat like the two larger of the bright blue inner set, or true petals, which 
are united and cover the stamens, the other petal inconspicuous. 

Musa sapientum, Banana ; cult, for foliage and for the well-known 
fruit ; the euAvrapping bases of the huge leaves forming a sort of tree-like suc- 
culent stem, 10° -20° high ; the flower-stalk rising through the centre, and de- 
veloping a drooping spike, the flowers clustered in the axil of its purplish 
bracts; perianth of 2 concave or convolute divisions or lips, the lower 3-5- 
lobed at the apex and enclosing the much smaller upper one ; berry oblong, by 
long cultivation (from offshoots) seedless. (LessonSj, p. 19, fig. 47.) 

M. Cavendishii. A dwarf variety, flowering at a few feet in height, is 
the more manageable one, principally cultivated for fruiting. 

119. BROMELIACS.^, PINE-APPLE FAMILY. 

Tropical or subtropical plants, the greater part epiphytes, with 
dry or fleshy, mostly rigid, smooth or scurfy leaves, often prickly 
edged, and perfect flowers with 6 stamens, — represented by several 
species of Tilland.-ia in Florida, a small one further north, and sev- 
eral of various genera in choice conservatories, not here noticed. 

Ananassa sativa, Pine-Apple ; cult, for its fruit, the flowers abortive, 
and sometimes for foliage, especially a striped-leaved variety. 

Tiliandsia usneoides, the Long Moss or Black Moss (so called), 
hanging from trees in the low country from the Dismal Swamp S. : gray- 
scurfy, with thread-shaped branching stems, linear-awl-shaped recurved leiives, 
and small sessile green flowers ; the ovary free, forming a narrow 3-valved pod, 
filled with club-shaped hairy-stalked seeds : fl. summer. 

120. AMARYLLIDACE^, AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 

Chiefly perennial herbs, with leaves and scape from a bulb, corm, 
&c., the leaves nerved from the base, and rarely with any distinction 
of blade and petiole ; the perianth regular or but moderately 
irregular and colored, its tube adherent to the surface of the 3-celled 
ovary ; and 6 stamens with good anthers. Bulbs acrid, some of 
them poisonous. To tliis family belong many of the choicer bulbs 
of house-culture, only the commonest here noticed. 

§ 1. Scape and linear hairy leaves from a liitle solid bidb or corm. 
1. IIYPOXYS. Perianth G-pax'ted nearly to the ovary, spreading, greenish out- 
side, yellow within, persistent and withering on tlie pod. 



330 AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 

§ 2. Scape and mostly smooth leaves from a coated bulb. 
* A cup-shaped, funnel-shaped, or saucer-shaped crown on the throat of the perianth. 

2. NARCISSUS. Perianth with a more or less cyhndrical tube, 6 equal widely- 

spreading divisions, and stamens of unequal length included in the cup or 
crown. Scape with one or more flowers, from a scarious l-leaved spathe. 

3. PANCRATIUM. Perianth with a slender tube, 6 long and narrow divisions, 

and a cup to which the long filaments adhere below, and from the edge of 
which they project. Anthers linear, fixed by the middle. Scape bearing a 
few flowers in a cluster, surrounded by some leaf-like or scarious bracts. 

* * No cup nor crown to thefiower, or only minute scales sometimes in the throat. 

4- Filaments borne on the tube of tlie flower : anthers fixed by the middle, versatile : 

spathe of 1 or 2 scales or bracts. 

4. CRINUM. Perianth with a slender long tube and 6 mostly long and naiTow 

spreading or recuiwed divisions. Stamens long. Scape solid, bearing few or 
many flowers, in an umbel-like head. Bulb often columnar and rising as if 
into a sort of stem. Leaves in several ranks. 

5. A]\IARYLLIS. Perianth various; the divisions oblong or lanceolate. Scape 

bearing one or more flowers. Leaves mostly 2-ranked. 

•»- -i- Filaments on the ovary at the base of the 6-parted perianth: anthers erect, not 
versatile : spathe a bract opening on one side. 

6. GAL ANTHUS. Scape with usually a single small flower on a nodding pedicel. 

Perianth of 6 oblong separate concave pieces; the three inner shorter, less 
spreading, and notched at the end. Anthers and style pointed. 

7. LEL'COIUM. Scape bearing 1-7 flowers on nodding pedicels. Perianth of 

6 nearly separate oval divisions, all alike. Anthers blunt. Style thickish 
upwards. 

§ 2. Stems leafy, or scape beset with bracts, from a tuberous rootstoch or crovm. 

8. ALSTRQilMERLl. Stems slender and weak or disposed to climb, leafy to the 

top, the thin lanceolate or linear leaves commonly twisting or turning over. 
Flowers in a terminal umbel. Perianth 6-parted nearly or quite to the ovary, 
rather bell-shaped, often irregular as if somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens more or 
less declined. Style slender : stigTaa 3-cleft. 

9. POLIANTHES. Stem erect and simple from a thick tuber, benring long-linear 

channelled leaves, and a spike of white flowers. Perianth with a cylindrical 
and somewhat funnel-shaped slightly curved tube, and 6 about equal spread- 
ing lobes. Stamens included in the tube : anthers erect. The summit of the 
ovary and pod free from the calyx-tube; in this and other respects it ap- 
proaches the Lily Family. 
10. AGAVE. Leaves' thick and fleshy with a hard rind and a commonly spiny 
margin, tufted on the crown, which produces thick fibrous roots, and suckers 
and offsets; in fiowering sends up a bracted scape, bearing a spike or panicle 
of yellowish flov/ers. Perianth tubular-funnel-shaped, persistent, with 6 nar- 
row almost equal divisions. Stamens projecting: anthers linear, versatile. 
Pod containing numerous flat seeds. 

1. HYPOXYS, STAR-GEASS. (Name from the Greek, means acute at 
the base ; the pod is often so. ) 

H. ereeta, the common species, in grass; with few-flowered scape 3' -8' 
high, and leaves at length longer ; yellow star-like flower over ^' broad. 

2. NARCISSUS. (Greek name, that of the young man in the mythology 
who is said to have been changed into this flower. ) Most of them are per- 
fectly hardy : fl. spring. 

!N". poeticus, Poet's N. Leaves nearly flat ; scape 1 -flowered ; crown of 
the white flower edged with pink, hardly at all projecting from the yellowish 
throat : in full double-flowered varieties the crown disappears. 

N. biflbrus, Two-flowered N., or Primrose Peerless of the old 
gardeners, has two white or pale straw-colored flowers, and the crown in the 
form of a short yellow cup. 

N. polyanthOS is the parent of the choicer sorts of Polya>'thus N. ; 
flowers numerous, white, the cup also white. 



AMARYLLIS FAMILY. 331 

"N. Tazetta, Polyanthus N. Leaves as of the preceding linear and 
nearly flat, glaucous ; flowers numerous in an umbel, yellow or sometimes 
white, Avith the crown a golden or orange-colored cup one third or almost one 
half the length of the divisions. 

N. Jonquilla, Jonquil. Leaves narrow, rush-like or half-cylindrical ; 
flowers 2 to .5, small, yellow, as also the short cup, very fragrant. 

N. Pseudo-Narcissus, Daffodil. Leaves flat, and 1 -flowered scape 
short ; flower large, yellow, with a short and broad tube, and a large bell-shaped 
cup, having a wavy-toothed or crisped margin, equalling or longer than the 
divisions : common double-flowered in country gardens. 

3. PATTCRATIUM. (Name in Greek means all powerful: no obvious 
reason for it.) Flowers large, showy, fragrant, especially at evening in 
summer. Cult, at the North ; the following wild S. in wet places on and 
near the coast. 

P. maritimuni. Glaucous ; leaves linear, erect ; scape barely flattish ; 
perianth 5' long, its green tube enlarging at summit into the funnel-shaped 
12-toothed cup, to the lower part of which the spreading narrow-lanceolate 
divisions of the perianth- are united. 

P. rotatum (or P. MexicXnum). Leaves linear-strap-shaped, widely 
spreading, bright green, 2' or more wide ; scape sharply 2-edged ; slender tube 
of the perianth and its linear widely spreading divisions each about 3' long, the 
latter wholly free from the short and broadly open wavy-edged cup. 

4. CRINUM. (The Greek name for a Lily.) Showy conservatory plants, 
chiefly from tropical regions ; one wild S. 

C. amabile, from East Indies ; the huge bulb rising into a column ; leaves 
becoming several feet long and 3'- 5' wide; flowers numerous, 8' -10' long, 
crimson-purple outside, paler or white within. 

C. Americ^num, wild in river swamps far S. ; much smaller, with a 
globular bulb; scape l°-2° high; flower white, 6' -7' long. 

5. AMARYLLIS. (Dedicated to the nymph of this name.) One wild 
species S. ; many in choice cultivation, and the species mixed. The following 
are the commonest types. 

A. Atamasco, Atamasco Lilt, wild from Virginia S. in low grounds ; 
scape 6'- 12' high, mostly shorter than the glossy leaves; flower 2' -3' long, 
single from a 2-cleft spathe, regular, funnel-form, white and pinkish ; stamens 
and style declined. 

A. formosissima, JACOBiEAN or St. James's Lily, of the section 
Sprekelia: cult, from South America : scape bearing a single large and de- 
clined deep crimson-red flower, with hardly any tube, and 2-lipped as it were, 
three divisions recurved-spreading upwards, three turned downwards, these at 
base involute around the lower part of the deflexed stamens and style. 

A. Reginse, from, South America; with 2-4 large almost I'cgular nodding 
flowers, crimson-red, with hardly any tube, and the deflexed stamens curved 
upwards at the end. 

A. Belladonna, from the Cape of Good Hope ; has elongated bulbs, chan- 
nelled narrow leaves shorter than the solid scajie, and several almost regular 
large rose-red fragrant flowers, funnel-form with very short tube, the stamens 
not much declined. 

A. Speei6sa, or Vallota purpurea, from Cape of Good Hope ; the scar- 
let-red flowers with funnel-shaped tube ratlier longer than the broad ovate and 
nearly equal spreading divisions. 

6. GALANTHUS, Snow^drop. (Name formed of the Greek words for 
milk smdJJ.ower, probably from the color.) Fl. earliest spring. 

G. nivalis, of Kuro])c, sends up soon after the winter's snow leaves the 
ground a ])air of linear ])ale leaves and a sca])e 3' -6' high, bearing its delicate 
drooping white flower, the inner divisions tipped with green : a variety is full 
double. 



B32 IRIS FAMILY. 

7. LEUCOltlM, SNOWFLAKE. (Ancient Greek name means White 
Violet.) In gardens from Europe ; much like Snowdrops on a larger scale, 
floAvering later, the scape more leafy at base, and leaves bright green. 

L. vernum, Spring S. Scape about 1° high, mostly 1-flowered, in spring ; 
pod pear-shaped and 6-sided. 

L. sestivum, Summer S. Scape 2° high, bearing 3-7 rather broader 
flowers in late spring or early summer ; pod rounder. 

8. ALSTRCEMERIA. (Named by Linngeus for his friend Baron AJstrce- 
mer.) Plants of the conservatory, from W. South America, of mixed species. 
A. Pelegrina, Lily of the Incas, from Peru. Flowers few or solitary 

at the end of the branches, open, rose-colored or Avhitish, blotched with pink 
and spotted with purple, with some yellow on the inner divisions. 

A. psittacina. Flowers umbelled, funnel-form in shape, the spatulate 
divisions more erect and close, red, tipped with green and brown-spotted. 

A. versicolor. Flowers few, terminating the drooping or spreading 
branches, yellow spotted with purple. 

9. POLIAWTHES, TUBEROSE. (Name from Greek words for city and 
flower; therefore not Polyanthes. And the popular name relates to the tuber- 
ous rootstock, therefore not Tube-Rose. ) 

P. tuberosa, the only species cultivated, probably originally from Mexico ; 
the tall stem with long several-ranked leaves at base and shorter and sparser 
ones towards the many-floAvered spike (produced in autumn when planted out) ; 
the blossoms very fragrant, white, or slightly tinged with rose, the choicer sorts 
full-double. 

10. AGAVE, AT^IERICAN ALOE. (Name from Greek word for wonderful.) 
Plants flower only after some years, and die after maturing the fruit. 

A. Virginiea, of sterile soil from Virginia to 111. and S. ; has lance-oblong 
denticulate and spiny-tipped leaves 6'- 12' long, and scape bearing a loose 
simple spike of small flowers, 3° - 6° high. 

'A. Americana, of Mexico, is the common Century Plant or American 
Aloe; with very thick spiny-toothed and spine-pointed leaves, 2^-4° long, 
pale green, or a variety yellowish-striped, the scape when developed from old 
plants (said to flower only after 100 years in cool climates) tree-like, bearing an 
ample panicle. 

121. miDACEiEl, IRIS FAMILY. 

Distinguished by the equitant erect leaves (Lessons, p. 68, fig. 
133, 134), of course 2-ranked, and the 3 stamens with anthers facing 
outwards. Flowers showy, colored, mostly from a spathe of two or 
more leaves or bracts ; the tube of the perianth coherent with the 
3-celled ovary and often prolonged beyond it, its divisions 6 in two 
sets (answering to sepals and petals), each convolute in the bud. 
Style 1, or rarely 3-cleft : stigmas 3, opposite the 3 stamens and the 
outer divisions of the perianth. Fruit a 3-celled and many-seeded 
pod. Stems or herbage rising from a rootstock, tuber, or solid bulb 
(corm, Lessons, p. 45,^fig. 71, 72) ; these are acrid, sometimes very 
much so. All are perennial herbs. 

§ 1. Perianth ofS outer recurving, and 3 inner commonly smaller erect or incurving 
divisions : stigmas or more proj^erly lobes of the style petal-like. 
1. IRIS. Flowers with tube either slightly or much prolonged beyond the ovary, 
in the latter case coherent also with the style. Stamens under the overarch- 
ing branches of the stvle: anthers linear or oblong, fixed by the base. The 
real stigma is a shelf or short lip on the lower face of the petal-like branch 
of the style, only its inner surface stigmatic. Pod 3 - 6-angled. 



IRIS FAMILY. 333 

§ 2. Perianth parted almost to the base into 6 nearly equal loidely spreading divisions: 
stamens separate or nearly so : style 3 - Q-lobea. 

2. PAEDANTHUS. Foliage and aspect of an Iris with leafy branching stem, 

from a rootstock. Divisions of the flower oblong with a narrow base. Fila- 
ments slender, much longer than the anthers. Style long, club-shaped, its 
simple branches tipped with a broad and blunt stigma. Pod pear-shaped ; 
the valves ftiUing away expose the centre covered with black berry-like 
seeds. 

3. NEjMASTYLIS. Stem simple or sparingly branching above, from a solid bulb 

like that of a Crocus. Divisions of the flower obovate. Filaments awl- 
shaped, much shorter than the linear anthers. Style short, its 3 lobes parted 
each into two, bearing long and thread-like diverging stigmas. Pod truncate. 
Seeds dry, angular. 

§ 3. Perianth deeply cleft or parted into 6 widely spreading divisions : stamens mon- 
adeljjhous to the top: style long: stigmas 3 or 6, thread-like : Jlowtrs opening 
in sunshine and but once for a ftw hours. 

4. SISYEINCHIUM. Root mostly fibi'ous: leaves grass-like. Divisions of the 

wheel-shaped flower all alike!^ Stigmas 3, simple. 

5. TIGRIDIA. From a solid bulb with some hard brittle coating. Leaves lance- 

olate, large, very much plaited. Three outer divisions of the perianth very 
large and with a concave base; the other 3 very much smaller and fiddle- 
shaped. Stigmas 3, each 2-cleft. 

§ 4. Perianth tubular at base, the 6 divisions all more or less sjjreading : stamens sepa- 
rate: style long : stigmas Z, more or less dilated : floioers lasting for several 
days. Plants from solid bidbs or corms. (Lessons, p. 45, fig. 71, 72.) 

6. GLADIOLUS. Flowers numerous in a spike, on a rather tall leafy stem 

remaining open, irregular, the short-funnel-shaped tube being somewhat 
curved, and the divisions more or less unequal, the flower commonly oblique 
or as if somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens (inserted on the tube,) and style as- 
cending. Leaves sword-shaped, strongly nerved. 

7. CROCUS. Flowers and narrow linear leaves rising from the bulb, the ovary 

and pod seldom raised above groTind: perianth with a long and slender tube; 
its oval or roundish divisions alike, or the 3 inner rather smaller, concave, 
fully spreading only in sunshine. Leaves with revolute margins. 

There are besides many tender plants of the family in choice collections, the 
greater part confined to the conservatories, — mostly belonging to 

Ixia maeulata, of Cape of Good Hope, and others, once of that genus, 
now called Sparaxis, Watsonia, &c. ; also to MontbkI:tia or Trit6:n^ia, &c. 

Sehizostylis COeGinea, from South Africa, lately introduced : not very 
tender, with long and keeled linear leaves, and stems 3° high, bearing a spike 
of bright crimson-red flowers 2' across, the ovate acute lobes all alike and widely 
spreading from a narrow tube; the slender style deeply cleft (whence the name) 
Into 3 thread-like branches. 

Mor^a iridoideSp of the Cape; very like an Iris, as the specific name 
denotes ; but the 6 divisions of the perianth all nearly alike and widely spread- 
ing, white with a yellow spot on the 3 outer ones. 

1. IRIS, Flower-de-luce, Blue Flag. (Greek and Latin mythological 
name, and name of the rainbow. ) Fl. spring and early summer. 

§ 1. Wild species of the country, all loith creeping rootstocls. 
* Dwarf with simple very short stems {or only Irafij tiifft^). 1 -Srlmfcrrd in early 
spring, from creeping and branching slender rootstorls, here and there tuber- 
ous-thickened: flowers violet-blue, with a long slender tube, and no brnrd. 

I. verna, Slender Dwarf-Iris. Wooded hillsides, from Virginia and 
Kentucky S. ; with linear grassy leaves, tube of floAvor nbout tho lonatli of its 
almost equal divisions, which are on slender orangc-ycllow claws, the outer ones 
crestless. 

I. eristata, Crested B. Along the AUeghnnic^, &c., sometime^ cult ; 
with lanceolate leaves, or the u]-)ptM- ovafo-l:nu\n>l;ik\ tube of flower (2' long) 
much longer than the scarcely stalked divisions, the outer ones ci'csted; pod 
sharply triangular. 



334 IRIS FAMILY. 

* *- Taller : the sevend-flowered often branching stems 1 ° - 3° high : tube of the 

flower short : the outer divisions naked, beard/ess, and all but one cresfless ; 
the inner very much smaller: fl. late spring and early summer, in swamps. 

I. Virginica, Slender Blue Flag. Slender; with very narrow linear 
leaves, and blue flowers with some white (barely 2' long), on slender peduncles, 
with hardly any tube beyond the 3-angled ovary. 

I. versicolor, Larger Blue-Flag. Stout ; stem angled on one side ; 
leaves sword-shaped, |' wide; flowers light blue variegated with some yellow, 
white, and purple, hardly 3' long, the inflated tube shorter than the obtusely 
3-angled ovary ; pod oblong, 3-angled. 

I. hexagona. Only S. near the coast; with simple stem, narrowish long 
leaves, and deep blue variegated flowers 4' long, the outer divisions crested, the 
tube longer than the 6-angled ovary. 

I. ciiprea. Only S. and W. ; with copperish-yellow flowers 2' long, the 
tube about the length of the 6-angled ovary. 

I. tripetala. Only S. in pine-barren swamps ; with rather short sword- 
shaped glaucous leaves, and few blue flowers (2' -3' long), variegated with 
yellow and purple, the inner divisions very short and wedge-shaped, the 
tube shorter than the 3-angled ovary. 

§ 2. Garden species from the Old World, cult, for ornament. 

* A dense beard along the lower part of the 3 outer divisions of the flower: the 

stamens in all spring from thickened rootstocks. 
-1- Dwarf: flowering in early spring. 
I. ptimila, Dwarf Garden Iris. Stem very short; the violet and pur- 
ple flower close to the ground, with slender tube and obovate divisions, hardly 
exceeding the short sword-shaped leaves. 

•I- -t- Taller and larger, several-flowered, in early summer. 

I. Germaniea, Common Flower-de-Luce of the gai-dens, with very 
large scentless flowers, the deep violet pendent outer divisions 3' long, the obo- 
vate inner ones nearly as large, lighter and bluer. 

I. sambucina, Elder-scented F., is taller, 3° or 4° high, and longer- 
leaved ; the flowers about half as large as in the preceding, the outer divisions 
less reflexed, violet, but whitish and yellowish toward the base, painted with 
deeper-colored lines or veins ; upper divisions pale* grayish or brownish blue ; 
spathe broadly scarious-margined. 

I. squalens, very like preceding, with longer dull violet outer divisions to 
the flower whitish and striped at base, and purplish-buff-colored inner divisions. 

I. varieg^ta, has much smaller flowers, with spatulate-obovate divisions 
2' long, white with pale yellow, the outer divisions veined with dark-purple and 
purplish-tinged in the middle. 

I. Florentlna, Florence or Sweet F. Less tall than the Common F., 
with broader leaves, and white faintly sweet-scented flowers, bluish veined, the 
obovate outer divisions 2^' -3' long, with yellow beard. Its violet-scented root- 
stock yields orris-root. 

* * No beard nor crest to the flower : all but the last with rootstocks. 

I. Pseudacorus, Yellow Iris, of wet marshes in Europe, with very long 
linear leaves and bright yellow flowers, sparingly cultivated. 

I. graminea, Grass-Leaved I., has narrow linear root-leaves 2° -3° 
long and often surpassing the 1 - 3-flowered stem ; flower purple-blue,, with 
narrow divisions. 

I. Persiea, Persian Iris. A choice house-plant, dwarf, nearly stemless 
from a kind of bulb-like tuber, from which the flower rises on a long tube, 
earlier than the leaves, delicately fragrant, bluish, Avith a deep-purple spot at 
the tip of the outer divisions, the inner divisions veiy small and spreading. 

2. PARDANTHUS, BLACKBERRY LILY. (Name from the Greek, 
means pard-flower, alluding to the spotted perianth.) Fl. late summer. 
Pardanthus Chinensis, from China, cult, in country gardens and 
escaping into roadsides: 3° -4° high, more i^ranching than an Iris; the di- 
visions of the orange-colored flower (1' long) mottled above with crimson spots, 



YAM FAMILY. 335 

tlie fruit, when the valves fall and expose the berry-like seeds, imitating a black- 
berry, Avhence the common name. 

3. NEMASTYLIS. (Name from the Greek, means thread-like style, ap- 
plicable here to the stigmas.) Fl. spring and summer. 

N. eCGlestina. Pine barrens S. : l°-2° high, with handsome but fuga- 
cious bright blue flowers ; the leaves mainly from the small bulb, linear and 
plaited. 

4. SISYBmCHIUM, BLUE-EYED GRASS. (Name in Greek means 
hog's snout, the application not apparent.) Fl. all summer. 

S. Bermudiana. In all moist meadows ; the slender 2-winged stems 
6' -12' high, in tufts, longer than the root-leaves, almost naked; the small 
flowers in an umbel from a 2-leaved spathe, their obovate divisions bristle-tipped 
from a notch, pale blue, sometimes purplish, in a Western variety white. 

5. TIGRIDIA, TIGER-FLOWER (as the name denotes). Fl. summer. 
T. pavdnia, from Mexico, the principal species, with several varieties, 

planted out for summer floAvering, sends up a stem 2° high, bearing in succession 
a few very large showy flowers ^' or 6' across, yellow or orange-red, the dark 
centre gaudily spotted with crimson or purple. 

6. GLADIOLUS, CORN-FLAG. (Name a diminutive of the Latin 
word for sword, from the leaves.) Several choice tender species in conserva- 
tories ; while the hardy ones and those which bear planting out, which make 
our gardens gay in late summer and autumn, are from the following : 

G. commtlllis, of Europe, is the old-fashioned hardy species, with rather 
few rose-red^ (rarely white) flowers ; the filaments longer t'han the anthers. 

G. Byzantlnus, of the Levant, is larger in all its parts, Avith more flowers 
in the spike and more shoAvy ; filaments shorter than the linear anthers. 

G. blandus, of the Cape of Good Hope, is the parent of many of the 
tender Avhite or pale rose-colored varieties. 

G. cardinalis, of the Cape, also tender, has large scarlet-red flowers, 
often Avhite along the centre of its 3 lower divisions. 

G. psittaeinus, of the Cape, is a tall and robust species, its numerous 
large floAvers with very broad divisions, dull yelloAV, mixed or bordered Avith 
scarlet. This is the parent of G. Gandaa'ensis, noAv universally cultivated, 
and from which so many fine sub-varieties have been produced, Avith scarlet, red 
and yelloAv, orange, and other colors. 

7. CROCUS. (The Greek name of ASajfro?!.) Cult, from the Old World. 
C. vernus, Spring Crocus ; Avith violet, purple, Avhite or mixed colored 

flowers, the broad divisions rarely expanded, and short dilated stigmas Avith 
jagged margins. 

C. luteus and C. Susianus, Yellow Crocus, Avith yelloAV or orange 
floAvers, and opening wider, are mere varieties of the first. 

C. sativus, Fall Crocus, with violet purple and fragrant floAvers, in 
autumn, is rarely seen here. Its long and narroAv orange-red stigmas are 
saffron. 

122. DIOSCOREACEiE, YAM FAMILY. 

Twining plants, from tubers or thick rootstocks or roots, having 
ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves more or less imitating those 
of Exogeus, and small greenish or whitish dioecious flowers, with 
the tube of the perianth in the fertile ones adhering to the 3-celled 
ovary ; its 6 divisions regular and parted to near the base or to tlie 
ovary. Styles 3, distinct or nearly so. Ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in 
each cell. 



336 SMIL AX FAMILY. 

Tamus elephantipes, or TestudinXria elaphantipes, of the Cape 
of Good Hope, is a curiosity in conserA'atories ; the globular or hemispherical 
trunk, resting on the ground, covered with very thick bark soon cracked into 
separate portions, and resembling the back of a tortoise ; out of it spring every 
year slender twining stems, bearing rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped leaves. 

1. DIOSCOHEA, Yam, &c. (Named for Dioscorides.) Flowers in axillary 
panicles or racemes : stamens 6 in the sterile ones, separate. Fertile ones 
producing a 3-ceiled 3-winged pod, when ripe splitting through the wings. 
Fl. summer. 2/ 

D. villosa, Wild Yam : sends up from a knotty rootstock its slender 
stems, bearing heart-shaped pointed leaves, either alternate, ojDposite, or some 
in fours, 9-11-ribbed and with prominent cross-veinlets. In thickets, com- 
moner S. : slightly downy, or usually almost smooth, so that the specific name 
is not a good one 

D. Batatas (or D. Japonica of some), Chinese Yam: cult, from China 
and Japan, for ornament, or for its very deep and long farinaceous roots, — 
a substitute for potatoes, if one could only dig them ; with very smooth heart- 
shaped partly halberd-shaped opposite leaves, and produces bulblets in the axils. 
D. sativa, True Yam, vvdth great thick roots, is only of hot climates. 

123. SMILACE^, SMILAX FAMILY. 

Chiefly woody-stemmed plants, a few herbaceous, climbing or 
supported by a pair of tendrils on the sides of the petiole, having 
ribbed and netted-veined leaves and small dioecious flowers, as in the 
foregoing ; but the ovary is free from the perianth, bears mo-tly 3 
long and diverging sessile stigmas, and in fruit is a berry ; the an- 
thers are only 1-celIed, opening by one longitudinal slit (the division 
of the cell, if any, corresponding with the slit). Consists of the genus 

1. SMILAX, GREENBKIEE, CATBRIER, or CHINA-BRIER. (An- 
cient Greek name. ) All wild species, in thickets and low grounds ; flowers 
small, greenish, in clusters on axillary peduncles, in summer, or several of 
the Southern prickly ones in spring. 

§ 1 . Stems looody, often prickly : ovules and seeds only one in each cell. 
* Sinoofh, and the leaves often glossy, 5- ^-ribbed: stigmas and cells of ovary 3. 

-i- Berries red : peduncles short: leaves b-rihbed: prickles hardly any. 
S. lanceolata, from Virginia S. ; climbs high; leaves evergreen, lance- 
ovate or lanceolate, acute at both ends; rootstock tuberous. 

S. Walteri, from New Jersey S. : 6° high; leaves deciduous, ovate or 
lance-oval, roundish or slightly heart-shaped; j)eduncles flat; rootstock creeping, 
-t- Berries black, often with a bloom : leaves mostly roundish or someuhat heaH- 
shaped at base: peduncles almost always flat. 

S. rotundifdlia, Common Greenbrier. YelloAvish-green, often high- 
climbing; branchlets more or less square, armed with scattered prickles ; leaves 
ovate or round-ovate, thickish, green both sides, 2' -3' long; peduncles few- 
flowered, not longer than the petioles. 

S. glauca. ^Mostly S. of New York : like the preceding, but less prickly, 
the ovate leaves glaucous beneath and seldom at all heart-shaped, smooth edged, 
and peduncles longer than petiole. 

S. tamnoides. jSTcav Jersey to 111. and S. : differs from preceding in the 
leaves var\ing from round-heart-shaped to fiddle-shaped and halberd-sliaped, 
green both sides, pointed, and the edges often sparsely bristly. 

S. Pseudo-China, China-Brier; from Xew Jersey 'and Kentucky S. : 
rootstock tuberous ; prickles none or rare ; leaves ovate and heart-shaped, green 
both sides, often contracted in the middle, and rough-ciliare, 3' - 5' long ; flat 
peduncles 2' -3' long. 



LILT FAMILY. 337 

S. hispida. Only from Penn. N. : rootstock long ; stem high-climbing, 
below beset with long and dark bristly prickles ; leaves ovate and heart-shaped, 
green both sides, thin, 4' -5' long; flat peduncles lg^'-2'long; flowers larger 
than in the Common Greenbrier. 

* * Downy or smooth : stigma, cell of the ovary, and seed only one ! 

S. pumila. Sandy soil S. : rising only l°-3° high, not prickly, soft-downy, 
with ovate or oblong and heart-shaped 5-ribbed evergreen leaves, when old 
smooth above ; peduncles twice as long as petioles, densely-flowered ; berries 
whitish. 

S. Iaurif61ia. From pine-barrens of New Jersey S. : very smooth, high- 
climbing, stem with some prickles ; leaves thick, evergreen, glossy, varying 
from ovate to lanceolate, 3-nerved ; peduncles not exceeding the petiole and 
pedicels; berries black. 

§ 2. Stems herbaceous, never prickly, smooth : leaves long petioled, thin : ovuhs 
and seeds usually a pair in each cell: berries blue-black with a bloom. 

S. herbcicea, Carriox Flower (the scent of the blossoms justifies the 
name) : common in moist ground ; erect and recurving, often without tendrils, 
or low-climbing, very variable in size, generally smooth ; leaves ovate-oblong 
or roundish and. mostly heart-shaped, 7-9-nerved ; peduncles sometimes short, 
generally 3' -4' or even 6' -8' long, even much surpassing the leaves, 20-40- 
fiowered. 

S. tamnifolia. Pine barrens from New Jersey S. : differs in its heart- 
shaped and some halberd-shaped only 5-nerved leaves ; peduncles rather longer 
than the petioles, and berry fewer-seeded. 



124. LILIACEJE, LILY FAMILY. 

Large family, known as a whole by its regular symmetrical flow- 
ers, with perianth of 6 (in one instance of 4) parts, as many stamens 
with 2-celled anthers, and a free 3-ceIled (rarely 2-celled) ovary. 
Perianth either partly or wholly colored, or greenish, but not giu- 
maceous. Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium, &c. 
Chiefly herbs, with entire leaves ; all perennials. The great groups 
comprised are the following. 

L TRILLIUM FAMILY; with netted-veined leaves all in one 
or two whorls on an otherwise naked stem, which rises from a fleshy 
rootstock : styles or sessile stigmas 3, separate down to the ovary. 
Fruit a berry. 

1. TRILLIUM. Perianth of 3 green persistent sepals, and 8 colored petals ; the 

latter at length withering away after flowering, but not deciduous. Anthers 
linear, adnate, on short filaments, looking inwards. Awl-shaped styles or stig- 
mas persistent. Ovary 3 - 6-angled. Berry purple or red, ovate, many-seeded. 

2. MEDEOLA. Perianth of 6 oblong and distinct nearly similar pieces, recurved, 

deciduous. Anthers oblong, shorter than the slender filaments. Stionias or 
styles long and diverging or recurved on the globular ovary, decitluous. 
BeiTy dark-purple, few-seeded. 

IL MELANTHIUM FAMILY; with alternate and parallel- 
veined leaves ; stem simple, at least up to the panicles ; and flowers 
often polygamous, sometimes dioecious ; styles or sessile stiii'mas 3, 
separate down to the ovary. . Fruit a pod. Anthers almost ahvavs 
turned outwards. Perianth withering or persisting, not deciduous, 
the 6 parts generally alike. Mostly acrid or poisonous plants, some 
used in medicine. 
22 



338 LILY FAMILY. 

§ 1. Stemless: the large flower with along tube rising directly from a thin-coated 
solid bulb or corm: anthtrs 2-celled. 

3. COLCHICUM. Perianth resembling that of a Crocus. Stamens home on the 
throat of the long-tubular perianth. Styles very long. 



§ 2. Perianth without any tube, of 6 distinct or almost separate 
* Anthers 2-ceUed, short: flowers in a simple raceme or spike : pod loculicidal. 

4. CHAM^LIRIUM. Flowers dioecious or mostly so. Perianth of 6 small and 

narrow white pieces. Pod ovoid-oblong, many-seeded. Spike or raceme 

slender. 
6. HELONIAS. Flowers perfect, in a short dense raceme, lilac-purple, turning 

green in fruit; the divisions spatulate-oblong, spreading. Filaments slender: 

anthers blue. Pod 3-lobed ; cells many-seeded. 
6. XEROPHYLLUM. Flowers perfect, in a compact raceme, white; the divisions 

oval, sessile, widely spreading, naked. P'ilaments awl-shaped. Pod globular, 

3-lobed, vrith 2 wingless seeds m each ceU. 

* * Anthers kidney-shaped or round heart-shaped, the tioo cells confluent into one, 
shidd-shnped afttr ope7iing : styles awl-shaped : pod S-horned, sepiicidal: seeds 
commonly flat or thin-mar (jined. 

'T'. AMIANTHIUM. Flowers perfect, mostly in a simple raceme. Perianth white, 
the oval or obovate spreading divisions without claws or spots. ' Filaments 
long and slender. Seeds Avingless, 1-4 in each cell. Leaves chiefly from the 
bulbous base of the scape-like stem, linear, keeled, grass-like. 

8. STENANTFIIUM. Flowers polygamous, in panicled racemes on a leafy stem. 

Perianth white, with spreading and not spotted lanceolate divisions tapering . 
to a narrow point from a broader base, which coheres with the base of the 
ovary. Stamens very short. Seeds several, wingless. Leaves linear, keeled, 
grass-like. 

9. VERATRUM. Flowers polygamous, in panicled racemes. Perianth greenish 

or brownish, its obovate-oblong divisions naiTowed at base, free from the 
ovary, not spotted. Filaments short. Seeds rather numerous, wing-margined. 
Leaves broad, many-nerved. Base of the leafy stem more or less bulb-like, 
producing many long white roots. 

10. MELANTHIUM. Flowers polygamous, in racemes forming an open pjTamidal 

panicle. Perianth cream-colored, turning green or brownish with age, per- 
fectly free from the ovary, its heart-shaped or oblong and partly halberd- 
shaped widely spreading divisions raised on a claw and marked with a pair 
of darker spots or glands. Filaments short, adhering to the claws of the 
perianth, persistent. Seeds several in each cell, broadly winged. Leaves 
lanceolate or linear, mostly grass-like. Stem roughish-downy above, its 
base more or less bulbous. 

11. ZYGADENUS. Flowers pefect or polvgamous, in a terminal panicle. Peri- 

anth greenish white, its oblong or ovate widely spreading divisions spotted 
with a pair of roundish glands or colored spots near the sessile or almost 
sessile base. Stamens free from and about the length of the perianth. Leaves 
linear, grass-like ; stem and whole plant smooth. 

III. BELL WORT FAMILY; with alternate and broad not 
grass-like parallel-veined leaves : stem from a rootstock or from 
fibrous roots, branching and leafy : style one at the base, but 3-cleft 
or 3-parted. Fruit a pod, few-seeded. Anthers turned rather 
outwards than inwards. Perianth of 6 almost similar and wholly 
separate pieces, deciduous. Not acrid nor poisonous. Plants inter- 
mediate between the preceding groups and the next. 

12. UVULARIA. Flowers solitary or sometimes in pairs at the end or in the forks 

of the fork'ag stem, drooping, yelloAvish; the perianth rather bell-shaped 
and lily-like, its divisions spatulate-lanceolate, with a honey-bearing groove 
or pit "at the erect narrowed base. Stamens short, one at the base of each 
division : anthers linear, much longer than the filaments. Pod triangular or 
3-lobed, loculicidal from the top. Seeds thick and roundish. 



LILY FAMILY. 339 

IV. ASPARAGUS FAMILY; with parallel-veined mostly 
alternate leaves, branching or simple stems from a rootstock, at 
least there is no bulb, a single style (if cleft or lobed at all only at 
the summit), and fruit a few several-seeded berry. Pedicels very 
often with a joint in the middle or under the flower. Flower 
almost always small, and white or greenish, chiefly perfect. 

§ 1. Herbs with ordinary broad leaves. 

» Flowers hell-shaped, of 6 separate and similar deciduous divisions : stamens on the 
receptacle or nearly so : anthers turned outioards. 

13. CLINT ONI A. Flowers erect, few or several in an umbel on a naked scape, 

the base of which is sheathed by the stalks of a few large oval or oblong and 
ciliate root-leaves. Filaments long and slender; anthers linear or oblong; 
style long. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, becoming a blue berry. Rootstocks creeping, 
like those of Lily-of-the-Valley, which the leaves also resemble. 

14. PROSARTES. Flowers single or few, hanging at the end of the leafy spreading 

branches on slender simple stalks, yellowish. Divisions of the perianth 
lanceolate or linear. Filaments much longer than the linear-oblong blunt 
anthers. Ovary with a pair of hanging ovules in each of the 3 cells, becom- 
ing an ovoid or oblong and pointed red berry. Rootstock short, not creep- 
ing: herbage downy. 

15. STREPTOPUS. Flowers single or rarely in pairs along the leafy and forking 

stem, just out of the axils of the ovate clasping leaves : the slender peduncle 
usually bent in the middle. Divisions of the perianth lanceolate, acute, the 
three inner ones keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, on short and flattish filar- 
ments. Ovary 3-celled, making a red many-seeded berry. 

* * Flowers with perianth of one piece, but often deeply parted, the stamens on its 
base or tube : anthers twined inwards : stems not branched. 

16. CONVALLARIA. Flowers nodding in a one-sided raceme, on an angled scape 

which rises, with the about two oblong leaves, fi'om a running rootstock. 
Perianth short bell-shaped, with 6 recurving lobes. Stamens included. 
Style stout. Ovary with several ovules, becoming a few-seeded red berry. 

17. SMILACINA. Flowers in a raceme or cluster of racemes terminating a leaf- . 

bearing stem, small, white. Perianth 6-parted, in one 4-parted. Filaments 
slender : anthers short. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, making a 1 - 2-seeded berry. Root- 
stocks mostly creeping. 

18. POLYGONATUM. Flowers nodding in the axils of the leaves along a leafy 

and recurving simple stem, which rises from a long and thickened rootstock. 
Perianth greenisli, cylindrical, 6-lobed or 6-toothed, bearing the 6 included 
stamens at or above the middle of the tube. Style slender. Ovary 3-celled 
with few ovules in each cell, in fruit becoming a globular black or blue few- 
seeded berry. 

§ 2. Plants with small scales in place of leaves, from the axils of which arepr-oduced 
false-leaves, i. e. bodies which by their position are seen to be of the nature of 
branches, but which imitate and act as leaves. Perianth greenish or whitish, 
Q-parted, the stamens borne on its base. Berry 3-celled, the cells 2-seeded. 

19. ASPARAGUS. Flowers greenish-yellow, bell-shaped, scattered along the miich 

divided branches. Styles short: stigma 3-lobed. The so-called leaves very 
narrow. 

20. MYRSIPHYLLUM. Flowers 2 or 3 in the axils, greenish- white; the lineai^ 

oblong divisions of the perianth recui-ved. Stamens almost as long as the 
perianth. Style slender: stigma entire. The so-called leaves lance-ovate. 
Stems twining. 

V. LILY FAMILY proper (including Asphodel Family) : dis- 
tinguished by the single undivided style (or rarely a sessile stigma), 
and fruit a loculicidal pod. Perianth with all 6 parts generally 
corolla-like, and in all the following nearly similar. Leaves par- 
allel-veined or ribbed, sometimes with netted-veins also. Stem or 
scape mostly simple. 



340 LILY FAMILY. 

§ 1. From a coated or sometimes scaly bulb. 

* Stem leafy, especially above, the leaves often ivhorled or croioded : divisions of the 

perianth with a honey-bearing furrow or spot at or near the base : style long : 
stigmas or lobes 3 : jjod packed with 2 7'oios of depressed and flat sofi-coated 
seeds in each cell. Flcncers large, often several. 

21. LILIUM. Flo^ver bell-shaped or funuel-foiTQ with the separate or partly united 

divisions spreading or recurved above : the honey-bearing-groove beginning 
at their base. Anthers linear, at first erect, at length versatile. Pod oblong. 
Bulb mostly scaly (Lessons, p. 46, fig. 73, 74). 

22. FRITILLARIA. Divisions of the bell-shaped flower distinct, not at all re- 

curving; the. honey-bearing spot above theu- base. Bulb coated or scaly. 
Flowers always nodding, often spotted. 

** Stem 2-leaved or few-leaved at or towards the base, naked above and ordinarily 
1-flowered at summit: the six pieces of the bell-shaped perianth separate : sta- 
mens on the receptacle or nearly so : anthers erect : seeds many, pale. 

23. TULIP A. Stem 1 - 2-leaved above the ground, bearing an erect large flower. 

Divisions of the perianth broad, not recurved nor spreading. Ovary and pod 
triangular, columnar: stigmas 3, sessile. Seeds nearly as in Lily. 

24. ERYTHRONIUM. Scape 2-leaved froiu the gi'ound, bearing a nodding flower. 

Divisions of the perianth lanceolate, recun^ed or spreading above. Ovary 
and pod obovate: seeds globular. Style long, more or less club-shaped. 

* * * Scape naked, bearing several or many flowers: seeds very feio, globular or 

angled, mostly xoith a criistaceous en- brittle black coat. 
•*- Perianth Q-parted or 6-sepalled, either wheel-shaped or less widely spreading. 

25. OENITHOGALUM. Flowers in a corymb, bracted, white, wheel-shaped. 

Style 3-sided : stigma 3-angled. 

26. ALLllUM. Flowers in a simple umbel, from a 1- 2-leaved or scarious spathe. 

Style persistent, slender : stigma entire. 

27. SCILLA. Flowers in a simple'raceme, mostly blue. Style slender. 

-t- -h- Perianth merely 6-ioothed or Q-cleft, bearing the short included stamens on its 
tube : pod triangular. 

28. MUSC ARI. Flowers in a raceme ; the globular or urn-shaped narrow-mouthed 

perianth nearlv 6-toothed. 

29. HYACINTHUS." Flowers in a raceme; the short-funnel-shaped or bell-shaped 

perianth 6-cleft, the lobes spreading. 

§ 2. Scape and leaves from a tuberous rootstock or fbrous-rooted crown : no bulb. 

* Stamens and styles long and slender, declined: stigma nearly simjjle: flowers large. 

30. AGAPANTHUS. Flowers in a 2-bracted umbel, blue. Perianth tubular at 

base, with 6 widely spreading divisions nearly regular. Pod triangular, 
manv seeded. Seeds fiat, brownish, winged above. Leaves Imear, flat. 

31. FUNKIA. Flowers in a raceme, blue or white. Perianth funnel-form, 6-cleft, 

the lobes hardlv spreading, somewhat iiTegular. Pod oblong, prismatic, 
many-seeded. Seeds flat, black, with a soft and thin coat, winged at the 
apex. Leaves ovate or heart-shaped, netted-vemy between the ribs, and on 
long petioles. 

32. HE:\IER0CALLIS. Flowers few on a somewhat branching scape, yellow, 

lasting but a day. Perianth funnel-form, with short narrow tube closely in- 
vesting the ovary ; the nearly similar divisions more or less spreading. Pod 
thick, at first fleshy. Seeds^ew in each cell, roundish, with a hard and brit- 
tle black coat. Leaves linear, grassy, keeled. 

* * Stamens and style straight, protruding from the tubular perianth. 

33. TRITOMA. Flowers very many, nodding in a dense raceme or spike on a 

bracted scape. Perianth tubular, regular, red or yellow, 6-toothed. I-ila- 
ments of two lengths. Pod many-seeded. Leaves narrow-linear, long and 
gi'assy, keeled, crowded at the root. 
§ 3. Stem a looody trunk, either short or tree-like, bearing a crowd of rigid and 
jmn gent-pointed sword-shaped persistent leaves : no bidb. 
32. YUCCA. Flowers in an ample tei-minal compound panicle, large, often polyga- 
mous, white or whitish. Perianth of 6 separate oval or oblong acute divis- 
ions, not deciduous, the 3 inner broader, longer than the stamens. Stigmas 
3, sessile. Pod oblong, many-seeded; the depressed seeds as in Lily. 



LILY FAMILY. 341 

Among the various cultivated plants of the choicer collections, the following 
are not rarely met with. 

* Not bulbous. 

Phormium tenax, New Zealand Flax. Nearly hardy N., hut does 
not flower ; the very firm finely nerved linear evergreen leaves tufted on matted 
rootstocks, strongly keeled, conduplicate below, nearly flat above, yielding a 
very strong fibre for cordage. 

Dracaena and Cordyline, Dragon-Trees, two or three species, orna- 
ments of choice conservatories, cult, for their foliage. 

Aide angulata, A. variegata, and other Aloes, with very thick and 
fleshy 2-ranked leaves crowded or imbricated at the ground, sending up a slen- 
der scape, bearing a spike or raceme of tubular flowers ; in conservatories. 
* * From coated bulbs, sending up leaves aild scapes. 

Laehenalia tricolor; tender bulb from Cape of Good Hope; with 
lanceolate soft leaves blotched with purple, and a raceme of small, rather sin- 
gular than handsome, greenish-purple and yellow flowers, its erect divisions 
connivent, the three interior longer. 

Calochortus, Cyclob6thra, Brodisea, and Tritel6ia, handsome 
flowered bulbs, chiefly from California and Oregon, hardly any quite hardy N. 

1. TRILLIUM, THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE, WAKE ROBIN, 
BIRTHROOT. (Name from Latin trilix, triple, the parts throughout being 
in threes.) Low stem from a short tuber-like rootstock (Lessons, p. 42, fig. 67), 
bearing a whorl of three green conspicuously netted-veined ovate or rhom- 
boidal leaves, and a terminal flower, in spring. All grow in rich or moist 
woods, or the last in bogs. 

§ 1. Flower sessile: petals and sepals narrow, the former spatulate, dull purple, 

T. sessile. From Penn. W. & S. : leaves sessile, often blotched ; petals 
sessile, rather erect, turning greenish, long persisting. 

T. reeurvatum. Only W. : differs in having the leaves narrowed at 
base into a petiole, sepals reflexed, and pointed petals with a narrowed base. 

§ 2. Flower raised on a peduncle: petals withering away soon ajler flowering. 

* Peduncle erect or inclined : leaves rhombic-ovate, sessile by a wedge-shaped base, 

abruptly taper-pointed : petals flat. 

T. grandifldrum, Great-flowered White T. From Vermont to 
Penn. and W., flowering rather late : handsome, the obovate petals 2' -2^' long, 
much larger than the sepals, gradually recurving from an erect base, pure white, 
in age becoming rose-colored. 

T. ereetum, Purple T. or Birthroot. Chiefly N. : not so large as the 
preceding; the dark dull purple petals ovate, widely spreading, little longer 
than the sepals, I'-l^' long. 

Var. album, from New York W. : has greenish white, rarely yellowish 
petals. 

Var declinatum, from Ohio N. W., has peduncle fully half the length of 
the leaves and horizontal, or in fruit even reflexed ; petals white or pinkish. 

* * Peduncle recurved from the first under the short-pet ioled or almost sessile leaves, 

not longer than the ovary and recurved white petals. 

T. cernuum. Nodding T. Commonest E. : leaves rhombic-ovate ; petals 
oblong, ovate, acute, ^' -%' long; styles separate. 

T. Styldsum. Upper country S. : leaves oblong, tapering to both ends ; 
petals oblong, tinged with rose-color, much longer and broader than the sepals ; 
styles united at base. 

* * * Peduncle nearly erect ; leaves rounded at the base and short-pet ioled. 
T. nivale, Dwarf White T. From Ohio N. W. : very early-flowering, 
2' -4' high; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse; petals oblong, obtuse, pure white, 



34f? LILY FAMILY. 

T. erythroc^rpum, Painted T. Low woods or bogs N. : leaves orate, 
taper-pointed ; petals lance-ovate, pointed, wavy, white with pink stripes at the 
base ; berry bright red, 

2. MEDEOLA, INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT (from the taste of the 
tuberous white and horizontal rootstock ; the Latin name from Medea, the 
sorceress), Fl. early summer. 

M. Virginica, the only species : in woods: simple stem lo-3° high, cot- 
tony when young, bearing near the middle a whorl of 5 - 9 obovate-lanceolate 
thin and veiny but also parallel-ribbed leaves, and another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5) 
much smaller ovate ones at the top, around an umbel of a few small recurved- 
stalked flowers. 

3. COLCHICUM. (Named from the country, Colchis.) Flowers in au- 
tumn, sends up the lanceolate root-leaves the next spring. Sparingly cult, 
from Eu. for ornament. 

C. autumnale, Common C, mostly with rose-purple or lilac flowers. 
C. variegatum, perhaps a variety, has shorter and wavy leaves, and peri- 
anth variegated with small purple squares, as if tessellated, 

4. CHAM.ffiLiKIUM, DEVIL'S BIT. (Name in Greek means Ground 
Lily, of no obvious fitness,) Fl. summer. 

C. luteum, also called Blazing-Star : low grounds, commoner W, & S, : 
rootstock short and abrupt, sending up a stem l°-3° high, bearing flat lance- 
olate leaves at base, some shorter ones up the stem, and a wand-like spike or 
raceme of small bractless flowers, the sterile ones from the stamens appearing 
yellow. 

5. HELONIAS. (Name probably from the Greek for a swamp, in which 
the species grows.) Fl, spring, 

H. bullata. Rare and local plant, from New Jersey to E, Virginia, but 
sometimes cult. : very smooth, the tuberous stock producing a tuft of oblong or 
lance-spatulate evergreen leaves, from the centre of which rises in spring a leaf- 
less scape l°-2° high, bearing the rather handsome flowers. 

6. XEROPHYLLUM. (Name means, in Greek, arid-leaved, tbe narrow 
leaves being dry and rigid.) Fl. early summer. 

X. asphodelioides. Pine barrens, from New Jersey S. : a striking plant, 
with the aspect of an Asphodel; simple stout stem rising 2° -4° high from a 
thick or bulb-like base, densely beset at base with very long needle-shaped rigid 
recurving leaves, above with shorter ones, which at length are reduced to bristle- 
like bracts ; the crowded white flowers showy. 

7. AMIANTHIUM, Fly-Poison, (Name, from the Greek, alludes to 
the flowers destitute of the spots or glands of Melanthium and Zygadenus,) 
Flowers summer, turning greenish or purplish with age. 

A. musesetoxicurQ, Broad-leated F. Open woods from New Jersey 
S. : with a rather large bulb at the base of the stem, bearing many broadly linear 
(^'-1' wide) blunt leaves; raceme dense; flowers rather large; seeds few, red 
and fleshy. 

A. angUStifolium. Pine barrens S. : stem hardly bulbous at base, 2' 
high ; leaves narrow, acute, pale ; seeds linear, not fleshy. 

8. STENANTHIUM. (Name from Greek means narrow flower.) Fl. 
summer. 

S. angustifblium. Low meadows and prairies, from Penn, S. & "W. : 
2° - 6° high, leafy, the leaves long and narrow ; flowers only ^' long, in a pro- 
longed terminal and many shorter lateral racemes, making an ample light 
panicle. 



LILY FAMILY. 343 

9. VERATRUM, FALSE HELLEBORE. (Old name, from Latin vere 
ater, truly black.) Mostly pubescent stout herbs; the roots yield the acrid 
poisonous veratrin. Flowers summer. 

V. viride, American White Hellebore, or Indian Poke. Swamps, 
mostly N. : stout stem 2° -4° high, thickly beset with the broadly oval or ovate 
strongly plaited sheath-clasping leaves ; panicle of spike-like racemes pyramidal ; 
flowers yellowish-green turning greener with age. 

V. parvifldrum, along the AUeghanies, is slender, 2° - .5° high, with scat- 
tered oval or lanceolate scarcely plaited leaves below, and a long and loose pan- 
icle of greenish small flowers turning dingy or brownish with age. 

10. MELANTHIUM. (Name, from the Greek, means black floiver, the 
perianth turning darker, yet not black.) EL summer. 

M. Virginicum, Bunch-flower. Moist grounds, from S. New York 
S. & W. : 3° -5° high; lowest leaves sometimes 1' wide, the upper few and 
small ; flowers rather large, 

11. ZYGADENUS. (Name in Greek means ?/o^ec?(ir/anc?s.) El. summer. 
Z. glaberriraus. "Pine barren bogs S. : 1° - 3° high, from a running root- 
stock ; leaves rather rigid, keeled, nerved, taper-pointed; panicle many-flowered; 
divisions of perianth ^' long, a pair of round spots above the narrowed base. 

Z. glaucus. Bogs along our N. borders : l°-3° high, from a bulb ; leaves 
flat, pale ; flowers rather few ; base of perianth coherent with that of the ovary, 
the divisions marked with an inversely heart-shaped spot. 

12. UVULARIA, BELL WORT. (Name from the Latin uvula, or palate ; 
the application obscure.) Stems 6' -2° high, naked below, leafy above: fl. 
spring. All in rich woods. 

* Leaves oblong, the base clasping round the stem which seems to run through the 

blade just above its base (Lessons, p. 67, fig. 131) : pod 3-lobed: rootstock 
very short and erect. 

U. grandiflbra, the common one from W. New England W. : with pale 
greenish-yellow flower 1^' long and smooth or nearly so inside. 

U. perfoliata, common E. & S. : smaller, with sharper tips to the an- 
thers, and the parts of the barely yellowish perianth granular-roughened inside. 

U. flava, chiefly N. E., with bright yellow flower about 1' long, and nearly 
smooth inside. 

* * Leaves not surrounding the stem, merely sessile: rootstock creeping: pod 

sharply triangular. 

IT. sessilifoHa, common, especially N. : 6'- 12' high, with pale lance-ob- 
long leaves, and whitish cream-colored flower |' long ; pod stalked. 

13. CLINTONIA. (Named f>r DeWitt Clinton of New York.) Cold 
moist woods : flowers early summer. 

C borealis. Only N. and along the mountains; flowers 2-7, greenish 
yellow, over ^' long ; berry rather many-seeded. 

C. urabellata. Along the AUeghanies ; flowers numerous, ^' long, white 
speckled with green or purplish dots ; seeds only 2 in each cell. 

14. PROSARTES. (Name from Greek word meaning hanging.) 

P. lanugindsa. Rich woods the whole length of the Alleghany region to 
Canada : branches widely spreading ; leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, rounded or 
slightly heart-shaped at the sessile base ; flowers j' long, greenish ; style with 3 
stigmas : fl. late spring. 

15. STREPTOPUS, TWISTED-STALK (which the uamo denotes in 
Greek). In cold dan)]) or wet woods N. : flowers in late spring and early 
summer, small, barely ^' long. 



344 LILT FAMILY. 

S. amplexif61ius. Stem stout, rough at base, 2° - 3° high ; leaves strong- 
ly clasping, smooth, glaucous beneath ; flower whitish, on a long stalk with 
abrupt bend above the middle ; anthers slender-pointed ; stigma truncate. 

S. roseus. Stem l°-2° high; leaves green, finely ciliate, and with the 
few branches beset with more short and fine bristly hairs ; flower rose-purple, 
on a less bent stalk ; anthers 2-horned ; stigma 3-cleft. 

16. CONVALLARIA, LILY-OF-THE- VALLEY. (Name altered 
from the Latin Lilium convallium, of which the English name is a translation.) 
n. late spring. 

C. majalis, the only true species, cult, everjrwhere, from Europe, and wild 
on the higher AUeghanies ; its small sweet-scented white flowers familiar. 

17. SMILACINA, FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL. (Name a diminutive 
of Smilax, which these plants do not resemble.) Wild in woods or low 
grounds : fl. late spring. 

§ 1. Perianth of only 4 reflexed spreading divisions: stamens 4 : ovary 2-celled. 

S. bifolia. In all moist woods N. : 3' - 6' high ; stem bearing 2 (sometimes 
3) heart-shaped leaves, and a short raceme of small flowers ; berries red. 

§ 2. Perianth of 6 divisions: stamens 6 : ovary 3-celled, rarely ^-celled. 

S. trifolia. Cold bogs N. : 3' -6' high, smooth, with mostly 3 oblong 
leaves tapering to a sheathing base ; raceme loose, few-flowered ; berries red. 

S. stellata. Rocky places N. : lo-2° high, smooth, or the 7-12 lance- 
oblong leaves minutely downy when young; raceme several -flowered ; berries 
blackish. 

S. racemosa. Moist copses and banks, chiefly N. : 2° high, minutely 
downy, leafy to the top ; the oblong or lance-oval leaves ciliate, pointed at each 
end ; flowers small, crowded in a compound raceme; the divisions of perianth 
narrow ; berries pale red and speckled. 

18. POLYGONATUM, SOLOMON'S SEAL. (Name in Greek means 
many-jointed. The English name is from the rootstocks, the impression of 
the seal being the scar left by the death and separation of the stem of a foraier 
year: Lessons, p. 42, fig. 66.) Stem recurving or turned to one side. Fl. 
late spring and early summer. 

P. biflorum, Smaller S. "Wooded banks : l°-3° high; the ovate-oblong 
or lance-oblong leaves neai'ly sessile and glaucous or minutely whitish-downy 
beneath ; peduncles mostly 2-flowered ; filaments roughened, borne above the 
middle of the tube. 

P. giganteum, Laegek, S. Alluvial grounds N. : 3° -8° high, smooth ; 
leaves ovate, partly clasping ; peduncles 2 - 8-flowered ; filaments smooth and 
naked, borne on the middle of the tube. 

19. ASPARAGUS. (The ancient Greek name.) Fl. early summer. 

A. oflO-Cinalis, Common Asparagus. Cult, from Eu. for its esculent 
spring shoots, spontaneous about gardens : tall, bushy-branched, the leaves 
thread-shaped. 

20. MYRSIPHYLLUM. (The name in Greek means myrtle-kaved.) 
M. asparagoides, of Cape Good Hope : a very smooth delicate 

twiner, cult, in conservatories for* winter decoration, under the name of 
Smilax : the bright green so-called leaves 1' or more long, glossy-green both 
sides, nerved, set edgewise on the branch, but turning so as to present an upper 
and under face ; the small flowers produced in Avinter, sweet-scented, with 
reddish anthers; berries green. — That the seeming leaves are of the nature 
of branches is shown in Ruscus, the Butcher's Broom, of Europe (here 
rarely cultivated), where they are rigid, spiny-tipped, and bear flowers on one 
face. 



LILT FAMILY. 345 

21. LILIUM, LILY. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek.) All, 
including our four wild Lilies, more or less commonly cultivated : fl. summer. 

§ 1. Flowers erect, orange or orange-red, of bell-shaped outline, the divisions widelif 
separate and on slender claws : no bulhlets in the axils of the leaves. Wild 
species of sandtj soil. 

L. Philadelphicum, Wild Orange-Red Lilt. Chiefly N. & W. : 
l°-2° high, with lanceolate or lance-linear leaves nearly all in whorls of 5-8, 
and 1 -3"open-bell-shaped reddish-orange flowers, 2|'-3' long, spotted inside 
with dark purple. 

L. Catesbsei, Southern Red L. Chiefly S. : l°-2° high, with scattered 
linear-lanceolate leaves, a solitary and larger nearly scarlet flower ; the oblong- 
lanceolate divisions Avavy-margined, recurving above, 3' -4' long, with very 
slender claws, within crimson-spotted on a yellow ground. 

§ 2. Flowers erect, orange; the oblong divisions without claws, conniving at the 
broad base, the upper part spreading. 

L. bulbiferum, Bulblet-bearing L. Cult, in old gardens, from Europe : 
\^'-S' high, producing bulblets in the axils of the lanceolate irregularly scat- 
tered leaves, and few reddish-orange flowers, the divisions 2'-2|-' long, with 
some rough brownish projections at base inside, but hardly spotted. 

§ 3. Flowers nodding ; the divisions without claws, rolled back, mostly dotted inside. 
* Bulblets in the axils of the leaves. 

L. tigrinum, Tiger Bulblet-bearing L. Cult, from China : stem 
4° -5° high, cottony; leaves lanceolate, scattered; flowers panicled, numerous, 
very showy, orange-red, the divisions about 4' long, black-spotted inside. 

* * No bulblets in the axils. 
•1- Wild species of the country in moist meadows and bogs : flowers orange or 
orange-red, strongly dark-spotted inside. 

L. Canadense, Canada L. Stem 2° -5° high, bearing few or several 

long-pedunclcd flowers ; leaves lanceolate, all in whorls, their edges and nerves 
minutely rough; divisions of the flower 2' -3' long, recurved- spreading above 
the middle. 

L. superbum, American Turk's Cap L. Stem 3' - 7' high, bearing few 
or many flowers in a pyramidal panicle : leaves lanceolate, smooth, imperfectly 
whorled or many of them scattered; divisions of the flower strongly rolled 
backwards, about 3' long. 

L. CarolinianurQ, Carolina L., in the low country S., appears to be a 
variety of the above, 2° -3° high, with broader leaves and only 1 -3 flowers 
more variegated with yellow. 

-I- -1- Cultivated species from the Old World. 

L. Pomponium, Turban L., of Europe: slender, with scattered and 
crowded lance-linear or lance-awl-shaped leaves, and several small orange-red or 
scarlet (rarely white) flowers, their lanceolate acute divisions somcAvhat bearded 
inside. This and the next small-flowered, and not common in gardens. 

L. Chaleedonicum, Red L. of Palestine and throughout the East; 
stem thickly beset with scattered narrow lance-linear erect leaves, their margins 
rough-pubescent ; flowers several, scarlet or vermilion, the divisions bearded 
towards the base within, not spotted. 

L. Martagon, Turk's Cap or Martagon L., of Europe : 3° -5° high, 
with lance-oblong leaves in Avhorls, their edges rough, and a ])aniole of rather 
small but showy light violet-purple or flesh-color (rarely Avliite) flowers dotted 
with small brown-purple spots. 

L. specibsum, of Japan : stem l°-3° high ; leaves scattered, lance-ovate 
or oblong, pointed, slightly petioled ; flowers few, odorous, the strongly revo- 
lute divisions about .5' long, white or pale rose-color, witli prominent purple 
warty projections inside : now of many varieties. 

L. aur^tum, Goldkn-banded L., of Ja])an : stem l°-2° high: leaves 
lanceolate, scattered ; flowers 1-3, barely nodding, sweet-scented, very lai'ge. 



346 LILT FAMLLT. 

the oyate-lanceolate divisions 6' or more long, spreading almost from the base 
and the tips revolute, white with a light yellow band down the middle of the 
upper face, which is spotted all over with prominent purple spots and rough 
with bristly projections near the base. Probably a Japanese hybrid of the pre- 
ceding with some other : the most showy species known. 

§ 3. Flowers inclined, v)liite, more or less funnel-form in outline ; the naked sessile 
divisions conniving or someivhat united below into a tube, their summits 
more or less spreading, but hardly recurving. All cultivated, from Asia, 
with scattered leaves. 

L. Gandidum, Common White Lily. Cult, from Persia, &c. : with lan- 
ceolate leaves, and few or several bell-shaped flowers, smooth inside, sometimes 
double. 

L. Japonicum, Japan White L. Cult, from Japan : 2° high, with 
mostly only one flower, which is nodding and larger than in the foregoing, below 
connivent into a narrower tube, and above Avith the divisions more widely 
spreading. 

L. longiflorum, Long-el. White L., of Japan : 1° high, with lanceo- 
late leaves, and a single horizontal funnel-form floAver, 5' or 6' long, the narrow 
tubular portion longer than the rather widely spreading portion. 

22. FRITILLARIA. (Latin fritillus, a dice-box, from the shape of the 
flower, which diff"ers from a Lily in its more cup-shaped outline, the divisions 
not spreading. ) Fl. spring. 

"F. Meleagris, Guinea-Hen Flower. Cult, from Eu. : 1° high, with 
linear alternate leaves, mostly solitary tenuinal flower purplish, tess^ated with 
blue and purple or whitish; the honey-bearing spot narrow. 

F. imperialis, or PEif lium imperiale, Crown Imperial. Cult, from 
Asia : a stately herb of early spring, 3° - 4° high, rather thickly beset along 
the middle with lanceolate or lance-oblong bright green leaves more or less in 
whorls ; flowers several hanging in a sort of umbel under the terminal crown 
or tuft of leaves, large, orange yellow, or sometimes almost crimson, a round 
pearly gland on the base of each division ; pod 6-angled. 

23. TIJLIPA, TULIP. (Name and the common species said to come 
from Persia.) Fl. spring and early summer : all from the Old World. 

T. Gesneriana, Common T., from Asia Minor, is the original of the 
various ordinary hardy kinds ; leaves lance-oblong, glaucous, shorter than the 
flower-stalk ; divisions of the flower very obtuse. 

T. suaveoleus, Sweet T. of Eu. : low ; flower sweet-scented, its divisions 
acute, appearing very early. 

24. ERYTHRONIUM, DOG-TOOTH- VIOLET. (Name from the 
Greek word for red, — not appropriate even for the original European species.) 
Fl. spring. 

E. Dens-eanis, Dog-tooth- Violet of Eu. : sometimes cult. ; has broadly 
oblong pale leaves little spotted, and a rose-purple or almost white flower in 
earliest spring. 

E. Americanum, Yellow D. or Adder's-tongue. Moist or low 
woods, very common E. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, mottled and dotted with 
dark-purplish and whitish ; flower light yellow. 

E. albidum, White D. Rare in N. Y. and Penn., but common W. : 
leaves less or not at all spotted ; flower bluish-white. 

25. ORNITHOGALUM, STAR OF BETHLEHEM. (Name in Greek 
means bird's-milk, a current expression for some marvellous thing.) Fl. 
early summer. 

O. umbellatum, Common S. or Ten-o'clock, from Eu. : in old gardens 
and escaped into some low meadows : leaves long and grass-like ; flowers bright 
white, opening in the sun, on slender stalks. 



LILY FAMILY. 347 

26. ALLIUM, ONION, LEEK, GARLIC, &c. (Ancient Latin name.) 
Taste and odor alliaceous. 

§ 1. Wild species of the country, or one a naturalized weed. 

* Leaves broad : flowers white, in summer : ovules and seeds single in each cell. 
A. tricoceum, Wild Leek. Rich woods N. : bulbs clustered, large, 

pointed, sending up in spring 2 or 3 large lance-oblong flat leaves, and after 
they wither, in summer, a many-flowered umbel on a naked scape. 

* * Leaves linear, grass-like : ovules and seeds a pair in each cell : flowers rose- 

color, in summer. 

A. eernuum, Nodding Wild Okion. Banks, through the Alleghany 
region and N. W. : scape angular, lo-2° long, often nodding at the apex; 
pedicels of the loose many-flowered umbel drooping; flowers light rose-color; 
leaves linear, sharply keeled on the back, channelled. 

A. mutabile, Changeable Wild O. Dry sandy soil S. : scape 1° high, 
terete, bearing an erect umbel of white flowers changing to rose-color ; leaves 
narrow, concave ; bulb coated with a fibrous network. 

A. vineale, Field or Crow Garlic. A weed from Eu. in gardens and 
cult or waste low grounds ; slender scape sheathed to the middle by the hollow 
thread-shaped leaves which are grooved down the upper side : flowers greenish- 
rose-color ; often their place is occupied by bulblets. 

* * * Leaves narrow-linear, grass-like: ovules and seeds several in each cell: 

flowers nearly white, in spring. 

A. striatum. Low pine barrens and prairies, Virginia to Illinois and S. : 
scape and leaves 6'- 12' high, the latter involute and striate on the back ; flowers 
3-10 in the umbel. 

§ 2. Cultivated from the Old World: flowers in summer. 
* Leaves flat. 

A. Mbly, Golden Garlic. Cult, for ornament in some gardens : leaves 
broadly lanceolate; scape 1° high; flowers numerous, large, golden yellow. 

A. sativum, Garden Garlic. Bulbs clustered, pointed; leaves lance- 
linear, keeled ; flowers few, purple, or bulblets in their place ; filaments all 
broad and 3-cleft. 

A. Porrum., Garden Leek. Bulb elongated, single ; leaves broadly linear, 
keeled or folded ; flowers in a head, white, with some rose-colored stripes ; 3 of 
the filaments 3-forked. 

* * Leaves cylindrical, hollow : umbel globular, many-flowered. 

A. Asealonicum, Schallott. Bulb with oblong offsets; leaves awl- 
shaped ; flowers lilac-purple ; 3 of the filaments 3-forked. 

A. Schoenoprasum, Chives. Low, tufted; leaves awl-shaped, equal- 
ling the scape ; flowers purple-rose-color, its divisions lanceolate and pointed, 
long ; filament simple. 

A. Cepa, Onion. Bulb depressed, large ; leaves much shorter than the 
hollow inflated scape ; flowers white, or bulblets in their place. 

27. SCILLA, SQUILL. (The ancient name of S. MARfiiMA of S. Europe, 
the bulb of which is the officinal squill. ) 

S. Fraseri, Wild S. called Wild Hyacinth at the W., Quamash. 

Moist banks and prairies from Ohio W. & S. W. : scape and linear-keeled 
leaves 1° high ; flowers pale blue, in a long loose raceme, in spring. 

S. amcena, S. verna, &c. are cult, from Europe in some choice collections, 
for their early bright blue flowers, but arc rare. 

28. MUSCAIII, GRAPE or GLOBE HYACINTH. (Name from the 
musky scent of the flowers in one species.) All from Eu. : fl. spring. 

M. botryoides, Common Grape-Hyaointii, of country gardens, es- 
caping into lawns and fields : a pretty little plant, sending up in early spring 



348 LILY FAMILY. 

its narrow linear leaves, and a scape (5' -7' high) bearing a dense raceme of 
globular deep blue flowers which are barely ^' long, resembling minute grapes, 
scentless. 

M. raeemdsum, less common in gardens, is more slender, with flaccid 
leaves and ovoid faintly scented flowers. 

M. mosehatum, is glaucous, and has larger and ovoid-oblong livid musky- 
scented flowers, and linear-lanceolate shorter leaves. 

M. eomosuni, is larger, 9' high, with violet-colored oblong flowers, on 
longer pedicels in a loose raceme, the uppermost in a tuft and abortive : the 
monstrous variety most cultivated produces, later in the season, from the tufted 
apex of the scape a large panicled mass of abortive, contorted, bright blue 
branchlets, of a striking and handsome appearance. 

29. HYACINTHUS, HYACINTH. (Mythological name, the plant 
dedicated to the favorite of Apollo.) 

H. orientalis, Common H., of the Levant, with its raceme of blue flow- 
ers, is the parent of the numberless cultivated varieties, of divers colors, single, 
and double : fl. spring. 

30. AGAPANTHUS. (Of Greek words for a?7im5/e/o?i;er.) One species, 
A. umbellatus. Cult, from Cape of Good Hope, a handsome house-plant, 

turned out blooms in summer; leaA^es large, bright-green, l°-2°long; scape 
jio_2o high, bearing an umbel of pretty large blue flowers. 

31. FIJ!N"KIA. (Named for one Funk, a German botanist.) Ornamental, 
large-leaved, hardy plants, cult, from Japan and China : fl. summer. For- 
merly united with the Day-Lily. 

F. subeordata. White Day-Lily, is the species with long, white, and 
tubular-funnel-form flowers. 

P. ovata, Blue D., the one with smaller, more nodding, blue or violet 
flowers, abruptly expanded above the narrow tube. 

32. HEMEROCALLIS, Day-Lily. (Name, in Greek, means heauty- 
of-a-da)), the large flower ephemeral.) Cult, from the Old World, especially 
in country gardens ; the first species escaped into roadsides : fl. summer. 

H. fliiva, Common Day-Lily. A familiar, rather coarse and tall plant, 
with broadish linear leaves and tawny orange flower, the inner divisions wavy 
and obtuse. 

H. flava, Yellow D. Less coarse, with narrower leaves and light yellow 
flowers, the inner divisions acute. 

33. TRITOMA. (Name in Greek means thrice cut, supposed to allude to 
the three sharp edges of the tapering apex of the leaves, viz. the two margins 
and the keel.) Flowers unpleasantly-scented, showy, in autumn. 

T. Uvaria, from Cape of Good Hope, planted out, is ornamental in autumn, 
the scape rising from the thick clumps of long grassy leaves 3° or 4° high, the 
cylindrical spike or raceme producing a long succession of flowers, which are 
at first erect and coral-red, soon they hang over and change to orange and at 
length to greenish yellow. Eoots half hardy N. 

34. YUCCA, BEAE-GRASS, SPANISH-BAYONET. (American ab- 
original name.) Wild in sandy soil S., extending into Mexico, &.c. Cult, 
for oniaraent, but only the nearly steraless species is really hardy N. : fl. 
summer, large, and whole plant of sti'iking appearance. Under various names 
and varieties, the common ones mainly belong to the following : 

* Trunk short, covered with leaves, risinr/ only a foot or two above the ground : 
flowering stalk scape-like : pod dry. 

Y. filamentosa, Common Bear-Grass, or Adam's Needle. From E. 
Virginia S. : leaves lanceolate, l°-2° long, spreading, moderately rigid, tipped 
with a weak prickly point, the smooth edges boai'ing thread-like filaments ; scape 
30 _ go high ; flowers white or pale cream-color, sometimes tinged purplish. 



RUSH FAMILY. 349 

Y. angUStif61ia, wild over the plains beyond the Mississippi, is smaller, 
with erect and narrow linear leaves, few threads on their white margins, and 
yellowish- white flowers. 

* * Trunk arhoresreiit, 2° -8° high in wild plants on the sands of the coast 
S., or much higher in conservatories, naked below : no threads to the leaves. 

Y. gloriosa. Trunk low, generally simple; leaves coriaceous, smooth- 
edged, slender-spiny tipped, l°-2°long, I'-l^' wide; flowers white, or pur- 
plish-tinged outside, in a short-peduncled panicle. 

Y. aloifolia, Spanish-Bayonet. Trunk 4° -20° high, branching when 
old ; leaves very rigid, strongly spiny-tipped, with very rough-serrulate saw- 
like edges, 2° or more long, 1^' - 2' wide ; the short panicle nearly sessile. 



125. JUNCACE.^, RUSH FAMILY. 

Plants with the appearance and herbage of Sedges and Grasses, 
yet with flowers of the structure of the Lily Family, having a com- 
plete perianth of 6 parts, 3 outer and 3 inner, but greenish and 
glume-like. Stamens 6 or 3, style 1 : stigmas 3. 

1. JUNCUS. Ovary and pod 3-celled or almost 3-celled, many-seeded. Herbage 

smooth : stems often leafless, generally pithy. 

2. LUZULA. Ovary and pod l-cellecl, with 3 parietal placenta, and one seed to 

each. Stems and leaves often soft-hairy. 

1. JIJNCTJS, RUSH, BOG-RUSH. (The classical Latin name, from the 

verb meaning to join, rushes being used for bands.) Flowers summer. — We 
have more than 30 species, chiefly in bogs or wet grounds, most of them diffi- 
cult and little interesting to the beginner, — to be studied in the Manual and 
in Dr. Engelmann's monograph. The following are the commonest. 

§ 1. Leafless Rushes, with naked and jointless round stems, wholly leafless, 
merehf ivith sheaths at base, in tufts from matted running rootstocks : flowers 
in a lateral sessile panicle. 2/ 

J. effilSUS, Common Rush, in low grounds ; has soft and pliant stems 
2° -4° high, panicle of many greenish flowers, 3 stamens, and very blunt pod. 

J. fililormis, of bogs and shores only N., is slender, pliant, l°-2° high, 
with few greenish flowery, 6 stamens, and a broadly ovate blunt but short- 
pointed pod. 

J. Baiticus, of sandy shores N. ; has very strong rootstocks, rigid stema 
2° - 3° high, a loose panicle of larger (2" long) and chestnut-colored with green- 
ish flowers, 6 stamens, and oblong blunt but pointed deep-brown pod. 

§ 2. Grassy-leaved Rushes, with stems bearing grass-like flat or thread- 
shaped [npver knoffi/) leaves, at least near the base : panicle terminal. 

* Flowers crowded in heads on the divisions of the panicle : stems flattened : 

leaves fat : stamens 3. 

J. marginatus. Sandy wet soil, from S. New England S. & W. : 10-3° 
high; leaves long linear; heads several-flowered, brownish or purplish. 2/ 

J. repens. Miry banks S. : spreading or soon creeping, 4' -6' high ; leaves 
short linear ; heads of green flowers few in a loose leafy panicle. 

* * Flowers single on the ultimate branches of the panicle, or rarehf clustered : 

stamens 6 : leaves slender. 

J. bufonius. Along all Avct roadsides, &c. : stems low and slender, branch- 
ing, 3' -9' high; greenish flowers scattered in a loose panicle; sepals lance- 
lincar and awl-])ointcd. d) 

J. Gerardi, Black Grass of salt marshes : in tufts, with rather rigid stems 
l°-2° liiuh, and a contracted panicle of chestnut-brown but partly greenish 
flowers, the sepals blunt. 2/ 



350 SPIDEKWOKT FAMILY. 

J. tenuis. Open low grounds and fields, everywhere N. : in tiifts, with 
wiry stems 10' -20' high, a loose panicle shorter than the slender leaves near it, 
and green flowers with lanceolate very acute sepals longer than the green blunt 
and scarcely pointed pod. 2/ 

J. dichotomus. Low sandy grounds, takes the place of the preceding S. : 
has more thread-like leaves, flowers more one-sided on the branches of the pan- 
icle, and greenish sepals only as long as the globular and beak-pointed brown- 
ish pod. 21 

§ 3. Knotty-leaved Rushes, the stems [often branching above) having 2-4 
thread-shaped or laterally flattened leaves, which are knotty as if jointed 
{especially when dry) by internal cross-partitions: panicle terminal. Of 
these there are many species, needing close discrimination : the following are 
only the very commonest, especially the northern ones. % 

J. acuminatus. Very wet places : 10' -30' high ; heads 3-10-flowered in 
a loose spreading panicle, greenish turning straw-colored or brownish ; sepals 
lance-awl-shaped, barely as long as the triangular sharp-pointed pod ; stamens 
3 ; seeds merely acute at both ends. It flowers in early summer. 

J. nodosus. Mostly in sandy or gravelly soil : spreading by slender root- 
stocks which bear little tubers, 6' -15' high; heads few, crowded, chestnut- 
brown, each of 8-20 flowers ; sepals lance-linear and awl-pointed, hardly as 
long as the slender and taper-pointed pod ; seeds abruptly short-pointed at both 
ends ; stamens 6. 

J. seirpoides. Trom New York S. : stems rigid, l°-3° high from a 
thick rootstock ; heads spherical and dense, 1 5 - 80-flowered, dull pale green; 
sepals rigid, awl-shaped and bristly-pointed ; stamens 3 ; pod taper-pointed ; seeds 
abruptly short-pointed at each end. 

J. Canadensis. Wet places, common, flowering in autumn, very variable, 
l°-3° high; heads numerous, greenish or light brownish, 5 - many-flowered ; 
sepals lanceolate, the 3 outer shorter ; stamens 3 ; seeds tail-pointed at both 
ends. 

2. LUZUL A, WOOD-RUSH. (Luciola is ltsi\ia.n for the gtow-worm.) % 
L. pilbsa. Shady banks N. : 6' - 9' high ; with lance-linear leaves, and 

chestnut-brown flowers in an umbel, in spring. 

L. campestris. Dry or moist fields and woods, 6' -12' high, with linear 

leaves, and 4-12 spikes or short heads of light brown or straw-colored heads in 

an umbel, in spring. 

126. COMMELYNACE^, SPIDERWORT FAMILY. 

Herbs with mucilaginous juice, jointed and mostly branching leafy 
stems, and perfect flowers, having a perianth of usually 3 green and 
persistent sepals, and three ephemeral petals (these commonly melt 
into jelly the night after expansion) ; 6 stamens, some of them often 
imperfect, and a free 2-3-celled ovary; style and stigma one. Pod 
2 - 3-celled, few-seeded. Not aquatic, the greater part tropical. 

1. COMMELYNA. Flowers blue, irregular. Sepals unequal, 2 of them sometimes 

united by their contiguous margins. Two of the petals rounded and on slen- 
der claws, the odd one smaller or abortive. Stamens unequal ; three of them 
fertile, one of these bent inwards; three smaller and with cross-shaped im- 
perfect anthers : filaments naked. Leaves abruptly contracted and sheathing 
at base, the uppermost forming; a spathe for the flowers. 

2. TEADESCANTIA. Flowers regular. Petals ah alike, ovate, sessile. The 

6 stamens all with similar and good anthers, on bearded filaments. 

1. COMMELYINA, DAY-FLOWER. (There were three Commelyns, 
Dutch botanists, two of them were authoi's, the other published nothing. In 
naming this genus for them, Linnaeus is understood to have designated the 



YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY. 351 

two former by the full-developed petals, the latter by the smaller or abortive 

petal. ) Ours are branching perennials, or continued by rooting from the joints ; 

in alluvial or moist shady soil : fl. all summer. 

C. ereeta. From Penn. S. & W. : stem erect, 2° -4° high; leaves lance- 
oblong, 3' -7' long, the margins rough backwards, and sheaths fringed with 
bristles ; spathes crowded, hooded, top-shaped in fruit ; odd petal like the others 
bat smaller. 

C. Virginica. Trom S. New York S. & W. : stems reclining and rooting 
at base ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower ; spathes scattered, conduplicate, 
round-heart-shaped when laid open ; odd petal inconspicuous. 

2. TRADESGANTIA, SPIDER WORT. (Named for the gardener-bot- 
anist Tradescant.) Leaves sheathed at the base. 2/ 
* Wild species of moist or rich woods, one vary common in gardens : }piih erect 

stems, linear or lanceolate keeled leaves, the uppermost nearly like the others. 
•(- Umbels srssile at the end of the stem and branches between a pair of leaves, or later 

also in the lower axils : flowering in summer. 
T. Virginica. Common wild from W. New York W. &, S., and in gar- 
dens : leaves lance-linear, tapering regularly from the base to the point, ciliate ; 
umbels terminal ; flowers blue, in garden varieties purple or white. 

T. pilbsa. Chiefly W. : 2° or more high, with zigzag stem, more or less 
pubescent leaves lanceolate from a narrowish base, very dense terminal and ax- 
illary umbels of smaller and later purple-blue flowers, and hairy calyx and 
pedicels. 

■i- +- Umbels one or two on a naked peduncle. 

T. rosea. Sandy woods chiefly S. & W. : slender, 6' -12' high, smooth, 
with hnear grass-like leaves, and rose-colored flowers ^' wide. 
* * Conservatory species from the tropics. 

T. zebrina, the only one common, spreads by branching and rooting freely, 
rarely blossoms, is cult, for its foliage ; the lance-ovate or oblong rather succu- 
lent leaves crimson beneath, and green or purplish above, variegated with two 
broad stripes of silvery white. 



127. XYRIDACE^, YELLOW-EYED GRASS F. 

Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves, like Sedges, or rather Bul- 
rushes, in having flowers in a head or spike one under each firm 
glume-like bract, but with a regular perianth of 3 sepah and 3 col- 
ored (yellow) petals; also a 1 -celled many-seeded ovary and pod 
with 3 parietal placentas, somewhat as in the Rush Family, repre- 
sented by 

* 

Xyris flexubsa, Common Yellow-eted Grass, of sandy bogs. Scape 
4' - 16' high ; head roundish ; lateral sepals glume-like lance-oblong, boat- 
shaped, wingless; the anterior one larger, membranaceous, enwrapping the 
corolla in the bud and deciduous Avith it ; petals 3, with claws, alternating with 
3 sterile bearded or plumose filaments and bearing on their base 3 naked fila- 
ments with linear anthers ; style 3-cleft. % 

X. Carolini^na, the commonest of several Southern species ; also N. : 
l°-2° high, the scape 2-edged at top, bearing a larger head (about k' long), 
lateral sepals winged but nearly naked on the keel. "If. 

X. flmbriata, from pine barrens of New Jersey S. : 2° high, with oblong 
head almost 1 ' long, the lateral sepals fringed on the keel. ^ 



352 SEDGE FAMILY. 



128. ERIOCAULONACE^, PIPEWORT FAMILY. 

Another small group of marsh or aquatic herbs, of Rush-hke 
appearance, with a head of monoecious white-bearded flowers, in 
structure somewhat like the Yellow-eyed Grass, terminating a naked 
scape, at the base of which is a tuft of grassy awl-shaped, linear, 
or lanceolate leaves of loose cellular texture, not equitant, but the 
upper surface concave. 

Eriocaulon Septangulare, in ponds or in their gravelly margins, is 
the common species N., with 7-angled scape 2' - 6' high, or more, when the w^ater 
is deeper : fi. summer. 

E. gnaphalodes, with grassy awl-shaped taper-pointed leaves, in pine= 
barren swamps from N. Jersey S. 

E. decangulare, with similar or wider and blunt leaves, 10-12-ribhed 
scapes l°-3° high, and heads sometimes ^' wide; in similar situations S. 



III. GLUMACEOUS DIVISION. Flowers enclosed or sub- 
tended by glumes or husk-like bracts ; no proper calyx or corolla, 
except sometimes minute bristles or scales which represent the peri- 
anth. Stems of the straw-like sort, called culms. 

129. CYPERACE^, SEDGE FAMILY. 

Some rush-like, others grass-like plants, with flowers in spikes or 
heads, one in the axil of each glume, the glume being a scale-like or 
husk-like bract. No calyx nor corolla, except some vestiges in the 
form of bristles or occasionally scales, or a sac which imitates a 
perianth ; the 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary in fruit an akene. Divisions 
of the style 2 when the akene is flattish or lenticulai*, or 3, when it 
is usually triangular. Leaves when present very commonly 3- 
ranked, and their sheath a closed tube; the stem not hollow. A large 
family, to be studied in the Manual, &c., and too difficult for the 
beginner. Therefore passed over here. 

None cultivated, except sparingly Cyperus esculentus of the 
Mediterranean region, for its nut-Hke, swx^et-tasted tubers, called 
Chufa : only two are pernicious weeds, and that from their multi- 
plying by similar nut-like tubers, which are hard to extirpate ; these 
are Cyperus phymatodes, in sandy soil, but troublesome only S. ; 
and C. ROTUNDus, var. Hydra, the Nut-Grass or Coco-Grass 
of the South. In the genus Scirpus, the tall Common Bulrush, 
S. LACUSTRis, or better the small one with 3-sided stems, S. pun- 
gens, in the borders of ponds, is used for rush-bottomed chairs. 
Cladium effusum, with its coarse saw-edged leaves is the Saw- 
Grass of the South. Of Sedges proper (Carex) there are about 
160 species, several of which contribute (more in bulk than value) 
to the hay of low coarse meadows and half-reclaimed bogs. 



GRASS FAMILY. 353 

130. GRAMINEiE, GRASS FAMILY. 

Grasses, known from other glumaceouS plants by their 2-ranked 
leaves having open sheaths, the jointed stems commonly, but not 
always hollow, and the glumes in pairs, viz. a pair to each spikelet 
even when it consists of a single flower (these called glumes proper), 
and a pair to each flower (called palets)^ rarely one of them want- 
ing. Flower, when perfect, as it more commonly is, consisting of 3 
stamens (rarely 1, 2, or 6), and a pistil, with 2 styles or a 2-cleft 
style, and 2 either hairy or plumose-branched stigmas: ovary 1- 
celled, 1-ovuled, becoming a grain : the floury part is the albumen 
of the seed, outside of which lies the embryo (Lessons, p. 16, 17, 
fig. 38-42). 

The real structure and arrangement of the flowers and spikelets 
of Grasses are much too difficult and recondite for a beginner. For 
their study the Manual must be used : in which the genera both of 
this and the Sedge Family are illustrated by plates. Here is offered 
merely a shorthand way of reaching the names of the commonest 
cultivated and meadow grasses and the cereal grains. 

A. Stems hollow, or soon becoming so. 
§ 1 . Spikelets in panicles, sometimes crowded but never so as to form a spike. 
* Flowers monoecious, the staminate and pistillate separate in the same panicle. 

Zizania aquatica, India?^' Rice or Water Oats : in water, common- 
est N. W. ; tall and reed-like Grass, with leaves almost as large as those of 
Indian Corn, the upper part of the ample panicle bearing pistillate flowers on 
erect club-shaped pedicels, the lower bearing staminate flowers on spreading 
branches ; each flower or spikelet with only one pair of glumes, the outer one 
long-aAvned; grain slender, ^' long, collected for food by N. W. Indians, (i) 

* * Flowers one and perfect in each spikelet, with or without rudiments of others. 
•^ Stamens 6. 

Oryza sativa, Rice. Cult. S., from Asia, in low grounds: 20-4° high, 
with upper surface of the lance-linear leaves rough ; branches of the panicle erect ; 
outer glumes minute, the inner coriaceous, very much flattened laterally, so as 
to be strongly boat-shaped or conduplicate, closing over the grain and falling 
with it, the outer one commonly bearing an awn. ® 

-t- -".- Stamens .3, or rarely fewer. 

Agrostis vulgaris, Rkd-top. Rather low and delicate grass of meadows 
and pastures, with ob:Ou,4- spreading panicle of small purple or purplish spikelets ; 
the lanceolate proper glumes thin, but much firmer than the delicate palets, 
about the length of the outer one, the upper truncate palet one half shorter. 2/ 

A. alba, Fiorin or White Bent Grass. Less abundant in meadows, 
the stems with pi-ocumbent or creeping base ; ligule long and conspicuous ; 
panicle more dense, greenish or slightly purplish : a valuable meadow-grass. 2/ 

Galamagrostis Canadensis, Outk-Joint Grass. In all bogs N., and 
in reclaimed low meadows, mucli i iked by cattle : .'30-.5° high ; resemb'.es an Agros- 
tis, but taller, and with a tuft of downy long hairs around the flowor almost of 
its lengtli, the lower palet with a delicate awn low down on its back and scarcely- 
stouter than tlio surrounding down. 2/ 

C. arenaria, Sea Sand-Reed of beaches, where it sciwcs a useful pur- 
pose in Uiiidjng the sand 1)\' its lonu' running rootstocks ; has the panicle con- 
tract'.'il into a loui;- spikc-iike irnK)rescencc, so that it Avould be sought in the 
next divi-^ion ; leaves long and strong ; spikelets pale, rather rigid, tlie hairs at 
the base of the palets two thirds shorter than they. 2/ 
23 



354 GRASS FAMILY. 

PMlaris arundinaeea, Eeed Canary-Grass, the striped yariety is 
the familiar Ribbo>^-Grass of country gardens ; wild in bogs and low grounds ; 
2° - 4° high, with flat leaves nearly ^' wide, flowering in early summer, in a 
pretty dense contracted panicle, but open when the blossoms expand ; the ovate 
whitish glumes longer and much thinner than the blunt coriaceous palets ; a 
hairy rudiment or appendage at the base of each of the latter. 2/ 

P. Canariensis, Canary-Grass. Cult, from Eu. for Canary-seed, and 
running wild ia some waste places: l°-2" high, with the panicle contracted 
into a sort of oblong spike, the glumes with wing-like keels, and a little scale or 
rudimentary sterile flower at the base of each palet. ® 

* * * Floivers several in each spike! et, all or nearly all perfect. 

^ Reeds or Canes of the hordf^rs of livers and ponds. 2/ 

Phragmites eoninilinis, Common Reed, mostly N. : 5° -12° high, 
with leaves l'-2' wide, the stems dying down to the base; panicle in late sum- 
mer or autumn, loose ; spikelets 3 - 7-flowered, beset with white silky long hairs. 

Arundinaria maerosperma, Large Cane, forming the cane-brakes 
S. : with woody stems 10° -20° high and leaves l'-2' wide, branching the sec- 
ond year, at length flowering from the branches, in Feb. or March ; the panicle 
of a few small racemes of large many-flowered naked spikelets, the palets downy. 

A. teeta, Smaller Reed, S., is only 4'- 10' high, and more branching, 
-i- H- Meadoio- Grasses, ^c. ; with awn if any terminating the glume or palet. 

Daetylis glomerata, Orchard-Grass. Nat. from Europe in meadows 
and yards : a tall and coarse but valuable grass for hay, &c , flourishes in shady 
places, 3° high; with broadly linear, rather rough, pale, and keeled leaves, and 
a dense panicle of one-sided clusters, on which the spikelets are much crowded, 
each 3 - 4-floAvered, both the glumes and the laterally compressed-keeled lower 
palet tapering into a short awn, rough-ciliate on the keel : fl. early summer. 2/ 

P6a, ]\Ieadow-Grass ; several common species ; known by the open panicle 
of 3-10-floAvered spikelets, the glumes and palets blunt (no awn nor pointed 
tip), the latter laterally compressed and deep boat-shaped, with scarious or white 
membranaceous edges, and usually some dehcate cobwebby hairs towards the 
base. Fl. summer. 2/, all but the first. 

Poa annua, Low Spear-Grass. Very low weedy grass in cult, ground, 
waste places, paths, &c. : fl. in spring or again in summer. ® 

P. compressa, Wire Grass. In gravelly waste soil : pale, with low 
very flat stems, rising obliquely from a creeping base ; panicle small. 

P. serotina, Fowl-Meadow-Grass or False Red-top : an important 
native grass in wet meadows N. ; flowers in late summer in a loose panicle, the 
2-4-flowei'ed spikelets green with dull purple; loAver palet narrow, acutish, 

P. trivialis, Roughish Meadow-Grass. A common introduced meadow 
and pastui-e grass, N. : flowering before midsummer, with open panicle of green 
spikelets, these mostly 3-flowered, the lower palet prominently 5-nerved ; sheaths 
and leaves roughish ; ligule oblong, acute. A white-striped variety, lately in- 
troduced, is cult, for ornament and very pretty. 

P. pratensis, Common M. or westward called Kentucky Blue Grass. 
Dry meadows and pastures, spreading by running root^rtocks, and with more 
crowded and often purplish panicle than the foregoing, flowering in earliest 
summer, the sheath smooth, and ligule short and blunt ; lower palet hairy 
along the margins and the 5 nerves. 

■ Festliea, Fescue Grass. Kno^vn from Poa by the firmer or even cori- 
aceous texture of the lower palet, which is convex on the back, not cobwebby, 
and sometimes awn-tipped. 

F. OVina, Sr kkp's Fescue. Valuable pasture and lawn-grass, i° - 2° high, 
tufted, with slend- r or involute pale leaves, 3-8-floAvered spikelets in a short 
1-sided panicle, open in flowering, contracted aftcrAvards, the lower pa'ct rolled 
up, almost awl-shaped and tipped with a sharp point or bristle-like awn. % 



GRASS FAMILY. 355 

F. elatior. Taller Meadow Tescue, A rather rigid grass of meadows 
and pastures, nat. from Europe: 1° -4° high, with green flat leaves, a narrow 
panicle with short branches appressed before and after flowering, 5 -10-flowered 
green spikelets, the lower palet blunt, or acute, or rarely with a short awn. 2/ 

Br6nius, Brome Grass. Spikelets large, at length drooping in an open 
panicle, containing 5-10 or more flowers, the lower palet with a short bristle 
point or an awn from the blunt rounded tip or notch, the upper palet soon adher- 
ing to the grain. Coarse grasses : two or three wild species are common, and the 
following are weeds of cultivation, from Europe, or the last cultivated for fodder. 

B. secalinus, Common Chess or Cheat. Too well known in wheat- 
fields ; nearly smooth ; panicle open and spreading, even in fruit ; spikelets 
turgid ; flowers laid broadly over each other in the two ranks ; lower palet 
convex on the back, concave Avithin, awnless or short-awned. (I) ® 

B. racemdsus. Upright Chess : like the other, but with narrower 
erect panicle contracted in fruit, lower palet slender-awned, and sheaths some- 
times hairy. ® @ 

B. mollis, Soft Chess : like the preceding, but soft-downy, Avith denser 
conical-ovate spikelets, and the long-awned lower palet acute. (T) (2) 

B. unioloides, or B. SchrXderi (Ceratochloa unioloides) : lately 
much prized for fodder, may be valuable S., is rather stout and broad-leaved, 
with drooping large spikelets much flattened laterally, so that the lower palets 
are almost conduplicate and keeled on the back. ^ 

Briza maxima, Large Quaking Grass or Rattlesnake-Grass, is 
sometimes cult, in gardens for ornament, from Eu. : a low grass, with the 
hanging many-flowered ovate-heart-shaped spikelets somewhat like those of 
Bromus, but pointless, very tumid, purplish, becoming dry and papery, rattling 
in the wind, — whence the common name. ® 

•i- -i- -i- Grain and 3 feadow- Grasses, loith a mostly twisted or bent awn on the 
hack of the lower palet : flowers 2 or 3, or few in the spikelet, and mostly 
shorter than the glumes. 

■^ Flowers perfect or the uppermost rudimentary. 
Avena satlva, Cultivated Oat, from Old World : soft and smooth^ 
with a loose panicle of large drooping spikelets, the palets investing the grain, 
one flower with a long twisted awn on. the back, the other awnless. ® 

A. nuda. Skinless Oat, rarely cult, from Old World : has narrower 
roughish leaves, 3 or 4 flowers in the spikelet, and grain loose in the palets. ® 

++ •*-<• One flower perfect and one staminate only. 

Arrenatherum avenaceum, Oat-Grass, or Grass-of-the-Andes. 
Rather coarse but soft grass, introduced from Europe into meadows and fields, 
and rather valuable : 2° -4° high, with flat linear leaves, long and loose panicle, 
thin and very unequal glumes, including a staminate flower, the lower palet, of 
which bears a long bent awn below its middle, above this a perfect flower with 
its lower palet bristle-pointed from near the tip, and above that a rudiment of a 
third flower. 2/ 

Holcus lanatus, Velvet-Grass, or Meadow-Soft-Grass. Introduced 
from Eu. into meadows, not very common, \^°-2° high, well distinguished by 
its paleness and velvety softness, being soft downy all over ; panicle crowded ; 
the flowers only 2 in the spikelet, small, rather distant, the lower one perfect 
and awnless, the upper staminate and with a curved or hooked awn below the 
tip of its lower palet. 2/ 

§ 2. Spikelfis either strictly spiked or in a panicle so contracted and dense as to 
to imitate a spike. {Here would hesonflit one species o/Calamagrostis and 
one of Phalaris,/or which see above, p. 354, 355. j 

* Awn borne loio doion on the back of one or two palets. 
Anthoxanthum odoratum, Savekt-scknted Ykr\al-Gr\ss, nat 
from Eu. : the plant which gives delicious fragrance to drying hay (the other, 



356 GRASS FAMILY. 

viz. HiERocHLOA roreXlis, Seneca or Holt-Grass, being rare) : low, 
slender, soft and smooth ; the pale brown or greenish spikelets crowded in an 
evident spike-like panicle ; each composed of a pair of thin very unequal glumes, 
above and within these a pair of obcordate or 2-lobed hairy empty palets, one 
with a bent awn from near its base, the other with a shorter awn higher up ; 
above and within these a pair of very small smooth and roundish palets, of 
parchment-like texture, enclosing 2 stamens and the 2-styled pistil, finally in- 
vesting the grain, 2/ 

Alopecurus pratensis, Meadow Foxtail. Introduced from Europe 
abundantly into meadows E. : flowering in spring ; stem about 2° high, bearing 
few pale soft leaves, terminated by a cylindrical soft and dense spike, or what 
seems to be so, for the spikelets are really borne on short side branches, not on 
the main axis ; these spikelets very flat contrary to the glumes, which are con- 
duplicate, united by their edges towards the base, keeled, fringed-ciliate on the 
keel; these enclose a single conduplicate lower palet (the upper one wholly 
wanting) which bears a long awn from below the middle of the back, and sur- 
rounds 3 stamens and the pistil. 

* * Awn, if any, from the apex of the glumes or palets. 

-*- Spikelets densely crowded in a long perfectly cylindrical apparent spike, each spike- 
let strictly \-floivered : glumes 2, keeled and nearly conduplicate, awn-pointed, 
much larger and of firmer texture than the thin and truncate awnless palets. 

Phleum pratense, Cat-tail Grass, Timothy, or Herd's Grass ; 
introduced from Eu. ; a coarse but most valuable meadow grass, 2° -4° high, 
with green roughish spike 3'- 8' long; the small spikelets are crowded on very 
short branches, and therefore the seeming spike is not a true one. 2/ 

-V- ^- Spikelets strictly spiked all on one side of a flattened jointl ess rhachis, much 
crowded: the 2-5 spikes digitate, i. e. all on the apex of the flowering stem : 
palets awnless. Finger-grass 7night be sought here ; see Panicum below. 

•w- Flower only one to each spikelet, and a mere rudiment beyond it, awnless. 

C^nodon Daetylon, Bermuda or Scutch Grass. An introduced weed 
chiefly S., where it is useful in sandy soil, where a better grass is not to 
be had ; creeping extensively, the rigid creeping stems with short flattish 
leaves and sending up flowering shoots a few inches high, bearing the 3 - 5 slender 
spikes. 2/ 

++ ++ Flowers 3-5 or more in each spikelet, the uppermost generally imperfect : 
seed loose, proportionally large, rough-wrinkled. (T) 

Eleusine Indiea, Crab-Grass, Yard-Grass, Dog's-tail, or Wire- 
Grass. Introduced only in yards or lawns N., more abundant S., where it is 
valuable for cattle ; low, spreading over the ground, pale ; glumes and palets 
pointless. 

Dactyloctenium JEgyptiaeum, Egyptian Grass. Yards and fields, 
chiefly a weed, S. : creeping over the ground, low ; spikes dense and thickish ; 
glumes flattened laterally and keeled, one of them awn-pointed, the strongly 
keeled boat-shaped lower palet also pointed. 

-1- -*- -!- Spikelets spiked alternately on opposite sides of a zigzag jointed rhachis. 
•w- Glume only one to the solitary spikelet, which stands edgewise. 

Lolium perenne, Darnel, Rye-Grass, or Ray Grass. Introduced 
from Europe : a good pasture-grass, l°-2° high, with loose spike 5' -6' long, 
of 12 or more about 7-flowered spikelets placed edgewise, so that one row of 
flowers is next the glume, the other next the rhachis ; loAver palet short-awned 
or awnless. 

t-^ Glumes a pair to the singles pikelet, right and left at each joint of the rhachis. 

Tritieum repens, Couch-Grass, Quitch or Quick-Grass, &c., belongs 
to the section with perennial roots; this spreads amazingly by its vigorous 
long running rootstocks, is a pest in cultivated fields, and is too coarse and 



GRASS FAMILY. 357 

hard for a meadow grass : of many varieties, introduced from Europe ; spikelets 
4 - 8-flowered ; lower palet either pointless or short-awned. 2/ 

T. vulgare, Wheat. Spike dense, somewhat 4-sided; the spikelets 
crowded, 4 - 5-flowered, turgid ; glumes ventricose, blunt ; palet either awned 
or awnless ; grain free. (T) 

T. Spelta, Spelt. A grain rarely cult, in this country; spike flat, the 
rhachis fragile, breaking up at the joints ; grain enclosed in the palets. ® 

Secale cereale, Rye. Tall; spike as in wheat; spikelets with only 2 per- 
fect flowers ; glumes a little distant, bristly towards the base ; lower palet ven- 
tricose, long awned ; grain brown. 

H- -1- -1- Glumes 6 at each joint, in front of the 3 spikelets, forming an involucre. 

Hordeum vulgare. Common Barley, from the Old World : spike 
dense, the 3 spikelets at each joint of the rhachis all with a fertile flower, its 
lower palet long-awned. ® 

H. distiehura. Two-rowed Barley, from Tartary : only one spikelet 
at each joint of the rhachis with a fertile flower, the two lateral spikelets being 
reduced to sterile rudiments, the flowers therefore two-rowed in the spike. ® 

-1- -1- -1- -1- Spikelets in a contracted panicle or seeming spike, or if spiked some- 
what on one side of the rhachis : each with a single perfect fower, its palets 
of coriaceous or cartilaginous texture : by the side of it are either one or two 
thin palets of a sterile usualhj neutral flower . 

Setaria, Toxtail-Grass. Spikelets in clusters on the branches of the 
contracted spike-like panicle or seeming spike, these continued beyond them 
into awn-like rough bristles ; but no awns from the spikelets themselves. 
Weeds, or the last one cult. ; all from Old World ; fl. late summer, (i) 

S. glauea, Common Foxtail : in all stubble and cultivated grounds ; low; 
spike tawny yellow, dense ; long bristles 6-11 in a cluster, rough upwards (as 
also all the following) ; palets of perfect flower wrinkled crosswise. 

S. viridis. Green Foxtail or Bottle-Grass ; has less dense and green 
spike, fewer bristles, and palets of perfect flower striate lengthwise. 

S. Italica, or Gbrmanica, Italian Millet, Bengal Grass, &c. Cult, 
for fodder, 3' - 5' high, with rather large leaves, a compound or interrupted so- 
called spike, which is evidently a contracted panicle, sometimes 6' - 9' long and 
nodding when ripe ; bristles short and few in a cluster ; palets of the fertile 
flower smooth. 

Panicum (Digitaria) sanguinale, Finger-Grass or Crab-Grass. 

Chiefly a weed in cult, fields in late summer and autumn, but useful in thin 
grounds S. for hay; herbage reddish; spikes 4-15, slender, digitate, nearly 
1-sided; spikelets seemingly 1-flowered with 3 glumes ; no awns. (J) 

P. Crus-galli, Cock's-foot P., or Barnyard-Grass. Common weedy 
grass, of moist barnyards and low rich grounds : coarse, with rather broad leaves, 
and numerous seeming spikes along the naked summit of the flowering stems, 
often forming a sort of panicle ; spikelets containing one fertile and one sterile 
flower, the lower palet of the latter bearing a coarse rough awn. (l) 

P capillare, Witch Grass of stubble and corn-fields in autumn, having 
a very open capillary panicle, would be sought under another division ; it is a 
mere weed. (T) 

B, Stems not hollow, pithy. 

§ 1 . Spikelets clustered or scattered in an ample panicle, each loith one perfect and 
one neutral or staminate flower . 

* Without silky-down : glumes, ^c. russet-brown, coriaceous. 

Sorghum vulgare, Indian Millet, DuRRA,or Doura, ^^c, from Africa 
or India; the var. cernuum, Guinea Corn, has densely contracted panicle, 
and is cult, for the grain. Var. sacctiarXtum, Sweet Sorgtium. Chinese 
Sugar-Cane, Imphee, &c., cult, for the syrup of the stem; and Broom-corn, 
for the well-known corn-brooms. Q) 



3.58 GRASS FAMILY. 

* * Long white silky down with the flowers. 

Saecharum Officinarum, True Sugar-Cane : cult, far S. : rarely 

left to flower, propagated by cuttings ; stem 8' - 20' higb, 1' - 2' thick. 2/ 

Gynerium argenteura, Pampas Grass. Tall weed-like grass, from 
S. America, planted out for ornament ; with a large tuft of rigid linear and 
tapering recurved-spreading leaves, several feet in length ; the flowering stem 6 
to 12 feet high, in autumn bearing an ample silvery-silky panicle, ;^ 

§ 2. Spihelets in spikes : staminate and pistillate separate, 
* In the same spike, the upper part of which is staminate, the lower pistillate. 

Tripsacum dactyloides, Gama Grass, Sesame Grass. Wild in 
moist soil from Conn. S. : proposed for fodder S. ; nutritious, but too coarse ; 
leaves almost as large as those of Indian corn ; spikes narrow, composed of a 
row of joints which break apart at maturity ; the fertile cylindrical, the exter- 
nally cartilaginous spikelets immersed in the rhachis, the sterile part thinner 
and flat. 2/ 

* ^ In different spikes. 

Zea Mays, Maize, Indian Corn. Stem terminated by the clustered 
slender spikes of staminate flowers (the tassel) in 2-flowered spikelets; the pis- 
tillate flowers in a dense and many-rowed spike borne on a short axillary branch, 
two flowers within each pair of glumes, but the lower one neutral, the upper pis- 
tillate, with an extremely long style, the silk. ® 



SERIES II. 



FLOWERLESS oe CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS: 

Those which fructify without true flowers, that is, with- 
out stamens and pistils, and produce spores (simple cells) in 
place of seeds. 

Class III. ACROGENS ; the highest class of Flower- 
less Plants, those with a distinct axis, or stem, growing 
from the apex, containing woody matter and ducts, and 
bearing leaves, or something answering to leaves. 

The account of the three following families is contributed by Pkofessob 
Daniel C. Eaton, of Yale College. Figures of the indigenous genera are 
given in the Manual. 

131. EQUISETACE.^, HORSE-TAIL FAMILY. 

Perennial flowerless plants, rising from creeping rootstocks ; the 
stems mostly hollow, furrowed, many-jointed, with mere scales at 
the joints united into a sheath in place of leaves ; either simple or 
with branches in whorls about the joints ; fructification in terminal 
cone-like spikes, composed of o-ansjled short-stalked and shield- 
shaped scales, each bearing on the under surface about 6 one-celled 
spore-cases. Contains but one genus. 

1. EQUISETUM, HORSE-TAIL, SCOURING-RUSH. (Name from 
the Latin, meaning horse.-tail.) Stems grooved, the cuticle often containing 
silex ; each, joint closed at the lower end, and bearing at the upper a tubular 
sheath (a Avhorl of united leaves) which encloses the base of the next joint, 
and is split into as many narrow teeth as there are ridges in the stem. Seeds 
(that is, spores) minute, each with four club-shaped threads, Avhich are coiled 
about the spore when moist, but uncoil suddenl}^ when dried. — Of 25 species, 
most of them widely distributed throughout the world, four or five are com- 
mon with us. 

§ I. Stems living through the winter, unbranched, or with very few branches, fruit- 
ing in summer. 

E. hyemale, Dutch Rushes, ScourinCt-rush. Common on Avet banks, 
N. : stems solitary or 2-4 together, cylindrical, l°-4° high, with many rough 
ridges; sheaths marked with one or two black rings, and divided into 15-25 
narrow teeth, their points deciduous. 

E. Scirpoides. Wooded hillsides, from Penn. N. : stems in douse clus- 
ters, 3' -6' high, not hollowed, very slender and wiry, entangled, about 6-fur- 
rowed ; sheaths 3-toothed. 



360 FEEN FAMILY. 

§ 2, Stems annual, not living through the winter, branched, at least the sterile ones. 

B. linibsuni. Muddy edges of streams, rather common : stems all alike, 
2° - 3° high, with many furrows, fruiting in summer, and afterwards sending 
out a few upright branches ; sheaths with 15-20 dark-colored acute teeth. 

E. arvense, Common Horse-tail. Moist sandy places, common N. : 
fertile stems unbranched, with very conspicuous sheaths, 4' - 8' high, appearing 
in earliest spring and soon withering; sterile stems 8' -20' high, producing 
many whorls of rather rigid slender and mostly simple 4-angled branches. 

E. sylvatieum, Woodland H. Common N., along the edges of moist 
woods : fertile stems appearing in early spring, but lasting all summer, both 
these and the sterile ones producing many whorls of spreading or gracefully 
decurved compound softish 3 - 5-furrowed branches and branchlets ; sheaths of 
the main stem loose, 8 - 14-toothed. 

132. PILICES, FERN FAMILY. 

Flowerless plants with creeping or ascending rootstocks, or even 
erect trunks, bearing distinct leaves {fronds)^ which are rolled up 
{circinate) in the bud (except in one group), and bear commonly on 
the under surface or on the edges the simple fructification, consist- 
ing of I -celled spore-cases (technically called sporangia) variously 
grouped in dots, lines, or masses, and containing but one kind of 
minute, 1-celled, powdery, numerous spores. A large family, most 
abundant in warm and moist regions, consisting of 8 suborders, 6 of 
which are represented with us. 

[The divisions of a pinnatifid frond are properly called segments ; of a pinnate 
frond, pinnce ; of a 2-3- A-pinnate frond, pinnules or ultimate segments. The stalk 
of the frond is a stipe; its continuation through the frond, the rhachis ; its branches, 
partial or secondary rhachises. A rhachis bordered by the leafy portion becomes a 
midrib, which may be primary, secondary, ^c] 

I. POLYPODIACE^, or TRUE FERNS: characterized by 
stalked spore-cases, having a vertical, incomplete, many-jointed, 
elastic ring, which straightens at maturity, breaking open the spore- 
case transversely, and so discharging the spores. Spore-cases rarely 
if ever on very narrow thread-like branches ; the fruit-dots often 
covered by a scale-like involucre (the indusium). 

§ 1. No definite fruit-dots, hut ike ^ore-cases in large patches on the under surface 
of the fertile frond, or entirely covering the under surface: no indusium. 

1. ACROSTICHUM § CHRYSODIUM. Fronds simple or pinnately branched, 

with reticulated veins : spore-cases covering the whole under surface of the 
frond or of its upper divisions. 

2. PLATYCERIUM. Fronds irregularly forking; veins reticulated: spore-cases 

in large patches on special portions of the under surface. 

§ 2. Spore-cases on the back of the frond, sometimes near the margin, in dots or lines^ 
(soin) placed on the veins or at ike ends of the veins, but loiihout indusium of 
any kind. 

3. POLYPODIUM. Fronds simple or pinnate, rarely twice pinnate; veins free 

or reticulated; fruit-dots round or roundish, at the ends of the veins, or at the 
point whei'e several veins meet (anastomose). Stalk articulated to the root- 
stock, and leaving a distinct scar when decaved away. 
14. PHEGOPTERIS. Agi-ees with Polypodium iii most respects ; but has the fniit- 
dots smaller, and commonly on the veins, not at their ends, and the stalk is 
not articulated to the rhachis. 

4. GYMNOGRAMME § CEROPTERIS. Fronds compound, covered beneath 

with white or yellow waxy powder : fruit-dots in long often forking lines 
on the veins. 



FERN FAMILY. 361 

5. NOTHOL^ENA. Fronds once or twice pinnate, woolly, scaly or powdery be- 

neath ; fruit-dots at the ends of the veins, forming a line next the margin of 
the divisions. 

§ 3. Spore-cases on the bach along the margin of the frond, provided toiih an invo- 
lucre formed of its refiexed and more or less altered margin. 

6. ADIANTUM. Fruit-dots at the ends of the veins, borne on the inner side of a 

refiexed portion of the margin. Stalk dark and polished, sometimes chaffy- 
bristly. Pinnules always separate, distinctly stalked or almost sessile, but 
never decurrent on the rhachis. ■ 

7. PTERIS. Spore-cases on a transverse veinlike receptacle within the margin, 

which connects the ends of the veins, and is covered by the refiexed thin 
margin. Stalk light-colored (except in § Doryopteris.) Pinnules or ultimate 
segments adnate to the rhachis, often decurrent. 

8. PEL'L.EA. Spore-cases in short lines on the upper part of the veins, confluent 
, in a sub-marginal band of fructification, white within, more or less covered 

by the refiexed and commonly thin margin. Stalk dark and polished, some- 
times chaffy. Pinnules mostly distinct, sessile or nearly so. 

§ 4. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, on transverse reticulating veinlets, in rows near the 
midrib and parallel to it: indusium of the same shape as the fruit-dot, opening 
toward the midrib and attached by the outer edge to the fruitful cross-veinlet. 

9. WOODWARDIA. Fruit-dots straight, oblong-linear, in chain-like rows, partly 

sunken in shallow cavities of the under surface of the frond. Eather lai'ge, 
native. Veins reticulated, often very much so. 

10. DOODIA. Fruit-dots oblong, often slightly crescent-shaped, not sunken in the 

frond. Exotics ; the narrow fronds pinnatifid or simply pinnate. 

§ 5. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, on one or both sides of oblique veinlets, with involvr 
cres of like shape attached by one edge to the veinlet and free along the other. 

11. ASPLENIUM. Fruit-dots single and placed on the upper side of the veinlets, 

rarely double and set back to back on both sides of the same veinlet. Veins 
mostly free. 

12. SCOLOPENDPJUM. Fruit-dots linear, elongated, double and placed face to 

face along contiguous veinlets; each pair thus seeming to be a single one 
with an indusium opening along the middle. Frond simple, ribbon-shaped 
or tongue-shaped, with free forking veins. 

13. CAMPTOSORUS. Fruit-dots various, mostly short; those near the midrib 

double as in the last ; the outer ones angled, curved or straight, simple as in 
Asplenium. Frond simple, tapering to a long and nari'ow usually rooting 
point. Veins reticulated. 

§ 6. Fruit-dots on the bach of the veins, rarely at the ends, round or roundish, covered 
at least when young by a special indusium of the same general shape. Sterile 
and fertile fronds alike or nearly so. 

15. ASPIDIUM. Indusium flat, round or kidney-shaped, fixed at or near the cen- 

tre, opening all round the edge. Mostly rather large Ferns, from once to thrice 
pinnate. Veins free in the native species. 

16. CYSTOPTERIS. Indusium convex, fixed by the base partly under the fruit- 

dot, at length refiexed. Small Ferns, with delicate twice" or thrice pinnate 
fronds. Veins free. 

§ Sterile fronds broad and leafy: fertile ones with contracted and rolled up and pod- 
like or berry-like divisions : indusium very obscure, irregidarly semicircular, 
placed at the base of a short receptacle to which the spore-cases are attached. 

17. STRUTHIOPTERIS. Sterile fronds tall, with free veins, growing in a crown; 

fertile fronds coming up much later in an inner circle, pinnafo, each pinna 
roUed up from the edges into a somewhat cylindrical or necklace-like bodv, 
containing the fruit. 

18. ONOCLEA. Fronds scattered on along creeping I'ootstock; sterile ones with 

reticulated veins ; fertile ones twice pinnate, tlie divisions contracted, rolled 
up and berry-like. 

§ 8. Involucres star-shaped, loith broad and ragged or else capillary and jointed rays, 
placed on the veins tmder the round fruit-dots, sometimes at fr'st enveloping 
the spore-cases. 

19. WOODSIA. Small Ferns, often growing in dense tufts: fronds once or twice- 

piimate: veins forked, free. 



362 PERN FAMILY. 

§ 9. Fruit-dots separate or laterally confluent at or near the margin of the frond, 
borne on the ends of the veins, or on the ends of very short side-veinlets : the 
indusium attached at the base or base and sides, and opening toward the mar- 
gin of the fruitful portion of the frond. 

20. DAVALLIA. Indusium of a single piece, fiattish or often convex and shaped 

like half a goblet cut lengthwise. Exotic Ferns, mostly decompound. 

21. DICKSONIA. Indusium united by its sides with a little lobe or tooth of the 

frond, forming a minute 2-lipped cup, at first nearly or quite closed, opening 
as the spore-cases ripen. Large Ferns, native or exotic, some of the latter 
arborescent. 

II. CYATHEACE^, or TREE FERNS : with erect and tree- 
like stems, often many feet high. Fruit-dots round, not marginal, 
naked, or with an invohicre placed beneath the stalked spore-cases, 
which are seated on a globose or elevated receptacle, have a some- 
what oblique complete ring, and burst open transversely. 

22. CYATHEA. Fruit-dots on a vein or in the forking of a vein, at first enclosed 

in a globose involucre, which opens at the top, and remains cup-shaped with 
an entire or broken edge. 

23. ALSOPHILA. Fruit-dots as on the last, but entirely naked, or with a rudi- 

mentary indusium consisting of a minute scale beneath the spore-cases: 
veins free. 

III. HYMENOPHYLLACEiE, or FILMY FERNS: these 
have very delicate and translucent fronds, the short-pedicelled spore- 
cases growing on a short or long thread-like receptacle, included in 
a goblet-shaped or 2-lipped involucre, and furnished with a complete 
transverse or slightly oblique ring. 

24. TRICHOMANES. Fruit-dots marginal, at the end of a vein, which extends 

through the funnel-form or goblet-shaped involucre, as a thread-like recepta- 
cle bearing the spore-cases ; involucres sunken more or less in the frond, and 
of the same pellucid texture. 

IV. SCHIZ^ACE^ : mostly small Ferns, or else with climb- 
ing fronds. Spore-cases ovate, sessile, having a complete transverse, 
articulated ring or cap at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal 
slit. 

* Ferns with elegant climbing fronds, rising from slender creeping rootstocTcs: spore- 

cases fixed by their side. 

25. LYGODIUM. Pinnse or frondlets in pairs. Spore-cases covered by imbri- 

cating scale-like indusia in a double row on narrow lobes of the frond. 

* * Not climbing: rootstoch short: fronds clustered: spore-cases fixed by their base: 

no indusium. 

26. ANEIMIA. Spore-cases on the narrow panicled branches of the lowest pair of 

pinnffi of the 1-3 pinnate frond, or on separate fronds. 

27. SCHIZ^A. Spore-cases in a double row on the narrow divisions of a pinnate 

or rarely pedate special appendage to the simple and linear, or fan-shaped, 
and sonietimes many-forked frond. 

V. OSMUNDACE^, or FLOWERING FERNS: rather large 
Ferns ; the spore-cases covered with reticulated ridges, opening 
longitudinally into two valves, and with no ring, or a mere vestige 
of a transverse ring at the back. 

28. OSMUNDA. Rootstock very thick, creeping, the growing end producing a 

croAvn of tall showy fronds. Fertile fronds or parts of fronds contracted, 
pinnately compound, the narrow often thread-like divisions densely covered 
with nearly sessile spore-cases. 



FERN FAMILY. 363 

VI. OPHIOGLOSSACE^, the ADDER'S-TONGUE FAM- 
ILY: mostly rather small ferns, with sessile, globular, coriaceous 
opaque and smooth spore-cases, opening transversely into 2 valves, 
and wholly destitute of a ring. Fronds not rolled up in the bud, 
as they are in all the foregoing, rising from a very short rootstock 
or corm, with fleshy roots. 

29. BOTEYCHIUM. Spore-cases in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Sterile 

part of the frond compound; veins free. 

30. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Spore-cases cohering in a simple spike. Sterile part of 

frond simple in om* species ; the veins reticulated. 

1. ACROSTICHUM § CHRYSODIUM. (From Greek words meaning 
a row at the top, the application not evident. ) All tropical. 

A. aureum. A large evergreen Fern, along the coast of South Florida ; 
the fronds simply pinnate, coriaceous; pinnae 4' -6' long, V -2' wide, elliptical 
or oblong-linear. 

2. PLATYCERIXJM, STAG-HORN FERN. (Name from the Greek, 
meaning broad horns.) Natives of Africa, Australia, &c. : cult, in conserva- 
tories. 

P. alcicorne. Sterile fronds sessile, rather thin, fiat and rounded, over- 
lapping each other; fertile ones erect, 1° high, whitish and minutely downy 
beneath, 2-3 times forked, with divisions about 1' wide, the topmost ones 
fruitful, 

3. POLYPODIUM, POLYPODY. (Name in Greek means many-footed, 
referring to the branching rootstock. ) An immense genus, found in all parts 
of the world. 

§1. PoLTPODiuM proper. Veins free: the following all native. 

P. vulgare, Common Polypody. Rocky places N., small, simply pin- 
natifid, evergreen, smooth both sides, 4' -10' high, l'-3' wide, the numerous 
divisions oblong-linear ; fruit-dots rather large. 

P. incanum. Shady places S., often on trees ; much like the last, but 
much smaller, and beneath grayish and scurfy with peltate scales ; fruit-dots 
rather small. 

§ 2. CAMPYLOTSTEtTRON. Veins parallel, pinnate from the midrib, connected by 
numerous transverse angularly arched veinlets, with short fruit-bearing vein- 
lets proceeding from the angles. 

P. Phyllitidis, Hakts-tongue, of Tropical America ; frond simple, 
linear-lanceolate, 1°-1|^° long, l'-2' wide, thinly chartaceous, smooth and 
shining ; fruit-dots in 2 rows between the veins. 

§ 3. NiPHOBOLUS. Veins much as in the preceding, but very obscure and closely 
reticulated. Fronds simple, of a thickish texture, covered on both sides with 
a close stellate down. 

P. Lingua. Cult, from Japan : fronds 4' - 8' long-, ovate-oblong or lanceo- 
late, entire, at length nearly smooth above ; fruit-dots exceedingly numerous, 
closely arranged in many rows. 

§ 4. Phleb6dium. Veins reticulated, with free veinlets included in the larger 
meshes. Fruit-dnts in 1-3 roms bel>reen the midrib and margin, commonly 
placed each one on the converging ends of a pair of veinlets. 

P. atireum. A large showy Fern of Florida, and cult, from West Indies ; 
fronds on a stout stalk, bi'oadly ovate in outline, smooth, pale o-rccn above, 
glaucous beneath, pinnatcly parted into 5-9 or more oblong-linear or lanceo- 
late spreading divisions. 



364 FERN FAMILY. 

4. GYMITO GRAMME. (Name meaning in Greek a naked line, from 
the elongated fruit-dots. ) The following cult, species all have free veins, and 
the under surface of the fronds covered with a yellow or whitish waxy powder. 

G. triangularis, Californian Gold-fekn. Deserves more general cul- 
tivation ; frond 4' -6' long, on slender and polished stalks, hroadly 3- or rather 
5-angled in outline, twice pinnate below, pinnate above ; pinnge oblong-lanceo- 
late, deeply pinnatifid into obtuse lobes. Smooth and green above, beneath 
of a rich golden yellow, sometimes paler ; the fertile fronds at length nearly 
covered with brownish lines of spore-cases. 

G. SUlphurea, of West Indies : fronds narrowly lanceolate in outline, 
1°-1^° high, 2' -3' wide, pinnate; pinnae ovate or ovate-oblong, lower ones 
gradually smaller and very remote, pinnatifid into ovate obtuse toothed or rag- 
ged lobes, the lower surface covered with sulphur-yellow powder. 

G. ealomelanos, from Tropical America, the commonest Gold and Silver 
ferns of the conservatories ; much like the last, but broader and larger, the lower 
pinnffi largest, and lobes mostly acute. The powder white, or in var. chryso- 
PHYLLA golden yellow. 

6. !lSrOTIIOL^!N"A. (Name from the Greek, signifying spurious wool, the 
woolly pubescence of some species concealing the marginal fruit-dots. ) The 
following cult, species are small, 4' -8' high, ovate in outline, mostly tri- 
pinnate ; their ultimate divisions roundish-ovate or oblong, distinct, stalked, 
and covered beneath with a waxy powder : stalk and branches dark brown 
and polished. 

!N". flavens, from Central America : powder bright yellow ; fruit-dots ex- 
tending from the edge almost to the midrib, so that it might equally well be 
considered a Gymnogramme. 

N. nivea. Also Central American, and very like the other ; but the powder 
snowy white, and the fruit-dots closer to the margin. 

6. ADIAWTUM, MAIDEN-HAIR. (Name from the Greek, meaning 
imwetied, the rain-drops not adhering to the fronds.) A large genus, most 
abundant in warm climates. 

* Frond simply pinnate : exotic. 
A. maoropll^lluni. Cult, in hot-houses from West Indies; pinnss 2-5 
pairs and a terminal one, nearly sessile, deltoid-ovate, 2' -3' long, nearly half 
as wide; fructification in long marginal rarely interrupted lines. Pinnae of 
sterile fronds wider and somewhat crenately incised and toothed. 

* * Frond 2-4 times pinnate, ovate-lanceolate in general outline. 

A. Capillus- Veneris, Yenus-hair, so named from the shining capillary 
branches of the rhachis ; native S., often in conservatories N. : twice pinnate or 
thrice pinnate at the base, the long upper part simply pinnate ; pinnules about 
^' broad, on very slender stalks, sharply wedge-shaped at the base, rounded at 
the top, or rhom^boidal, commonly deeply lobed from the upper margin ; fruit- 
dots one to each lobe ; involucres kidney-shaped or transversely oblong. Plant 
6' -12' high, often pendent from damp shaded rocks in the mouths of wells, 
&c., in S. of Europe. 

A. ^thiopicum, as commonly seen in hot-houses, is much like the last ; 
but has smaller pinnules not so sharply wedge-shaped, often broader than long, 
and less deeply lobed ; fruit-dots in deep sinuses of the upper margin ; involucres 
kidney-shaped or crescent-shaped. 

A. euneatuni, from S. America, is a much larger plant, broadly triangu- 
lar in outline, 3-4 times pinnate ; pinnules smaller and very numerous, wedge- 
shaped at the base, the upper edge deeply lobed ; fruit-dots as in the last. 

* * * Frond tivo-forked, loith elongated simply pinnate divisions springing from 
the upper side of the two recurved branches : midrib of the pinnules none : 
veins forked from the base. 

A. pedatum, Maiden-hair. Native in shady woods ; whole plant smooth, 
l°-2° high; principal divisions 4' - 10' long, I'-l^' wide; pinnules very 



FERN FAMILY. 365 

numerous, oblong, broadest at the base, obtuse, lobed from the upper edge ; 
fruit-dots at the top of the lobes ; involucres transversely oblong or linear. 

A. hispidulum, from Australia, &c. : commonij less symmetrical than 
the last, when young irregulai-ly 3 - 4-branched ; a smaller plant with finely 
chaffy or bristly stalk and rhachis ; pinnules minutely hairy, nearly entire ; 
fruit-dots crowded along the upper margin, involucres rounded kidney-shaped. 

7. PTERIS, BRAKE. (The ancient Greek name for Ferns, meaning a 
wing, from the feather-like fronds. ) Another large and widely distributed genus. 

§ 1. Veins free: stalk straw-colored or brownish. 

* Frond simply pinnate : pinnce undivided. 

P. longifolia. Cult, from warm regions, native in S. Florida : oblong- 
lanceolate in outline ; pinnas numerous, linear and tapering from a truncate or 
cordate base, the upper and lower ones gradually smaller. 

* * Frond pinnate, and with the lower pairs of piyinoi forked or again pinnate, 

the divisions and upper pinnce elongated, simple. 

P. Cretica. Cult, from warm climates, native in Florida: l°-20 high; 
pinnas 1-4 pairs, the upper ones slightly decurrent, lower ones cleft almost to 
the base into 2 - 3 long linear-lanceolate acuminate divisions; sterile ones and 
tips of the narrower fertile ones finely and sharply serrate. Var. albo-lineata 
has a whitish stripe in the middle of each division. 

P. serrulata. Cult, from China: 1°-1^° high; pinn« 3-8 pairs, all 
but the lowest decurrent and forming a wing 3" wide on the main rhachis ; 
lower pairs pinnately or pedately cut into several narrow linear-acuminate 
divisions ; upper ones simple, sterile ones spinulose-serrulate. 

* * * Fronds pinnate, and the numerous primary divisions pinnately cut into m,any 

lobes, the lowest ones mostly with 1-3 elongated similarly -lobed branches on 
the lower side. 

P. quadriaurita. Cult, from East or West Indies, &c. : fronds 10-3° 
long, 6'- 12' wide, broadly ovate in outline; lobes of primary divisions linear- 
oblong, I'-l' long, 3" wide, very numerous and often crowded, mostly rather 
obtuse. Var. aegyrea, has a band of white along the middle of the primary 
divisions ; to this is added a tinge of red in var. tricolor. 

* * * * Fronds broadly triangular, tivice or thrice pinnate throughout: lowest 

primary divisions long-stalked. 

P. aquilina, Common Brake. Plentiful everywhere, 10-5° hio-h, harsh 
to the touch ; the lowest primary divisions standing obliquely forward*; second- 
arv divisions pinnatifid Avith many oblong or linear sometimes hastate lobes 
which m a fruiting frond are bordered everywhere with brown spore-cases. ' 

§ 2. DoRYOPTERis. Veins finely reticulated: frond pedate, and b-angled : 
stalk black and shining. 

P. pedata. Cult, from West Indies and S. America: frond 2' -6' lono- 
and neariy as wide, almost parted into a few primary divisions ; upper ones en*'- 
tire, lowest pair again cleft ; the lobes on the lower side much largest. 

8. PELLJEA, CLIFF-BRAKE. (Name from the Greek, meaning dark- 
colored descriptive of the stalk.) Mostly small Ferns : the following species 
have tronds of a somewhat coriaceous texture. 

v. rotundifolia, from New Zealand: frond narrow, 6'- 12' lono- on a 
chaffy and pubescent wiry stalk, simply pinnate; pinme round or roundish- 
oblong and entire; band of spore-cases very wide and concealing the narrow 



P. atropurptirea. Wild, on shaded limerock : fronds tufted. 6' - 1 o' lono- 
2-4 wide, with polished and siiaringly downv stalks. 2-pinnate, simplv piinuue 
toward tlic top ; pinnules distinct, oblou- or Imcar-oblono-, rarclv halberd-Wapod 
obtuse or slightly mucronate; imolucre rather broad, and at leno-th hidden bv 
the spore-cases. ^^ - 

P. hast^ta, from South Africa : mostlv lai-er than the last and verv vr 
able; frond ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 1-3-pinuate; pinnules lanceoiut 



in- 
e or 



366 FERN FAMILY. 

rhomboid-ovate, very often halberd-shaped, the end ones of the primary pinnas 
much the largest, often l'-2' long and ^-'-l' broad; stalk and branches black 
and polished, smooth ; involucre rather narrow. 

9. WOODWARDIA, CHAIN-FERN. (Named in honor of Tliomas J. 
Woodward, an English botanist of the last century.) A small genus of rather 
large Ferns, all natives of the N. temperate zone. 

W. Virginiea. Tall, growing in swamps N. «& S. : sterile and fertile 
fronds alike, ovate in outline, pinnate, with lanceolate deeply pinnatifid pinnae ; 
lobes oblong, obtuse ; veins reticulated, forming a single row of meshes along 
the midribs of pinnse and of lobes, the outer veinlets free; fruit-dots oblong, 
close to the midribs. 

W. angustifolia. Range, &c. of the last, but less common : fronds 6' - 
10' long, 4' -6' broad, pinnatifid almost to the winged rhachis into 17-27 lobes, 
which are broadly lanceolate and with copiously reticulated veins in the sterile 
frond, but are narrowly linear in the fertile, and with a single row of narrow 
meshes next the midrib ; fruit-dots linear, sausage-shaped, one in each mesh. 

10. DOODIA. (Named in honor of Samuel Doody, an early English Crypto- 
gamic botanist.) Small Ferns, cult, from Austraha and New Zealand. 

D. eaudata. Fronds 9' -15' long, linear-lanceolate, on dull-black nearly 
smooth stalks, pinnate with many linear serrate and nearly sessile pinnse, which 
are about I'loug, often slightly auriculate at base, the lower ones rather trian- 
gular, distant; fruit-dots in a single row next the midrib. 

D. aspera. Stalk black and rough with small ragged points ; fronds broadly 
lanceolate, rather coriaceous, harsh to the touch, pinnatifid to the rhachis ; di- 
visions crowded, oblong-linear, spinulose-serrate, lower ones gradually smaller; 
fruit-dots not close to the midrib, sometimes a second roAV next the margin. 

11. ASPLENIUM, SPLEENWORT. (Name from the Greek; refers to 
supposed action on the spleen.) A very large genus, the size of the species 
ranging from quite small up to very large and even tree-like. 

§ 1. Fronds undivided, large and showy : cult, from East Indies, Sfc. 

A. T^idus, Bird's-nest Fern. Fronds numerous, broadly lanceolate, 
2° -4° long, 4' -8' wide, entire, short-stalked, arranged in a crown around the 
central upright rootstock ; fruit-dots very narrow, elongated, crowded, running 
from the stout midrib obliquely half-way to the margin. 

§ 2. Fronds small, pinnatifid below, tapering into a long entire point • native. 

A. pinnatifidum. Very rare, near Philadelphia, and sparingly W. & S., 
espscially along the Alleghanies : fronds 3'- 6' long, ^" -l^' wide at the base; 
lobes roundish-ovate mostly obtuse ; fruit-dots small, irregular. 
§ 3. Fronds simply pinnate. 
* Small Ferns, 4' - 15' high : all except the last are wild species. 

A. Triehomanes, Common, forming dense tufts in crevices of shady 
rocks : fronds linear, 4' -8' long, with black and shining stalk and rhachis, and 
many roundish or oblong slightly crenated or entire pinnas, about ^' long and 
about half as broad ; fruit-dots few to each pinna. 

A. ebeneum. Common in rocky woods : fronds linear-lanceolate, nar- 
rower at the base, 8'- 15' long, l'-2'Vide; stalk dark and polished; pinnae 
many, linear-oblong, often slightly cuiwed, finely serrate, auricled on one or 
both sides at the base ; fruit-dots numerous. 

A. flabellifolium. Cult, from Australia : lax, the rhachis often pro- 
longed and rooting at the very end , fronds linear ; pinnae sharply wedge-shaped 
at the base, the broad and rounded end crenated ; fruit-dots irregularly radiat- 
ing from the base of the pinnae. 

* * Large Ferns, l°-3°high. 

A. angUStifdlium. Rich woods N., and S., mainly along the mountains : 
fronds thin, long-ianceolate, pinnae many 3' -4' long, lineai--lanceolate from a 



FERN FAMILY. 367 

truncate or rounded base, acuminate, nearly entire ; those of the fertile frond 
narrower ; fruit-dots slightly curved, very numerous. 

§ 4. Fronds more than once pinnate. 
* Fruit-dots more than one in each smallest division of the frond. 

A. Ruta-muraria, Wall-Rue. On exposed cliffs of limestone, from 
Vermont W. & S. : fronds small, 1' -4' long, ovate, twice or thrice pinnate, 
the few divisions rather thickish, wedge-shaped or rhomboid, toothed at the 
top ; fruit-dots fcAV, becoming confluent. 

A. fureatum. Cult, from Trop. America, S. Africa, &c. : fronds 8'- 15' 
long, 3' -6' wide, on a somewhat hairy stalk, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate with 
lance-oblong acuminate pinnae, which are again pinnately cut nearly or quite to 
the midrib ; divisions oblique, wedge-shaped, narrow, serrate, rather coriaceous, 
deeply marked by the forking veins ; fruit-dots elongated, radiating from the 
ba^e of the division. 

A. thelypteroides. In rich rocky woods, not rare : fronds l^°-3° high, 
thin in texture, broadly lanceolate, pinnate; pinnae 3' -6' long, lanceolate, 
deeply pinnatind into close-set oblong and obtuse minutely toothed lobes ; fruit- 
dots 6-12 to each lobe, some of them commonly double. 

A. Filix-fcBDlina, Lady-Fern. Common in moist woods : fronds large 
(2° -3° high, 4' -8' broad), growing like the last in a crown, 2-3-pinnate; 
pinnae lanceolate, with a narrow border to the secondary rhachis : pinnules 
oblong and sharply serrate, or in larger plants lanceolate and pinnatifid with 
incised lobes ; fruit-dots short, variously curved, at length confluent. 

* * Smallest divisions of the frond narrow, entire, containing hut a single veinlet 
and hut one fruit-dot. 

A. Belangeri. Cult, from Malacca and Java: fronds 1°-1^° high, 
2' -3' wide, coriaceous, pale green, as is the stoutish stalk; pinnse oblong, 
truncate at the base, with a rounded apex, pinnatilid to the winged midrib into 
numerous narrowly oblong and obtuse lobes, the upper basal ones of each pinna 
2 - 3-clefi:, the rest entire and bearing on the side farthest from the main rhachis 
a solitary elongated fruit-dot. 

A. myriophylluni. Limestone caves in Jackson Co., Florida : fronds 
delicate, almost translucent, lanceolate, 6' -9' long, l'-2' wide, 2-3-pinnate; 
smallest divisions obovate-oblong, 2" -3" long, ^" wide ; fruit-dot in the lower 
half of each division. 

A. billbiferum. Cult, from New Zealand, &c : fronds herbaceous, ample, 
broadly lanceolate, l°-3° long, 6'- 12' Wide, 2-3-pinnate, often producing 
leafy bulbs on the upper surface ; pinnae triangular-lanceolate, with a broadly 
winged midrib; pinnules lanceolate, deeply toothed or cut into oblong-linear 
lobes ; fruit-dots extending from the middle of the lobes downward almost to 
the midrib of the pinnules. 

12. SCOLOPENDRIUM. (Name from the Greek word for a centipede, 
suggested by the many oblique lines of fruit each side of the midrib.) 

S. vulgare, Hart's-tongue. Rare, among shaded rocks in Central New 
York and in Canada West; fronds 6'- 18' long, l'-2' wide, oblong-lanceolate 
from a heart-shaped base, herbaceous, the margin entire or Avavy. Cultivated 
forms from England are crisped, crested, many-forked, &c. 

13. CAMPTOSORTJS, WALKING-LEAF. (Name from the Greek, 
meaning a hent heap, referring to the curved and angled fruit-dots.) Almost 

the only species is 

. C. rhizophyllus. Damp mossy rocks N. & S., maiulv along the moun- 
tains : frond 4'- 12' long, tapering from a heart-shaped or auricled base 6"- 12" 
wide to a long narrow point, which often roots at the end, and there gives rise 
to a new plant, ready to take another step in advance. 

14. PHEGOPTERIS, EEECII-FERN (which the name means in Greek. 
the ori'xinal species often found among beeches). Chiefly tropical ; but the 
following are all wild species, in rocky or shady woods. 



368 FERN FAMILY. 

* Fronds twice pinnatifid: the sessile pinnce mostly forming an irregular and 

many-angled wing along the rhachis. 

P. polypodioides, formerly PoLYPODiuM Pheg6pteris. Common N. : 
fronds 4' -9' long, longer than broad, triangular-ovate, slightly hairy beneath; 
pinnae lanceolate, the lower pair turned obliquely forwards ; secondary divisions 
crowded, oblong, obtuse, entire ; fruit-dots all near the margin. 

P. hexagonoptera. Common N. & S. : larger than the last, which it 
much resembles, but the frond is broader than long ; lowest pinnce much the 
largest and with elongated and pinnAtifid divisions ; fruit-dots not exclusively 
near the margin. 

* * Fronds with three primary divisions, which are stalked, rhachis wingless. 

P. Dryopteris. Common N. : fronds broadly triangular, 4' -6' wide, 
smooth ; the three primary divisions triangular, once or twice pinnate with ob- 
long obtuse entire or toothed lobes ; fruit-dots near the margin. 

15. ASPIDIUM, SHIELD-FERN. (Greek for a little shield, referring to 
the indusium.) — A very large genus, inhabiting all parts of the world. 

§ 1. NEPHRdDiTiM or Dryopteris. Lidusium round-kidney-shaped or nearly 
circular with a narrow cleft from the lower side almost to the centre. 
* Fronds thickish, simply pinnate, the few pinnoe entire or nearly so. 

A. Sieboldii. Cult, from Japan : fronds coriaceous, smooth, about 1° 
high, with 2-4 pairs of side pinnae, each 4' -6' long and nearly 1' wide, and a 
terminal one rather larger than the others ; veins with 4-6 free parallel branch- 
es ; fruit-dots large, scattered in several rows. 

* * Fronds thin, decaying in early autumn (or tender hot-house plants), pinnate : 

pinnce simply pinnatifid with mostly entire obtuse lobes : indusium small. 

■«- Rootstock creeping, slender, nearly naked and bearing scattered fronds : veins 
free, simple or once forked : wild species, common in bogs and low grounds. 

A. Thelypteris, Fronds lanceolate, 10' -18' long, on slender stalks, 
nearly smooth; pinnas lanceolate, 2' -4' long, about ^' wide, spreading or 
turned down, the lowest pair scarcely shorter ; divisions oblong, fruiting ones 
seeming acute from the rcvolute margins ; veins mostly forked ; fruit-dots con- 
fluent Avhen ripe ; indusium sm.ooth. 

A. !N"oveboraeense. Much like the last, but hairy beneath along the 
rhachis and veins ; tronds tapering both Avays from the middle; lower pinnae 
gradually smaller and distant"; lobes flat, the basal ones often larger and incised ; 
veins rarely forked ; fruit-dots distinct ; indusium slightly glandular. 

•i- -1- Rootstock oblique or erect, stouter, bearing the fronds in a crown : veins simple, 
free, or the loiver ones of contiguous lobes united: indusium hairy. 

A. patens. Low shady grounds, Florida and W. : fronds l°-2° high, 
sparsely pubescent, ovate-oblong; pinnse 3' -6' long, ^' wide, numerous, lance- 
olate from a broad base, lovv^est pairs a little smaller ; divisions oblong, slightly 
falcate, obtuse or acutish ; veins entirely free ; indusium slightly hairy. 

A. mdiie. Cult, fi-om tropical countries : very much like the last, but ev- 
erywhere doAvny or sott-hairy ; pinna less deeply lobed ; lobes obtuse ; lower 
veinlers (1 or 2 pairs) uniting with the corresponding ones of contiguous lobes 
and sending out a ray-like veinlet to the sinus ; indusium very hairy. 

* * * Fronds smooth, from once to thrice pinnate, groiving in a crown from a 

stout and chaff y rootstock, and often remaining green through the winter: 
veins 2 - 4-forked or branching. Wild species of the country. 

•i- Fronds imperfectly evergreen, once pirmate with deeply pinnatifid pinnce, or 
nearly twice pinnate: fruit-dots not close to the margin: indusium rather 
large, flat, smooth, persistent. 

A. Goldianum. Rich moist woods N. : fronds broadly ovate, 2° -4° high, 
9' -12' wide; pinnse oblong-lanceolate, broadest about the middle, parted to the 



FERN FAMILY. 369 

midrib; diyisions very numerons, nearly 1' long, somewhat scythe-shaped, 
rather acute, serrate with incurved teeth ; fruit-dots very near the midvein. 

A. cristatum.. Wet places in woods, common : fronds narrowly oblong, 
l°-2° high, 3' -5' wide, rather rigid, erect; pinnae triangular-ovate, broadest 
at base, pinnatifid almost to the midrib, divisions not many, oblong, obtuse, 
finely serrate, the largest ones sometimes toothed or pinnatitid-lobed ; fruit-dots 
half-way between midvein and margin. — Var. Clintonianum, in swampy 
woods, N., is very much larger every way, with fruit-dots nearer the midvein, 
and is often mistaken for A. Goldianum. — Var. Florid A.num, in wet woods 
S., has the lower pinnjB triangular-lanceolate and sterile, but the upper ones 
fertile, narrower and longer, with very short obtuse rather distant divisions, 
which are decurrent on the winged secondary rhachis. 

-t- -1^ Fronds imperfectly evergreen, twice or thrice pinnate : the dividons cut- 
toothed or incised : fruit-dots not near the margin : indasium rather small, 
withering away. 

A. spinuldsuni. Shady woods, very common N. : fronds thin, oblong- 
ovate ; pinnas oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones broader and somewhat triangu- 
lar ; pinnules very numerous, oblong-ovate, pinnately incised, the oblong lobes 
with spinulose teeth toward the ends ; indusium smooth or minutely glandular 
at the margin. — Has several forms. — Var. dilatatum, in mountainous places, 
N., is larger, broader in outlin§ and commonly but twice pinnate ; pinnules of 
the lowest pinnae greatly elongated. — Var. Boottii, in swampy woods N., is 
2° - 3° high, of narroAv outline, barely twice pinnate, with oblong-ovate toothed 
pinnules, or the lower ones pinnatifid : — it runs apparently into A. cristatum. 

-1- -t- H- Fronds fully evprgrem, thicJcish, about twice-pinnate : fruit-dots near the 
margin : indusium thicldsh, convex, persistent. 

A. marginale. Rocky woods, common N. : fronds l°-2° long, ovate- 
oblong, bluish-green, the stalk very chafiy ; pinnas lanceolate, 3' -5' long; 
pinnules oblong, often curved, entire or obtusely toothed, attached by a broad 
base to the narrowly winged secondary rhachis ; fruit-dots close to the margin, 
rather large. 

§ 2. PoLTSTiCHUM. Indusium orbicular, peltate, attached by the centre to a 
short stalk: veins forking, free : wild species of the country. 

A. acrostichoides. Rocky woods, common; fronds 1° -2° high, grow- 
ing in crowns, with chaffy rootstocks and stalks, evergreen, shining, lanceolate, 
simply pinnate ; pinnae numerous, oblong-lanceolate from an unequal half- 
halberd-shapcd base, serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, rarely incised, upper 
*ones of the fertile frond smaller and bearing copious soon confluent fruit-dots. 

§3. Pyrt6mium. Indusium as in § Polystichum. Fronds once pinnate : 
veins pinnale from the midrib, pinnatehj branching, the veinlets reticulated 
and forming arched meshes with 1-3 free included veinlets rising from the 
base of the arch : exotic. 

A. faleatum. Cult, from Japan: fronds 10-20hi<2;h, 5' -9' broad; base 
of stalk chaify with large scales ; pinnae thick and shiniuL', end one large and 
rhomboid or halberd-shaped ; side ones few or many, oblong-ovate, long-pointed, 
nearly entire, lower side of base rounded, upper side angled or slightly'auricled ; 
fruit-dots in many rows on all or nearly all the pinnae. 

16. CYSTOPTERIS. .(Greek for Bladder Fern, alluding to the thin, 
sometimes inflated indusium. ) Species few, mostly Northern! 
C fragilis. Shaded or moist rocky places, common N. : fronds very deli- 
cate, 4' -8 long, with sl(>n(ler stalks, oblong-ovate, twice-pinnate; pinn;\i with 
a narrowly margined vliiichis ; pinnxdes oblong or ovate, toothed or incised, very 
variable ; indusium pointed at the upper end. 

C. buibifera. Wet places, oftenest in ravines, from N. Carolina N". : 
fronds l°-3° high, 3'-.')' wide at the base, narrowed above and much elon- 
gated, twice pinnate, bearing scattered bulblcts beneath ; pinnules oblong, ob- 
tuse, toothed or pinnatifld ; indusium roundish, truncate on the upper side. 
24 



370 FERN FAMILY. 

17. STRUTHIOPTERIS, OSTRICH-FERN (which the name means 
in Greek, from the large plume-like sterile fronds). 

S. Garmanica. Alluvial grounds, N. : sterile fronds tall, 2° - 5° high, 
lanceolate, narrowed at the base into a short angular stalk, pinnate ; pinnse 
very many, narrowly lanceolate, pinnatifid more than half-way to the midrib ; 
lobes numerous, oblong ; fertile fronds very much shorter, blackish, standing 
erect after the others have withered. 

18. ONOCLEA. SENSITIVE-EERN. '(Name, from the Greek, mean- 
ing a closed vessel, referring to the berry-like fructification.) The only species is 

O. sensibilis. Common in wet places : sterile fronds of all sizes up to 2° 
high, broadly triangular-ovate, the rhachis winged ; pinnae not many, lanceolate, 
entire or obtusely lobed less than half-way to the midrib, veins everywhere 
reticulated ; fertile fronds with few closely appressed pinnse. 

19. WOODSIA. (For Joseph Woods, an Enghsh botanist.) 

W. obtlisa. Rocky places, from Carolina N. : fronds 6' - 18' high, slightly 
glandular, broadly lanceolate, pinnate with ovate or oblong deeply pinnatifid 
or again pinnate divisions ; lobes oblong, obtuse ; indusium at first closed, 
opening into a few ragged lobes. 

W. Ilvensis. Exposed rocks, common N., and along the Alleghanies : 
forms large tufts; fi-onds 4' -8' high, rusty chaffy beneath, oblong-lanceolate, 
pinnate ; divisions ovate, obtusely lobed ; indusium obscure, consisting of a 
few jointed hairs. 

20. DAVALLIA. (Named for M. Davall, a Swiss botanist.) Many trop- 
ical or sub-tropical species, the following cult, in conservatories. 

D. Canariensis, Hare's-Foot-Fern, from the Canary Islands, etc. : 
rootstock creeping above ground, covered with brownish sc^es, and looking not 
unlike an animal's paw; fronds few, smooth, broadly triangular, 8' -15' long 
and about as wide, 3 - 4-pinnate ; pinnules cut into a few narrow lobes ; these 
are directed upwards, bearing at or just below the end a single fruit-dot ; indu- 
sium whitish, deeply half-citp-shaped. 

D. tenuifolia, from India and China : rootstock creeping, crisp with short 
chaffy hairs; fronds smooth, l°-2° high, broadly lanceolate, 3 - 4-pinnate ; 
smallest divisions narrowly wedge-shaped, bearing at the truncated ends one or 
two fruit-dots ; indusium brownish, mostly broader than deep. 

21. DICKSOITIA. (Fov James Dickson, an English botanist.) The spe- 
cies all but one tropical or in the southern hemisphere. 

D. punctilobula. Moist shady places, from N. Carolina N. : rootstock 
creeping, slender ; fronds scattered, thin, minutely glandular, pleasantly odor- 
ous, lancelote, long-pointed, 2° - 3° high, mostly bipinnate ; pinnules pinnatifid ; 
the divisions toothed, each bearing a minute fruit-dot at the upper margin ; 
indusium globular. 

D. ant are tie a. Tree-fern from New Zealand, a great ornament in large 
conservatories : trunk 3' - 5' thick, sometimes many feet high, bearing in a 
crown at the top many fronds, 6° - 9° long, 2° - 4° broad, coriaceous, twice 
pinnate ; pinnules oblong, acute, pinnatifid ; the oblong-ovate divisions bearing 
1-4 rather large fruit-dots ; indusium prominent, plainly two-valved. 

22. CYATHEA. (Name from the Greek word for a small cup, referring to 
the involucre.) Tree-ferns fi'om tropical countries. 

C. arborea. Rarely cult, from W. Indies : trunk sometimes 20° high, 
stalk mostly light-brown, and without prickles or chaff; fronds 4° - 1 0° lung, 
bipinnate ; pinnse 1° - 2° long, 6' - 8' wide, lanceolate ; pinnules narrowly lance- 
olate, spreading, i.innatifid to the midrib ; lobes oblong, slightly serrate, with 
4-9 fruit-dots near the midvein ; involucre beautifully cup-shaped, the margin 
entire. — Several other species, as well as one or two of the allied genus Hemt- 
TELiA (with an imperfect involucre, veins often partly reticulated), are rarely 
Been in conservatories. 



FERN FAMILY. 371 

23. ALSOPHILA. (From Greek words meaning grove-loving, the species 
growdng in tropical forests. 

A. aspera. Rarely cult, from W. Indies: trunk 6° -8° high; stalks 
prickly, clothed at the base with pale, narrow scales ; fronds 6° - 8° long, 2° - 3° 
wide, bipinnate ; rhachis hairy above ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate; pinnules very 
many, lanceolate, pinnatifid almost to the midrib ; lobes oblong, curved, ser- 
rate, obtuse ; fruit-dots 8-10 to a lobe; Indus ium a thin scale on one side of 
the fruit-dot, often disappearing with age. 

A. pruinata, from S. America, is sometimes seen ; a much smaller plant ; 
rootstock short, clothed with bright-brown wool ; fronds smooth, green above, 
pale and glaucous often almost white beneath, bipinnate; pinnules deeply 
toothed; fruit-dots solitary at the base of each tooth; spore-cases mixed with 
woolly hairs. 

24. TRICHOMAWES. (An ancient Greek name of some Fern, referring 
to the hair-like stalks.) A large genus ; most of the species tropical. 

T. radicans. On dripping rocks, Alabama and Tennessee, very rare : fronds 
pellucid, 4' - 8' high, the stalk and rhachis narrowly winged, lanceolate, pinnate 
with 1 - 2-pinnatifid ovate pinnee ; involucres on short lobes, funnel-shaped, 
with long exserted receptacles. — A broader and more compound form from 
Killarney, Ireland, is grown in Wardian cases. 

25. LYGODIUM, CLIMBING-FEEN. (Name from a Greek word 
meaning /?ez?'6/e, alluding to the twining and climbing fronds.) Not many 
species ; all but ours tropical. 

L. palmatum. Low shady woods, rather rare : smooth, slender, and deli- 
cate, 2° -4° high, entangled among herbs; pinnae roundish, 12"- 18" wide, 
deeply heart-shaped at the base, palmately .5 - 7-lobed, upper ones decompound 
and fertile. 

L. Japonicum. Conservatory plant from Japan : climbing 10°- 12° high, 
smooth; pinnas ovate, 5' -9' long, bipinnate, divisions ovate-lanceolate, often 
halberd-shaped ; divisions of the upper pinnae bordered with narrow fertile lobes. 

26. ANEIMIA. (Name from the Greek, meaning without covering, allud- 
ing to the naked spore-cases.) Mainly tropical. 

A. Phyllitidis. Cult, from S. America : 12'- 18' high, has the two lower 
pinnse long-stalked, narrowly-elongated, 3-4-pinnate, fertile; middle portion 
of the frond sterile, simply pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, finely serrate ; veins re- 
ticulated. 

A. adiantoides. Native in Key West, Florida ; with lower pinnae as in 
the last; middle poi-tion sterile, 2-3-pinnate; pinnae long-pointed; divisions 
obovate-wedge-shaped, entire or toothed at the end, with free veins forking from 
the base. 

27. SCHIZ^A. (Name from the Greek verb which means to split, refer- 
ring to the many-forked fronds of certain tropical species.) 

S. pusilla. Wet sand, in pine woods of New Jersey : sterile fronds very 
slender, flattened, simple and linear, curled up ; fertile ones similar, but straight, 
2' -3' high, bearing at the top the fertile portion, 2" -3" long, composed of 
about 5 pairs of minute pinnse. 

28. OSMIJWDA, FLOWERING FERN. (Name of doubtful origin, 
anciently " Osmund the Waterman," who was perhaps 8t. Osmund, Bishop of 
Salisbury, or possibly St, Christopher, patron of watermen. Vide Hooker's 
British Ferns. ) S])ecies very few, fruiting in spring or early summer. 

* Fruiting fronds distinct from the leafjj ones. 
O. cinnamdmea, Cinnaimon-Fern. Swamps, abundant cvorvwlicre : 
sterile fronds 2°-.')° high, broadly lanceolate, pinnate with many lanooolute 
deeply piinnitifid pinna^, ; fcrrilc ones much shorter, at first woolly! soon with- 



372 CLUB-MOSS FAMILY. 

* * Fructification home at the top or middle of an otherwise leafy frond. 

O. Claytoniana. Wet places, common : sterile fronds much like those 
of the last, but more obtuse at the top ; fertile ones with 2-4 pairs of contracted 
and fertile blackish pinn» just below the middle, — otherwise like the sterile 

O. regaiis, Royal Fern. Also common in swamps and wet woods, 
fruiting later than the others : fronds truly bipinnate; pinnules oval or oblong, 
serrulate, obtuse, sometimes a little heart-shaped at base, or slightly auricled on 
one side; fertile portion at the top of the frond, panicled; spore-cases light- 
brown. 

29. BOTRYCHIUM, MOONWORT. (Name from the Greek word for 
a bunch of grapes, from the appearance of the fructification.) Species very few, 
none cuitivated. 

B. ternatum. Shaded grassy pastures and hillsides : plant fleshy, 3' -10' 
high ; common stalk with two branches, a long-stalked fertile one with twice or 
thrice pinnate fructification facing a triangular ternately compound sterile por- 
tion on a longer or shorter stalk. — Has several forms : var. luxarioides has 
roundish kidney-shaped sterile divisions ; in var. obliqudm they are lanceolate 
from an oblique base; and in var. dissectum, pinnatifid into narrowly toothed 
and ragged lobes. 

B. Virginieum. In rich woods : plant herbaceous, not fleshy, 6 ' - 1 8' high ; 
sterile portion sessile on the common stalk, thin, broadly triangular, ternate ; 
the parts twice or thrice pinnate ; divisions thin, oblons-lanceolate, incised or 
toothed; fertile portion long-stalked, twice or thrice pinnate. — Other smaller 
species occur rarely N. 

30. OPHIOGLOSSUM. (Greek equivalent of the common name.) 

O. VUlgatum, Adder' s-tokgue. Wet meadows or hillside pastures, 
rare: 3'- 10' high; sterile portion somewhat fleshy, ovate or elliptical, entire, 
l'-2' long, sessile near the middle of the stalk which supports the short two- 
sided spike. — Some rare tropical species have large and palmate, or pendulous 
and ribbon-like fronds. 



134. LYCOPODIACE^, CLUB-MOSS FAMILY. 

Flowerless plants, often moss-like or fern-like, with leafy, often 
elongated and branching stems, the spores contained in rather large 
solitary spore-cases borne in the axils of the simple mostly awl- 
shaped leaves. 

§ 1. Growing on land : stems more or less elongated and branching: leaves mostly 
less than V long, often minute: spore-cases in the axils oftheiq^j^er (often 
transformed and imbricated) scale-like leaves. 

1. LYCOP ODIUM. Mostly evergi-een plants ; the leaves awl-shaped, in 4 or 

more rows ; the 2-valved kidney-shaped spore-cases all of one kind, contain- 
ing only minute numberless spores. 

2. SELAGIXELLA. But one species evergi-een N. ; leaves mostly flattened, rare- 

ly awl-shaped, mostly in 4 rows, twormvs being of smaller leaves; spore-cases 
of 2 kinds; one 2-valved and filled with minute spores, the other 3-4-valved 
and containing very few large spores. 

§ 2. Growing in water or mud: stems very short and corm-liJce : leaves rush-lihe, 
elongated, with large spore-cases adhering to the upper surface of their dilated 
bases, and as if imbedded in them. 

3. ISOETES. Outer spore-cases with large reticulated spores; inner ones with 

minute powdery spores. 

1. LYCOPODIUM, CLUB-MOSS. (Name from the Greek, meaninir 
wolf's-foot, probably from the short hairy branches of L. clavatum. ) Species 
about 100, in all parts of the world : the following all wild species. 



CLUB-MOSS FAMILY. 373 

§ L Fructification not in a distinct spike. Leaves all alike, dark-green, rigid, 
in about 8 rows. 

L. lucidulum.. Damp woods N. : stems 4' - 8' long, tufted, ascending, 
forking ; leaves spreading or reflexed, sharp-pointed, irregularly serrulate, dark 
green and shining. 

§ 2. Fructification spiked at the top of an erect branch : fertile leaves and those of 
the creeping stems nearly alike, soft, narrowly linear, many-rowed. 

L. alopeeuroides. Pine-barren swamps, New Jersey & S. : scarcely ever- 
green : stem and sparingly forked sterile branches creeping, fertile ones 6'- 18' 
high, all rather stout and thickly clothed with spreading soft linear-awl-shaped 
bristly-ciliate leaves, those of the spike with long slender tips. 

§ 3. Fructification spiked: the fruiting leaves yellowish, scale-like, shorter and 
broader than those of the sterile branches. 
* Spike sessile at the top of an ordinary branch. 

L. anndtinum.. Cold woods N. : stem creeping, l°-4° long; branches 
4' -9' high, nearly erect, once or twice forketl ; leaves about 5-rowed, spreading 
or reflexed, rigid, lanceolate, acute, nearly entire ; those of the solitary spikes 
ovate, with spreading points and ragged scarious margins. 

L. dendroideum, Ground-Pine. Moist woods, common N. : rootstock 
creeping, under-ground, nearly leafless ; stems looking much like a miniature 
hemlock, 9' -12' high; the many spreading branches with shining lanceolate 
entire leaves in about six rows ; leaves of the lower and often of the upper row 
smaller than the rest; spikes single, or 4-10 on a plant; scales ovate pointed, 
margin slightly scarious, nearly entix'e. 

* * Spikes raised above the ordinary branches on a slender stalk which has only a 
few inconspicuous leaves 
-<- Stems creeping, very short : spikes always single. 

L. Carolinianum. Wet pine-barrens, New Jersey and S. : scarcely ever- 
green ; stem and prostrate branches rooting underneath ; leaves soft, lanceolate, 
entire, spreading horizontally, with an upper appressed row ; spikes slender on 
stalks 4' -6' high. — Allied in habit to L. alopeeuroides. 

-t- -1- Stems extensively creeping : spikes often in pairs or fours. 

L. clavatum, Club-moss. Common N. in dry Avoods : running stem long 
and leafy ; branches mostly erect, cordlike, irregularly pinnate ; branchlets 
4-10, thickly covered with linear-awl-shaped entire commonly bristle-tipped 
leaves ; spikes mostly in pairs. 

L. COmplanatuni. Dry Avoods, commonest among evergreens : running 
stems with scattered awl-shaped very small leaves ; branches erect, several times 
branched ; the parts repeatedly forked into many horizontally spreading flat- 
tened branchlets. 

2. SSLAGIWELLA. (Name a diminutive of Selago, a species ofLyco- 
podium.) Species over 200, the greater part tropical. 

§ 1 . Native species. 

S. rupestris. Exposed rocks : a common moss-like little CA-erirreen ; stems 
and densely tufted branches l'-2' high ; leaves aAvl-shaped, marked with a nar- 
row furrow on the back, and tipped with a minute bristly point ; spikes four- 
cornered. 

S. apus. Damp places in meadows ; common, especially S. : verv delicate ; 
stems 2' -4' high, sparingly branched ; leaves 4-rowcd, those of the" side rows 
spreading horizontally, scarcely 1" long, ovate with the upper side larger, mi- 
nutely serrulate ; intermediate ones half as large, erect, verv acute ; snikes 
2'' - G" long. — Often cult, as S. densa. 

§ 2. Cultivated, mostly tropical species, seen in conservatories : much branched: 
leaves of the branches four-rowed, two side rows of spreadiuq leaves set ap- 
parently edgctvise, and two upper rows of smaller appressed leaves. Spike 
four-cornered, at the ends of the branchlets. 



374 CLUB-MOSS FAMILY. 

* Stems trailing, sending out rootlets nearly up to the end. 
M- Branchlets only 1" broad: leaves wide apart in each row. 
S. delieatissima. Stems 4' - 8' long, irregularly forked and branched ; 
branches rather distant ; leaves oblong-roundish, obtuse, with a few slender 
cilia towards the base ; intermediate ones ovate, pointed. 

-i- -»- Branchlets 2" - 3" broad, their leaves closely placed in each row. 

S. Kraussiana. (Ltcopodium denticulatum of the florists.) Stems 
very long, articulated below each branch ; branches distant, bearing a few short 
forked branchlets ; leaves bright green, the larger ones oblong-ovate, acute, 
rounded on the upper side, nearly straight on the lower, minutely denticulate ; 
smaller ones with longer often reflexed points. 

S. unGinata. (Lyc. cesium of florists.) Stems very long, not articu- 
lated, freely branched ; branches 2 - 3-pinnate with short crowded branchlets ; 
leaves when living with a steel-blue iridescence, fading to green when dried, very 
closely placed, larger ones oblong, equal-sided, obtuse, entire ; smaller ones 
ovate with slender incurved points. 

* * Stems ascending, only the lower part bearing long rootlets. 

S. Martensii. (Lyc. stolonifekum of florists.) Stems 6' -10' long, 

much branched from the base ; branches bipinnate, with copious branchlets 

2'' - 3" or even 4" wide ; larger leaves crowded, obliquely ovate, the upper side 

broadest, obtuse, entire ; smaller ones ovate with a slender often recurved point. 

* * * Stems erect, or nearly so, rooting only at the very base. 

S. er^thropus. Stalk 2' - 6' high, bright red, having a few closely ap- 
pressed red leaves, and bearing at the top a broad frond-like stem pinnately or 
pedately divided into a few 2-3 times pinnate branches, with very numerous 
extremely crowded branchlets 1" - Ij" wide ; leaves closely imbricated, obliquely 
ovate-oblong, curved upward, rather obtuse, ciliate; smaller ones ovate, with 
long straight points. 

S. Braiinii. (Lyc. Willden6vii of florists.) Stalk straw-color or pale 
red, shorter than in the last, finely pubescent, as are the branches ; frond-like 
stems long-ovate, 4 times pinnate, resembling an elegant fern ; branchlets not 
crowded, about 1" wide; leaves scarcely imbricated, ovate, obtuse, entire; 
smaller ones with straight points. 

* * * * Stems in a dense nest-like tuft, not rooting : branches often curling up 

when dry. 

S. euspidata. (Lyc. circinale of florists.) Trond-like stems 6' -8' 
long, green above, paler beneath, oblong or lyre-shaped, loosely 3-pinnate ; 
branchlets 1" wide ; leaves obliquely triangular-ovate, with long often incurved 
bristle-points, having a narrow whitish margin, sparingly ciliated and minutely 
denticulate ; smaller ones obliquely ovate, with long slender points. 

S. lepidopli:^lla, from Lower California, &c., is the "Bird's-Nest Moss," 
or " Eesurrecrion-Plant." It is a nest-like ball when dry, but when moist it un- 
folds and displays the densely 2 -3-pinnate elegant fern-hke branches radiating 
from a coiled-up central stem ; the leaves Avhite-margined, closely imbricated, 
round-ovate, obtuse. — Nearly 30 species are cultivated in Great Britain, besides 
those here described. 

3. ISOETES, QUILL WORT. (Name from the Greek words for equal and 
year, meaning that the plant is the same at all seasons.) The species demand 
too nice discrimination for the beginner, and must be studied by aid of the 
Manual. 

I. laeustris, rather rare only N., and the far commoner 
I. eehinospora, are the principal northern species, living under water. 
I. riparia and I. Engelmanni, with leaves 4' - 20' long, live partly 

out of water, at least for a part of the summer. 

I. melanopoda, only W., lives in shallow ponds or pools which dry up in 



INDEX. 



%* The names of the Classes, Subclasses, and Orders are in full capitals ; those of the. 
Genera, &c., as well as popular names, are in common type. 



Abele-tree 


308 


Althaea 


70, 71, 74 


Abies 


310, 312 


Alsophila 


362, 371 


Abronia 


283 


Alstrcemeria 


330, 332 


Abutilon 


70,73 


Alum-Root 


135 


Acacia 


99, 115 


Alyssum 


52,56 


Acalypha 


293, 295 


AMARANTACE^ 


286 

r>o/-. 



ACANTHACE^ 

Acanthus 240 
ACANTHUS FAMILY 239 

Acer 89, 91 

Acerates 276, 278 

Achillea 183, 199 

Achimenes 228 

Achyranthes 286 

Acnida 286 

Aconitum (Aconite) 34, 41 

Acorus 317, 318 

ACROGENS 359 

Acrostichum 360, 363 

Actfiea 34, 39 

Actinomeris 184, 203 

Adam-and-Eve 327 

Adam's Needle 348 

Adder's- tongue 346, 372 
ADDER'S-TONGUE F. 363 

Adiantum 361, 364 

Adlumia 50 

Adonis 34, 37 

^schynomene 95, 105 

^sculus 89, 90 

African Marigold 206 

Agapanthus 340, 348 

Agati 106 

Agave 330, 332 

Ageratum 182, 193 
Agrimonia (Agrimony) 125 

Agrostis 353 

Ailanthus 83 

Albiz/ja 99, 114 

Alchemilla 117, 125 

Alder 307 

Alder-Buckthoru 87 

Alisina 320 

ALISMACE^ 319 

Allaniaada 274 

Allium 340, 347 

Aiinoiul 118 

ALIMOND FAMILY 116 

Almis 306, 307 

Aloe 341 

A-Ionsoa 230, 233 

A-lopccurus 356 



Amaranth 286 
AMARANTH FAMILY 286 

Amarantus 286 

AMARYLLIDACEiE 329 

Amaryllis 330, 331 
AMARYLLIS FAMILY 329 
Amberboa (Amberboi) 188 

Ambrosia 180, 188 

Amelanchier 117, 129 

American Laurel 216 

American Aloe 332 

American Columbo 272 

American Ipecac 121 

Amianthium 338, 342 

Ammania 150 

Ammobium 181,190 

Amorpha 95, 103 

Ampelopsis 85, 86 

Amphicarpaea 97, 109 

Amsonia 274, 275 

ANACARDIACE^ 84 

Anacharis 321, 322 

Anagallis 223, 225 

Ananassa 329 

Andromeda 212, 215 

Aneimia 362, 371 

Anemone 34, 35 

Angelica-tree 166 
ANGTOSPERMOUS 

PLANTS 33 

Anise-tree 43 

Anoda 70, 72 

ANONACEiE 43 

Antcnnaria 181, 190 

Authemis 183, 199 

Anthoxanthum 355 

Antirrhinum 230, 235 

Anvchia 64, 6S 
APETALOUS DIVISION 282 

Apliyllon 22^, 229 

Apios 97, 108 

A pi urn 163, 1()5 

Aploctvmn 324, 327 

APOOYNACEiE 274 

Apocyuum 274, 275 

Apple 129 



Apple-of-Peru 268 

Apricot 118 

AQUIFOLIACE^ 218 

Aquilegia 34, 40 

Arabis 51, 54 

ARACE^ 317 

Arachis 96, 106 

Aralia 166 

ARALIACE^ 166 

Arbor-Vita3 315 

Archangehca 163, 165 

Arctostaphylos 211, 214 

Arenaria 64, 67 

Arethusa 323, 326 

Argemone 48, 49 

Arisgema 317 

Aristolochia 282 
ARISTOLOCHIACE^ 282 

Armeria 222 

Arnica 182, 194 
Aromatic Wintergreen 214 

Arrenatherum 355 

Arrow-Arum 318 

Arrow Grass 320 
ARROW-GRASS FAMILY 319 

Arrow-Head 320 
ARRO^YROOT FAMILY 328 

Arrow-wood 172 

Artemisia 180, 188 

Artichoke 186 

Arum Family 317 

Arundinaria 354 

Asarabacca 282 

Asarum 282 

ASCLEPIADACE^ 276 

Asclepias 276, 277 

Ascyrum 61 

Ash 281 

Ash-leared Maple 92 

Asimina 44 

Asparasrus 339, 344 
ASPARAGUS FAmLY 339 

Aspen 308 

Aspidium 361, 368 

Asplenium 3ol, 366 

As tor 183, 196 

Astilbo 132, 137 

Astragalus 96, 1^7 

Atamasoo Lily 331 

Atragene 35 

Atriplox 284 

Atropa 266, 269 



376 



INDEX. 



Aubergine 

Aucuba 

Auricula 

Avena 

Avens 



267 
167, 168 
223 
355 
122 
212, 217 



Bald-Cypress 314 

Balloon-Vine 90 

BaUota 252 

Balm 249, 250 

Balm-of-Gilead 251 
Balm-of-GUead Poplar 309 

BaLiiony 238 

Balsam 81 

Banana 329 

BANANA PMIILY 328 

Baneberry 89 

Baptisia 98, 111 
Barbadoes Flower-fence 113 

Barbarea 61, 54 

Barberry 45 
BAEBEIIRY FAMILY 44 

Barley 357 

Barnyard Grass 357 

Barren Strawberry 121 

Barren-wort 45 
Bartonia 151, 270, 273 

Basil 248, 249 

Basil Thyme 249 

Basswood 75 

Bastard Pennyroyal 246 

Bauera rubioides 131 

Bayb^ry 306 

Bean 108 

Bean-trefoil-tree 101 

Bearberry 214 

Bear-Grass 848 

Beaver-Poison 165 

Bedstraw 174 

Bee-Balm 249 

Beech 305 

Beech-Drops 229 

Beech-Fern 867 

Beehive 101 

Beet 285 

Beggar's Lice 257 

Beggar-Ticks 202 

Begonia 161 

BEGONIACEiE 161 

BEGONIA FAMILY 161 

Belladona 269 

Bellflower 210 
Bellis 182, 183, 199 

Bellwort 343 
BELL WORT FAMILY 338 

Bengal Grass 357 

Benjamin-Bush 291 

Benzoin 291 

BERBERIDACEiE 44 

Berberis 44, 45 

Berchemia 86, 87 

Bergamot 250 

Bermuda Grass 856 

Beta 284, 285 

Betonia (Betony) 246, 253 

Betula 306 

BETULACE^ 306 

Bidens 184, 202 

Bignonia 226, 227 

BIGNONIACE^ 226 
BIGNONIA FAMILY 226 

Bilsted 140 

Bindweed 264, 289 

Biota 815 

Birch 306 

BIRCH FAMILY 306 

Bird'p-nest Fern 366 

Birthroot 341 



Bkthwort 282 

BIRTHWORT FAMILY 282 

Bishop'S-Cap 137 

Bitter-Cress 54 

Bitter Sweet 88 

Bittersweet 

Bitterweed 

Black alder 

Black bean 

Blackberry 

Blackberry Lily 

Black Grass 

Black Moss 

Black Sampson 

Black Snakeroot 

Black-Thorn 

Bladder Campion 

Bladder Ketmia 

Bladder-nut 

BLADDER-NUT FAMILY 89 

Bladder-Senna 107 

Bladderwort 225 

BLADDERWORT FAMILY 

225 
Blazing-Star 
Bleeding Heart 
Blephiiia 
Blessed Thistle 
Bute 
Blitum 
Blood-root 
Blue Beech 
Blueberry 
Bluebottle 
Blue Curls 
Bluets 

Blue-Eyed-Grass 
Blue Flag 
Blue Hearts 
Blue-Joint Grass 
Blue Lettuce 



268 

188 

219 

109 

124 

334 

349 

829 

205 

89 

118 

66 

74 

90 



191, 842 

50 

245, 251 

187 

285 

284, 285 

49 

805 

'213 

187 

246 

176 



Blue-Tangle 

Blueweed 

Blumebachia 

Bocconia 

Boehnieria 

Bois d'Arc 

Bokhara 

Boltonia 

Bonamia 

Boneset 

Borage 

BORAGE FAMILY 

BORRAGINACE^ 

Borrago 

Botrychium 

Bottle-brush 

Bottle Gourd 

Bottle Grass 

Bouncing Bet 

Boussingaultia 
I Bouvardia 
j Bowman's Root 
I Bow- Wood 
i Box 

Boxberry 
, Box-Elder 
I Boj'kinia 
j Brachycome 
I Bracted Bindweed 
j Brake 

Bramble 
I Brassica 
j Brasenia 
I BRASILETTO FAMILY 
j Brier Rose 
j Briza 

Broccoli 
I Brodiaea 



231 

358 

208 

218 

255 

152 

48,49 

297. 299 

299 

101 

183, 198 

268, 264 

192 

255 

254 

254 

254, 255 

363, 372 

149 

159 

357 



Brome Grass 
BROMELIACE^ 
Bromus 
Brooklime 
Brookweed 
Broom-corn 

BROOM-RAPE FAMILY 
Broussonetia 297, 

Browallia 229, 

Brunella 245, 

Brunfelsia 229, 

Bryophyllum 138, 

Buchnera 230. 

Buckeye 

Buckthorn 86 

BUCKTHORN FASHLY 
Buckwheat 

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 
Buffalo-Berry 
Buffalo-nut 
Bugbane 
Bugleweed 
Bugloss 
Bulrush 
Bumelia 
Bunch-berry 
Bunch-Flower 
Burchellia Capensis 
Burdock 
Biu--Marigold 
Burnet 
Burning-bush 
Bur-Reed 
Bush-Clover 
B ush-Honey suckle 
Butcher's Broom 
Biitomeae 
Butter-and-Eggs 
Buttercup 
Butterfly-Pea 
Butterfly-Weed 
Butternut 

Butterweed 193, 

Butterwort 
j Button-bush 
] Buttou-Snakeroot 164, 
I Button-weed 
Buttonwood 
Buxus 293, 



284, 285 

174, 176 

121 

299 

296 

214 

92 

182, 136 

183, 198 

264 

865 

124 

51,52 

46 



125 
355 
"52 
341 



355 

329 
855 
234 
225 
857 
228 
299 
232 
252 
232 
139 
234 
90 
,87 



287 
292 



247 
257 
352 
220 

167 
348 
173 
187 
202 
125 

88 
319 
104 
171 
344 
820 
235 

37 
109 
277 



226 
175 
191 
175 
800 
296 



Cabbage 52 
Cacalia 182, 198, 194 

CACTACE^ 152 

CACTUS FA\nLY 152 

Caesalpinia 99 113 

Caiophora 152 

Cakile 52, 56 

Calabash 159 

Caladium 317 

Calamagrostis 353 

Calaminth 249 

Calamintha 244 

Calampelis 227 

Calamus 318 

Calandrinia 69 

Calceolaria 230, 284 

Calendula 184, 200 

Calico-bush 216 
California Nutmeg-tree 815 

Calla 817. 318 

Cailicarpa 241,243 

Calliopsis 201 

Callirrhoe 70. 72 

Callistemon 149 

Callistephus 182, 196 

Calluna 211, 214 

Calochortus Sil 

Calonvction 2P3 

Calopbgon 324, 326 







INDEX. 




Caltha 


34.39 


Centradenia 


148 


CALYCANTHACE^ 130 


Centranthus 


177 


Calycanthus 


131 


Centrosema 


97, 109 


CALYCANTHUS FAMILY 130 


Century Plant 


332 


Calystegia 


232, 234 


Cephalanthus 


174. 175 


Camelina 


51,55 


Cerastium 


64,67 


Camellia 


76 


Ceratochloa 


355 


CAMELLIACE^ 


75 


Cercis 


98, 113 


CAMELLIA FAMILY 75 


Cereus 


153, 154 


Campanula 


209, 210 


Ceropteris 


360 


OAMPANULACE^ 


209 


Cestrum 


267, 270 


CAMPANULA FAMILY 2u9 


Chain-Fern 


366 


Camptosorus 


361, 387 


Chamgelirium 


338, 342 


Campyloneuron 


333 


Chamomile 


199 


Canary-bird Flower 


81 


Charlock 


52 


Canary-Grass 


354 


Chaste-Tree 


243 


Cancer-Root 


229 


Cheat 


355 


Candytuft 


55 


Checkerberry 


214 


Canna 


328 


Cheiranthus 


51,54 


Cannabis 


297, 299 


Chelidonium 


48,49 


Canterbury Bells 


210 


Chelone 


231, 238 


Cape Jessamine 


176 


CHENOPODIACEiE 


284 


Cape-Myrtle 


150 


Chenopodium 


284, 285 


CAPER FAMILY 


56 


Cherry 


118 


Capers 


■56 


Chess 


355 


CAPPARIDACE^ 


56 


Chestnut 


304 


Capparis spinosa 


56 


Chick-Pea 


111 


CAPRIFOLIACE^ 


169 


CHICKVVEED FAMILY 64 


Capsella 


52.55 


Chickweed-Wintergreen 224 


Capsicum 


266, 268 


Chicory 


206 


Caragana 


96, 106 


Chili Jessamine 


275 


Caraway 


165 


Chimaphila 


212, 218 


Cardamine 


51,54 


Chimouanthus 


131 


Cardinal-Flower 


209 


China- Aster 


196 


Cardiospermum 


89,90 


China-brier 


336 


Cardoon 


186 


China-tree 


84 


Carex 


352 


Chinese Sugar-Cane 


357 


Carolina Allspice 


131 


Chinese Sumach. 


83 


Carpet-weed 


68 


Chinquapin 


305 


Carpinus 


302, 305 


Chiogenes 


211, 214 


Carrion Flower 


337 


Chionanthua 


279, 281 


Carrot 


164 


Chives 


347 


Carthamnus 


180, 187 


Chokeberry 


130 


Carum 


163, 165 


Chorizema 


98, 111 


Carya 


300, 301 


Christmas Rose 


39 


CARYOPHYLLACE^ 63 


Chrysanthemum 


183, 199 


Cashew Family 


84 


Chry sodium 


363 


Cassandra 


211, 215 


Chrysopsis 


182, 195 


Cassia 


99, 113 


Chrysosplenium 


133, 137 


Castanea 


302, 304 


Chufa 


352 


CastiUeia 


231, 239 


Cicer 


98, 111 


Castor-oil Plant 


295 


Cichorium 


185, 206 


Catalpa 


228, 227 


Gichory 


206 


Catbrier 


336 


Cicuta 


163, 165 


Catchfly 


65 


Cimicifuga 


34,39 


Catgut 


106 


Cinchona 


176 


Cat-Mint 


251 


CINCHONA FAMILY 173 


Catnip 


251 


Cineraria 


194 


CAT-TAIL FAMILY 


318 


Cinnamon-Fern 


371 


Cat-Tail Flag 


319 


Cinquefoil 


122 


Cat-fcail Grass 


356 


Circaea 


141, 142 


Cauliflower 


52 


Cirsimn 


179, 186 


Caulophyllum 


45 


CISTACE^ 


60 


Cayenne Pepper 


268 


Cistus Ladaniferus 


60 


Ceauothus 


87 


Citron 


83, 160 


Cedar 


314 


Citrullus 


159, 180 


Cedronella 


245, 251 


Citrus 


82,83 


Cedrus 


310, 314 


Cladium 


352 


Celandine 


49 


Cladrastis 


98, 112 


Celandine Poppy 


49 


Clarkia 


142, 143 


CELASTRACE^ 


87 


Claytonia 


69 


Celastrus 


88 


Cleavers 


174 


Celery 


165 


Clematis 


33,35 


Celosia 


28G, 287 


Cleome 


57 


Celsia 


230, 233 


Clethra 


212, 217 


Celtis 


298, 298 


Clianthus 


98 


Centaurea 


180, 1S7 


Cliff-Brake 


385 


Centaury 


271 


Climbing False Buckwheat 289 



377 



Climbing-Fern 371 

Climbing Fumitory 50 

Climbing Hempweed 191 

Clintonia 208, 339, 343 

Cntoria 97, 109 

Clotbur 188 

Clover 101 

Club-Moss 372 

CLUB-MOSS FAMILY 372 

Cnicus 180, 187 

Cobsea 260, 262 

Cocculus 44 

Cocklebur 188 

Cockscomb 287 

Coco-Gi-ass 352 

Coffea (Coffee) 174, 176 

Cohosh 45 

Colchicum 338, 342 

Coleus 244, 247 

Collinsia 230, 235 

Collinsonia 244, 248 

Colocasia 317, 318 

Coltsfoot 193 

Columbine 40 

Colutea 96, 107 

Colza 52 

Comandra 292 

Comfrey 257 

Commelyna 350 

COMMELYNACE^ 350 

Compass-Plant 201 

COMPOSITE 179 

COMPOSITE FAMILY 179 

Comptonia 305. 306 

Cone-Flower ' 205 

CONIFERS 309 

Conium 163, 165 

Conoclinium 182, 198 

Couopholis 228. 229 

Convallaria 339, 344 

CONVOLVULACE^ 262 

Convolvulus 262, 264 

CONVOLVULUS FAMILY 262 

Coon tie 309 

Coptis 34, 39 

Coral-berry 170 

Corallorhiza 324, 327 

Coral-Root 327 

Cordyline 341 

Coreopsis 184, 201 

Coriander 164 

Coriandrum 168, 164 

Corn 358 

CORNACEiE 167 

Corn-Cockle 65 

Cornel 167 

Corn-Flag 335 

Cornflower 187 

Corn Salad 178 

Cornus 167 

Coronilla 95, 106 

Corpse-plant 218 

Corvdalis 50 

Corylus 302, 305 

Cosmanthus 259 

Costmary 188 

Cotoneaster 117, 129 

Cotton 74 

C^otton-Rose 189 

Cotton Thistle 187 

Cotton-wood 309 

Cotyledon 138, 139 

Couoh-Grass 356 

Cow-horb 66 

Oow-parsuip 186 

Cowslip 223 

Cowslips 39 

Cow-Wheat 239 



378 



INDEX. 



Crab-Grass 856, 357 

Cranberry 213 

Oranberry-tree 172 

Cranesbill 79 

Crdssula 138, 139 

CRASSULACE^ 137 

Crataegus 117, 128 

Creeping Snowberry 214 

Crinkle-root 55 

Crinuni 830, &31 

Crocus 333, 335 

Crotalaria 94, 100 

Crowfoot 37 
CRO^n-OOT FAMILY 33 

Crownbeard 203 

Cro^vn Imperial 346 

CRUCIFER^ 51 
CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS 



Cryptomeria 

Cuckoo-Flower 

Cucumber 

Cucumber-tree 

Cucumis 

Cucurbita 



310, 314 
55 
160 
43 
159, 160 
159 



CUCURBITACE^ 158 

Cudweed 189 

Cxilver'S Root 233 

Cunila 244, 248 

Cunonia Capensis 131 

Cuphasa • 150, 151 

Cup-Plant 201 

Cupiessus 310, 314 

CUPULIFERiE 301 

Cviri-ant 133 

Cuscuta 265 
CUSTARD-APPLE FA3IILY 
43 

CyanophyUum 148 

Cyathea 362, 370 

CYATHEACE^ 362 

CYCADACE^ 309 

Cycas 309 

Cyclamen 223, 224 

Cyclobotbra 341 

Cydonia 117, 130 

Cynara 179, 186 

Cynodon 356 

Cvnoglossum 255, 257 

CYPERACEiE 352 

Cvperus 352 

CVpress 314 

CYPRESS FAMILY 310 

Cypress Tine 263 

Cypripedium 224, 327 

Cyrtomium 368 

Cystopteris 361, 368 

Cytisus 94, 100 



Dactylis 


364 


Dactvloctenium 


356 


Daffodil 


331 


DahUa 


184, 201 


Daisy 


199 


Dalea 


95, 102 


Dalibarda 


116, 124 


Dandelion 


207 


Dangleberry 


213 


Dapbne 


291 


Darlingtonia 


47 


Darnel 


856 


Date-Plum 


219 


Datura 


266, 269 


Daucus 


162, 164 


Davallia 


362. 370 


Dn-y-Flower 


350 


Day-Lily 


348 


Dead-Nettie 


252 



Decumaria 

Deerberry 

Deer-Grass 

Delphinium 

Dentaxia 

Deodar 

Desmanthus 

Desmodium 

Deutzia 

Devil's Bit 

Devil-wood 

Dewberry 

Dianthera 

Dianthus , 

Dicentra 

Diervilla 

Dicksonia 

Dicliptera 

DICOTYLEDONOUS 

PLANTS 
Dictamnus 
Diclytra 
Digitalis 
Diodia 
Dionaea 
Dioscorea 
DIOSCOREACE^ 
Diospyros 
Diplopappus 
DIPSACE^ 
Dipsacus 
Dii'ca 

Ditch Stone-Crop 
Dittany 
Dock 

Dockmackie 
Dodecatheon 
Dodder 

DODDER FAillLY 
Dogbane 

DOGBANE FA]\IILY 
Dog"s-tail 
Dog-Tooth-Tiolet 
Dogwood 

DOGWOOD FAMILY 
Dohchos 
I Doodia 
j Doorweed 
I Doryopteris 
j Doura 
j Downingia 
I Draba 
I Dracaena 
j Dracopis 
[ Dragon-Arum 
j Dragon-Root 
I Dragon Tree 
j Dropwort 
I DROSERACE^ 
! Dryopteris 
Duckweed 
1 DUCKWEED FAMILY 
Durra 

Dutchman's Breeches 
Dutchman's Pipe 
Dutch Rushes 



132, 134 
213 

148 

M, 40 

52,55 

314 

99, 114 

95,104 

132, 134 

342 

281 

125 

240, 241 

64 

50 

169, 171 

362, 370 

240 

33 
82 
50 

231. 237 

173, 175 
59,60 
336 
335 
219 
197 
178 
178 

291, 292 
138 
248 
289 
172 

222.223 

263, 265 
263 
275 
274 
a56 
346 
167 
167 
97, 109- 

361, 366 
287 
365 
357 
208 
52.55 
341 

185, 205 
318 
318 
341 
121 



255, 257 

274, 275 

254; 255 

316, 322 

267 

356 

292 

292 



61. 



173 

195 
161 

297 
296 
L 63 
356 
194 
206 



Echinospermum 

Echites 

Echium 

Eel-Grass 

Egg Plant 

Egyptian Grass 

ELJEAGNACE^ 

Elaeasnus 

ELATINACKE 

Elatine 

Elder 

Elecampane 

Elephant's Ear 

Ehn 

ELM FAMILY 

Elodes 

Elusine 

Emilia 

Endive 

ENDOGENOUS PLANTS 816 

Enslenia 276, 278 

j Eutoca 259 

Epidendrum 323, 324 

i Epiggea 211, 214 

j Epilobium 142, 143 

I Epimedium 44, 45 

i Epiphegus 228, 229 

1 EpiphvUum 153, 154 

I EQUISETACE^ 359 

j Equisetuni 
j Erechthites 
1 Erica 
\ ERICACE^ 

Eriobotrya 
I Eriocaulon 

ERIOCAULONACE^ 

Eriogonum 

Erigeron 

Erodium 

Eryngium (Eryngo) 

Erysimiim 

Erythrina 

Erythronium 

Eschscholtzia 

Eucharidium 

Eucuide 
i Eugenia 
I Eupatorium 

Euphorbia 
I EUPHORBIACE^ 
i Euonymus 
1 Evening-Primrose 
: EVENING PRIMROSE 

FAMILY 141 

j Everlasting 189, 190 

I Evolvulus 263, 264 

EXOGENOUS PLANTS S3 



181, 189 

211, 214 

210 

129 

a52 

352 

287 

183, 198 

78,79 

162. 164 

5i,54 

95. 97. 108 

340, -346 

48, 49 

142, 143 

152 

149 

182, 192 

293, 294 



143 



316 
316 
357 

50 
282 
359 



Dysodia 



185, 206 



EBENACE.1; 219 

EBONT FAJNIILY 219 

EcbaUum 158 

Eccremocarpus 226, 227 
Enchanter's Nightshade 142 

Echeveria 139 

Echinacea 185, 205 

Echinocactus 153, 156 

Echinoeystis 159, 160 

Echinodonis 320 



I Fagopyrum 
; Fagus 

Fair Maids of France 
j Fall Dandelion 
j False Beech-drops 
I False Dandelion 
I False Di-agon-Head 

False-flax 

False Gromwell 

False Hellebore 

False Indigo 

False Lettuce 

False Loosestrife 

False Mermaid 

False Mitrewort 

False Nettle 

False Pennyroyal 

False Pimpernel 

False Red-top 

False Saffron 



302, 305 
38 
206 
218 
207 
251 
55 



103. 



343 
111 
208 
146 
79 
137 
299 
246 
237 

si:4 

187 



INDEX. 



379 



False Solomon's Seal 344 

Farfugium 194 

Farkleberry 213 

Featherfoil 225 

Feather Geranium 285 

Fedia 177, 178 

Fennel 165 

Fennel-flower 40 

Fenugreek 101 

FERN FAiNIILY 360 

Fescue Grass 354 

Festuca 354 

Fetid Marigold 206 

Feverbush. 291 

Feverfew 199 

Feyer-tree 176 

Feverwort 170 

Ficus 296, 298 

Fig 298 

FIG FAMILY 296 

Fig-Marigold 157 
FIG-MARIGOLD FAMILY 

156 

Figwort 238 

FIG WORT FAMILY 229 

Filago 181, 189 

Filbert 305 

FILICES 360 

Filmy Ferns 362 

Finger-Grass 357 

Fiorin 353 

Fir 312 

Fire-Pink 66 

Fire weed 143, 189 

Five-finger 122 

Flax 77 

FLAX FASHLY 77 

Fleabane 198 

Floerkea 78, 79 

Flower-de-luce 333 

Flowering-Fern 371 
FLOWERING FERNS 362 
FLOWERING-RUSH 

FAMILY 320 
FLOWERING PLANTS 33 
Flowering Wintergreen 93 
FLOWERLESS PLANTS 359 

Flower-of-an-hour 74 

Fly-Poison 342 

Fceniculum 163, 165 

Fog-fruit 242 

Forget-me-not 256 

Forked chickweed 68 

Forsteronia 274, 275 

Forsythia 279, 280 

Fothergilla 140 

Four-o'clock 283 
FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY 283 

Foul-Meadow-Grass 354 

Foxglove 237 

Foxtail-Grass 357 

Fragaria 116, 123 

Franciscea 232 

Frangula 87 

Franklinia 76 

Frasera 270, 272 

Fraxinella 82 

Fraxinus 279, 281 

French Marigold 206 

French Mulberry 243 

Fringe-Tree 281 

Fritillaria 340, 346 

Frogs-Bit 322 
FROG'S-BIT FAMILY 321 

Frostwced 60 

Fuchsia 142, 147 

Fumaria 60 

FUMARIACEiE 49 



Fumitory 50 

FUMITORY-FAMILY , 49 
Funkia 340, 348 



Gaillardia 

Galactia 

Galanthus 

Galeopsis 

Galium 



183, 200 
97, 109 
330, 331 
246, 252 
173, 174 



Gall-of-the-Earth 207 

Gama Grass 358 

Gardenia 174, 176 

Garget 284 

Garland Flower 328 

GarUc 347 

Garrya 167 

Gaultheria 211, 214 

Gaura 142, 143 

Gaylussacia 211, 213 

Gazania 183, 200 

Gelsemium 273 

Genista 94, 100 

Gentiana (Gentian) 270, 272 

GENTIANACE^ 270 

GENTIAN FAJMILY 270 

Georgia Bark 176 

GERANIACE^ 77 

Geranium 78, 79 

GERANIUM F VMILY 77 

Gerardia 231, 237 

Germander 246 

German Ivy 194 

GESNERIACE^ 228 

Gesneria 228 
GESNERIA FAMILY 228 

Geum 116, 122 

Giant Hyssop 251 

GiUa 260, 261 

Gill 251 

Gillenia 116, 121 

Gilliflower 53 

GINGER FAMILY 328 

Ginkgo-Tree 315 

Ginseng 167 

GINSENG FAMILY 186 

Girasole 204 

Glade-MaUow 72 

Gladiolus 333, 335 

Glass wort 284 

Gleditschia 99, 114 

Globe-flower 39 

Globe Hyacinth 347 

Glottidium 106 

Gloxinia 228 
GLUMACEOUS DIVISION 

352 

Gnaphalium 181, 189 

Goatsbeard 121 

Godetia 145 

Golden Aster 195 

Golden Chain 101 

Golden-Rod 195 

Golden Saxifrage 137 

Gold- Fern 364 

Goldthread 39 

Gomphrena 286. 287 

Gouolobus 276, 278 

Good-King-Henry 285 

Goody era 323, 32() 

Gooseberry 133 

Goosefoot 285 
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 284 

Goose-grass 175, 287 

Gordonia 76 

Gossypium 70, 74 

Gourd 159 

GOURD FAMILY 158 

GRAMINEiE 853 



Granadilla 


158 


Grape 


85 


Grape Hyacinth 


347 


Grass-Cloth Plant 


299 


GRASS FAMILY 


353 


Grass-of-Parnassus 


134 


Grass-of-the-Andes 


355 


Grass-Wrack 


316 


Gratiola 


231, 237 


Greek Valerian 


262 


Greenbrier 


33d 


Green-Dragon 


318 


Green Milkweed 


278 


Green-weed 


100 


Gromwell 


256 


Ground Cherry 


268 


Ground Ivy 


251 


Ground Tiaurel 


214 


Ground-nut 106 


108, 167 


Ground-Pine 


373 


Ground Pink • 


261 


Ground Pimn 


107 


Groundsel 


193 


Guava 


149 


Guelder Rose 


172 


Guinea Corn 


357 


Guinea-Hen Flower 


346 


Gumbo 


74 


Gymnocladus 


99, 113 


Gy m nogramme 


860, 364 


GYMNOSPERMOUS 




PLANTS 


309 


Gynandropsis 


57 


Gynerium 


358 


GypsophUa 


64,66 


Ilabenaria 


823, 324 


Habrothamnus 


270 



Hackberry 298 

Hackmatack 314 

Halesia 220, 221 

HALORAGE^ 140 

HAMAMELACE^ 140 

Hamamelis 140 

Hardenbergia 97, 109 

Hardback 120 

Harebell 210 

Hare's-Foot-Fern 370 

Hart's-tongue 363, 367 

Haw 128, 172 

Hawkbit 206 

Hawkweed 207 

Hawthorn 128 

Hazel-nut 305 

Heal-all 252 

Heart 's-ease 59 

Heart-Seed 90 

Heath 214 

Heather 214 

HEATH FAMILY 210 

Iledeoma 244, 248 

Hedera 166, 167 
Hedgehog Cone-Flower 205 

Hodge-hyssop 237 

HedC-e-iNiustard 53 

Hedge-Nettle 253 

Hedychium 328 

Holenium 183, 200 

llelianthemxuu 60 

Itclianthus 184, 203 

llolichrvsum 190 

ireliophvtmn 256, 258 

HoHopsis 184, 204 
HELIOTROPE FAMILY 255 
Holiotropium (Heliotrope) 

255, 267 

Hellebore 8 '3 
Helleborus (Holleboro) 34, 39 



380 



Helonias 338, 842 

Hemerocallis 340, 348 

Hemitelia 370 

Hemlock Spruce 313 

Hemp 299 

HEMP FAMILY 297 

Hemp-Nettle 252 

Henbane 269 

Hepatica 34, 35 

Heracleum 163, 165 

Herba Impia 189 

Herb Robert 79 

Hercules' Club 168 

Herd's Grass 358 

Hesperis 51, 53 

Heieranthera 322 

Heterocentron 148 

Heuchera 132, 135 

Hibiscus 70, 74 

Hickory 301 

Hieracium 185, 207 

Hierocliloa 356 

Hippuris 141 

Hoary-pea 108 

Hobble-bush 172 

Hog-Pea-nut 109 

Hog weed 188 

Hoicus 355 

Holly 219 

HOLLY FAMILY 218 

Hollyhock 71 

Holly-Grass 356 

Honesty 55 

Honey-Locust 114 

Honeysuckle 170 
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 189 

Hop 299 

Hop-Hornbeam 305 

Hop-tree 83 

Hordeum 357 

Horehound 252 

Hornbeam 305 

Horse-Balm 248 

Horse Bean 111 

Horse-Chestnut 90 

Horse-Gentian 170 

Horse-mint 250, 251 

Horse-Nettle 267 

Horseradish 53 

Horse-Sugar 221 

Horse-tail 359 
HORSE-TAIL FAMILY 359 

Horseweed 198 

Hoteia 137 

Hottonia 223, 225 

Houndstongue 191, 257 

Houseleek 138 

Houstonia 174, 176 

Hoya 276, 278 

Huckleberry 213 

Hudsonia 60 

Humea 181 190 

Humulus 297, 299 

Hyacinthus 340 

Hyacinth 348 

Hydrangea 132, 134 

Hydrastis 34 38 
HYDROCHARIDACEiE 321 

Hydrocotyle 163, 164 

Ilydrolea 258, 260 

Hvdrophyllum 258, 259 
HYDROPHYLLACE^ 258 
HYMENOPHYLLACEiE 362 

Hvoscyamus 266, 269 

HYPERICACE^ 61 

Hypericum 61 

Hypoxys 329, 330 

Hyptis 244, 247 



INDEX. 








Hyssopris (Hyssop) 


244, 248 


Kale 


52 






Kalmia 


212, 216 


Iberis 


52,55 


Kennedya 


97, 110 


Ice-Plant 


157 


Kentucky Blue Grass ' 354 


Ilex 


219 


Kentucky Coffee-tree 


113 


IlUcium 


42,43 


Kerria 


116, 121 


Hysanthes 


231, 237 


Kidney Bean 


108 


Immortelle 


189, 190 


Kinnikinnik 


168 


Impatiens 


78,81 


Kitaibelia 


70,71 


Imphee 


357 


Knapweed 


187 


Ipomoea 


262, 263 


Knawel 


68 


Ipomopsis 


261 


Knot-grass 


287 


Indian Bean 


227 


Knotweed 


287 


Indian Corn 


358 


Koelreuteria 


89,90 


Indian Cress 


81 


Kohlrabi 


52 


Indian Cucumber-Root 342 


Kosteletzskya 


70,73 


Indian Currant 


170 


Kuhnia 


182, 191 


Indian Fig 


153 






Indian Hemp 


275 


LABIATE 


243 


Indian Mallow- 


73 


Labrador Tea 


217 


Indian MiUet 


357 


Laburnum 


94, 101 


Indian Physic 


121 


Lactuca 


186, 208 


Indian Pipe 


218 


Ladies' Eardrops 


147 


INDIAN PIPE FAMILY 212 


Ladies' Smock 


55 


Indian Plantain 


193 


Ladies'-Tresses 


326 


Indian Poke 


343 


Lady-Fern 


367 


Indian Rice 


353 


Lady's Mantle 


125 


Indian Shot 


328 


Ladj-'s Slipper 


327 


INDIAN-SHOT FAMILY 328 


Lady's Thumb 


288 


Indian Turnip 


317 


Lagenaria 


158, 159 


Indian Wheat 


289 


Lagerstroemia 


149, 150 


India-Rubber-Tree 


298 


Lambkin 


216 


Indigofera 


96, 106 


Lamb-Lettuce 


178 


Indigo-plant 


106 


Lamb's-Quarters 


285 


Inkberry 


219 


Lamium 


246, 252 


Inula 


182, 195 


Lantana 


241, 242 


Iresine 


286 


Laportea 


297, 299 


IRIDACE^ 


332 


Lappa 


180, 187 


Iris 


332, 333 


Larch 


313 


IRIS FAMILY 


332 


Large Cane 


354 


Irish Broom 


100 


Larix 


310, 313 


Iron-weed 


190 


Larkspur 


40 


Iron-wood 


305 


Lathyrus 


98, 110 


Isanthus 


243, 246 


LAURACE^ 


290 


Isatis 


52,56 


LAUREL FAailLY 


290 


Isoetes 


872, 374 


Laurestinus 


172 


Italian May 


120 


Lavandula 


244, 247 


Italian Millet 


357 


Lavatera 


70,71 


Itea 


132, 134 


Lavender 


247 


Ivy 


167 


Lead-Plant 


103 


Ixia 


333 


Leadwort 


222 






LEADWORT FAMILY 222 


Jacobaean Lily 


831 


Leaf-cup 


201 


Jacob's Ladder 


262 


Leather-leaf 


215 


Jamestown- Weed 


269 


Leatherwood 


292 


Japan Alspice 


131 


Lechea 


60,61 


Jasminum 


279, 280 


Ledum 


212, 217 


Jatropha 


293, 296 


Leek 


347 


Jeffersonia 


45,46 


LEGUMINOS^ 


94 


Jerusalem Artichoke 


204 


Leiophyllum 


212, 217 


Jerusalem Cherry 


268 


Lemna 


316 


Jerusalem Oak 


285 


LEMNACE^ 


316 


Jerusalem Sage 


253 


Lemon 


83 


Jessamine 


280 


Lemon-scented Verbena 242 


Jevrel-Weed 


81 


Lens 


98, 111 


Joe-Pye Weed 


192 


LENTIBULACE^ 


225 


Jointed Charlock 


56 


Lentil 


111 


Jointweed 


287 


Leontodon 


185, 206 


Jonquil 


331 


Leonurus 


246, 253 


Judas-tree 


113 


Lepachys 


185, 205 


JUGLANDACE^ 


300 


Lepidium 


52,56 


Juglans 


300 


Leptosiphon 


261 


JUNCACE^ 


349 


Lespedeza 


95, 104 


Juncus 


349 


Lettuce 


208 


June-Berry 


129 


Leucanthemum 


183, 199 


Juniperus (Juniper) 


310, 315 


Leucoium 


330, 332 


Jupiter's-Beard 


177 


Leu.cothori 


ni, TF) 


Jussisea 


142, 145 


Lever-wood 


805 



INDEX. 



381 



Levisticum 


163, 165 


Liatris 


182, 191 


Ligustrum 


279, 280 


Lilac 


o^^ 


LILIACE^ 


337 


Liliuin 


340, 345 


Lilv 


345 


LILY FATMILT 


837,339 


Lily-of-the-VaUey 


344 


Lime 


83 


Lime-tree 


75 


Limnanthemum 


270, 273 


Limnanthes 


77,79 


Limnobium 


321, 322 


Limnocharis 


320, 321 


LINAGES 


77 


Linaria 


230, 235 


Linden 


75 


LINDEN FAMILY 


75 


Lindera 


291 


Ling 


214 


Linnsea 


169, 170 


Linum 


77 


Lion's-Foot 


207 


Lippia 


241, 242 


Liquidambar 


140 


Liriodendron 


42 


Lithospermxim 


254, 256 


Live-for-ever 


138 


Liver-leaf 


35 


Lizard's Tail 


293 


LIZ ARD'S-TAIL FAMILY 293 


Loasa 


152 


LOASACB^ 


151 


LOASA FAMILY 


151 


Lobelia 


208 


LOBELIACEJE 


208 


LOBELIA FAMILY 


208 


Loblolly Bay 


76 


Locust-tree 


107 


LOGANIACE^ 


273 


LOGANIA FAMILY 


273 


Lolium 


356 


Long Moss 


329 


Lonicera 


169, 170 


Loosestrife 


150, 224 


LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY 149 


Lopezia 


142, 147 


Lophanthus 


245, 251 


Lophospermum 


231, 236 


Lopseed 


241 


Loquat-Tree 


129 


LOliANTHACB^ 


292 


Lotus 


47 


Lousewort 


239 


Lovage 


165 


Love-lies-Bleeding 


286 


Low Spear Grass 


354 


Lucerne 


101 


Ludwigia 


142, 146 
52,55 


Lunaria 


Lungwort 


255 


Lupinus (Lupine) 


94, 100 


Luzula 


349, 350 


Lyclmis 


64,65 


Lycium 


267, 270 


Lycopersicum 


266, 267 


LYCOPODIACE^ 


372 


Lycopodium 


372 


Lycopsis 


255, 257 


Lycopus 


244, 247 


Lygodium 


362, 371 


Lysimachia 


223, 224 


LYTIIRACEiE 


149 


Lythrmn 


150 


Madura 


297, 299 


Madder 


174 



MADDER FAMILY 173 i 

Madwort 66 j 

Magnolia 42 ! 

MAGNOLIACE^ 42 
MAGNOLIA FAMILY 42 ! 

Mahernia 75 ! 

Mahogany-tree 84 

Mahonia 45 

Mahon stock 53 [ 

Maiden-hair 364 

Maize 358 i 

Malcolmia 51, 53 

MALL0V7 FAMILY 70 ! 

MaUow 71 i 

Malope 70, 71 

Malva 70, 71 ! 

MALVACE^ ^ 70 ; 

Malvaviscus 70, 73 ' 

Mamillaria 153, 158 

Mandevillea 275 

Mandrake 46 

Manettia cordifolia 173 \ 

Man-of-the-Earth 263 i 

Maple 91 ' 

MAPLE FAMILY 89 

Maranta 328 ' 

MarestaU 141 \ 

Marigold 200 i 

Marjoram 249 I 

Marrubium 246, 252 | 

Marsh-Mallow 71 ! 

Marsh-Marigold 39 j 

Marsh-Rosemary 222 i 
Marsh St. John's-wort 63 i 

Martynia 227, 228 \ 

Maruta 183, 199 

Marvel-of-Peru 283 

Masterwort 166 ] 

Matrimony-Vine 270 j 

Matthiola 51, 53 

Maurandia 231, 235 | 

May-apple 46 I 

Mayflower 214 

Maypops 157 

Mayweed 199 

Meadow-Beauty 148 

Meadow-FoxtaU 856 

Meadow Grass 354 

Meadow-rue 36 

Meadow-Soft-Grass 355 

Meadow-Sweet 120 

Medeola 837, 342 

Medicago 94, 101 

Medick 101 

Melampyrum 231, 239 

Melanthium 838, 343 
MELANTHIUM FAMILY 337 

MELASTOMACE^ 148 
MELASTOMA FAMILY 148 

Melia 84 

MELTACE^ 84 

MELIA FAMILY 84 

Melilotus (Melilot) 94, 101 

Melissa 245, 249 

Melocactus 153, 156 

Melon 160 

Melon-Cactus 156 

Melothria 159, 160 

MENISPERMACEJE 44 

Menispermum 44 

Mentha 244, 247 

Mentzelia 151 

Menvanthcs 270, 273 

IMennaia-weed 141 

Mci-tonsii, 254, 255 
MES EMBRYANTII EME.E 

156 

Mesembryanthemum 156, 167 



Mexican Tea 285 

Mezereum 291 
MEZEREUM FAMILY 291 

Mignonette 67 
MIGNONETTE FAMILY 57 

Mikania 182, 191 

Milfoil 199 

Milk-Pea 109 

Milk Thistle 187 

Milk-Vetch 107 

Milkweed 277 
MILKWEED FAMILY 278 

Milkwort 92 

Mimosa 99, 114 

MIMOSA FAMILY 99 

Mimulus 231, 237 

Mint 247 

MINT FAMILY 243 

Mirabilis 283 

Mist-Flower 193 

Mistletoe 292 
MISTLETOE FAMILY 292 

Mitchella 174, l75 

Mitella 138, 137 

Mitreola 273 

Mitrewort 137 

BIoccason-Flower 327 

Mocker-nut 801 

Mock-orange 119, 184 

Modiola 70, 78 

Molucca Balm 253 

MolucceUa 246, 253 

Momordica 158 

Monarda 245, 250 

Moneses 212, 218 

Moneywort 224 

Monkey-Flower 237 

Monkshood 41 
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS 

PLANTS 816 
MONOPETALOUS DIVI- 
SION 169 
Monotropa 212, 218 
Montbretia 338 
MOONSEED FAMILY 44 
Moonwort 372 
Moosewood 91, 292 
Morea 333 
Morning Glory 263 
Morns 297, 298 
Moss Pink 261 
Motherwort 258 
Mountain Ash 180 
Mountain Holly 218 
Mountain Laurel 216 
Mountain Mint 248 
Mourning Bride 178 
Mouse-ear Chickweed 67 
Mouse-tail 37 
Blud- Plantain 322 
Mugwort 189 
Mulberry 298 
Mulgedium 186, 208 
Mullein 283 
Mullein-Foxglove 287 
Mullugo 64, 68 
Musa " 329 
Muscadine 86 
Muscari 340, 347 
Muskmelon 160 
Musk-plant 237 
Musquash-Root 165 
Mustard 52 
MUSTARD FAMILY 51 
Myosotis 254. 256 
Mvosurus 34, 37 
MM-ica 305, 806 
MYRICAOE-E 305 



382 



INDEX. 



MyriophyUum 


141 


Ophioglossum 


363, 372 


Penthorum 


137, 138 


Myrrhis odorata 


164 


Opuntia 


152, 153 Pentstemon 


231, 238 


Myrsiphyllum 


339,344 


Orache 


284 Peppergrass 


56 


MYRTACE^ 


149 


Orange 


83 


Peppermmt 


247 


MYRTLE FAMILY 


149 


Orange-grass 


62 i 


Pepperidge 


168 


Myrtus 


149 


Orange-root 


38 j 


Perilla 


244, 247 






Orchard-Grass 


354 


Periploca 


276, 279 


Nabalus 


185, 207 


ORCHIDACE^ 


323 


Periwinkle 


275 


NAIADACEiE 


316 


Orchis 


323, 324 


Persea 


290, 291 


Naked Broom-rape 


229 


ORCHIS FAMILY 


323 


Persimmon 


219 


Nandina 


44,45 


Origanum 


244, 249 


Peruvian Bark 


176 


Napaea 


70,72 


Ornithogaliun 


340,346 


PETALOIDEOUS DIVI- 


Narcissus 


330 


OROBANCHACE^ 


228 


SION 


319 


Nasturtium 


51, 53, 81 


Orpine 


138 


Petalostemon 


95, 102 


Navelwort 


257 


ORPINE FAMILY 


137 


Petehum 


346 


Neckweed 


234 


Oryza 


353 


Petroselinum 


165 


Nectarine 


118 


Osage-Orange 


299 


Petunia 


288, 269 


Negundo 


89,92 


Osier 


307 


Phacelia 


258. 259 


Nelumbium 


46 


Osmanthus 


281 


PH^NOGAMOUS PLANTS 


Nelumbo 


46 


Osmorrhiza 


163, 164 




33 


Nemastylis 


333,335 


Osmunda 


262, 371 


Phalaris 


354 


Nemopantties 


218 


OSMUNDACEiE 


362 


Phaseolus 


97, 108 


Nemophila 


258,259 


Ostrich-Fern 


370 


Pheasant's-eye 


65 


Nepeta 


245, 251 


Ostrya 


302, 305 


Pheasant's-eye Adonis 37 


Nephrodium 


368 


Oswego Tea 


250 


Phegopteris 


360, 367 


Nerium 


274,275 


Oxahs 


77,78 


Philadelphus 


132, 134 


Nesgea 


150 


Oxeye 


204 


Phlebodium 


363 


Nettle 


299 


Ox-eye-Daisy 


199 


Phleum 


356 


NETTLE FAMILY 


296, 297 


Oxybaphus 


283 


Phlomis 


246, 253 


Nettle-Tree 


298 


Oxydendrum 


212, 216 


Phlox 


260 


New-Jersey Tea 


87 


Oyster-Plant 


206 


Phoradendron 


292 


New Zealand Flax 


341 






Phormium 


341 


New Zealand Spinacli 157 


Pachysandra 


293, 296 


Photinia 


117, 129 


Nicandra 


266, 268 


P^onia 


34,41 


Phragmites 


354 


Nicotiana 


266, 269 


Pseony 


41 


Phryma 


241 


Nierembergia 


286, 269 


Painted-Cup 


239 


Phyllocactus 


153, 154 


Nigella 


34,40 


Palm 


316 


Physalis 


266, 268 


Night-Blooming Cereus 154 
Nightshade 267 
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY 265 


Palma-Christi 
Palmetto 


295 
316 


Physostegia 
Phytolacca 


245, 251 

284 


Pampas Grass 


358 


PHYTOLACCACE^ 


284 


Nine-Bark 


120 


Pancratium 


830, 331 


Picea 


312 


Niphobolus 
Nolana 


383 
266, 267 


Panicum 
Pansy 


357 
59 


Pickerel-weed 322 
PICKEREL-WEED F. 322 


NOLANA FA1\TTT,Y 


268 


Papaver 


48 


Pie-plant 


k!8y 


Nonesuch 


101 


PAPAVERACE^ 


48 


Pigweed 


285, 286 


NotholEena 


361, 364 


Papaw 


44 


Pimpernel 


225 


Nuphar 


46,47 


Paper-Mulberry 


299 


Pinckneya 


174, 176 


Nut-Grass 


352 


Pardanthus 


333, 334 


Pine 


311 


Nutmeg-flower 

NYCTAGINACE^ 


40 

283 


Parnassia 
Parsley 


132, 134 
165 


Pine-Apple 329 
PINE-APPLE FAMILY 329 


Nymphaea 


46,47 


PARSLEY FAMILY 


162 


PINE FAMILY 


auy 


NYMPHTRAOETR 


46 


Parsley Piert 


125 


Pine-sap 


218 


Nyssa 


167, 168 


Parsnip 


166 


Pinguicula 


225, 226 


Oak 


302 


Partridge-berry 
Partridge Pea 


175 
113 


Pink 

PINK FAJVIILY 


64 
63 


OAK FAMILY 

Oat 


301 
355 


Pasque-flower 
Passiflora 


36 
157 


Pink-Root 
Pinus 


273 

309, 311 


Oat-Grass 


355 


PASSIFLORACE^ 


157 


Pin-weed 


61,62 


Oca 


79 


Passion Flower 


157 


Pinxter Flower 


217 


Ocimum 
(Enothera 


243, 247 
142. 143 


PASSION-FLOWEE 
FAMILY 


157 


Pipe-Vine z»ii 
PIPE WORT FAMILY 352 


Ogeechee Lime 169 
Oil-nut 292 
Okra 74 
Olea 279, 280 
OLEACE^ 279 
Oleander 274, 275 
OLEASTER FAMILY 292 
Olive 280 


Pastinaca 

Paulownia 

Pea 

Peach 

Peanut 

Pear 

PEAR FAMILY 

Pearlwort 


163, 166 
230, 233 
110 
118 
106 
129 
117 
67 


Pipsessewa 218 
Piqueria 182, 193 
Pisum 98, 110 
PITCHER-PLANT F. 47 
PITTOSPORACEyE 57 
PITTOSPORIBI FAMILY 57 
Planera 296, 298 
Planer-Tree 298 
Plane-tree 300 
PLANE-TREE FA:\IILY 300 
PLANTAGINACE7E 221 
PLANTAIN FAMILY 221 
PLATANACEiE 300 


OLIVE FAMILY 

Omphalodes 
ONAGRACE^ 
Onion 
Onobrychis 


279 

254, 257 

141 

347 

95, 103 


Pea-tree 

Pecan-nut 

Pedicularis 

Pelargonium 

Pellaea 


106 

301 

231, 239 

78,79 
361. 365 


Onoclea 


361, 370 


Peltandra 


317, 318 


platanus 


360, s:3 

2C9, 210 
277 


Onopordon 


180, 187 


Pencil-Flower 


103 


Platyceriimi 


Onosmodinm 


254, 255 


Pennyroyal 


248 


Platycodon 


OPHIOGLOSSACE^ 363 


1 Pentas camea 


173 


Pleurisy-Root 





INDEX. 



383 



Pltun 


118 


Pteris 


361, 365 


Hock-Cress 


54 


PLUMBAGINACE^ 


222 


Puccoon 


256 


Rocket 


53 


Plumbago 


222 


PulsatiUa 


36 


ROCK-ROSE FAMILY 60 


PLUM FAMILY 


116 


PULSE FAMILY 


94 


Roman Wormwood 


188 


Poa 


354 


Pumpkin 


159 


ROSACEA 


115 


Podocarpus 


311 


Punica 


149, 150 


Rosa (Rose) 


117, 126 


Podophyllum 


45,46 


Purslane 


69 


Rose-apple 


149 


Pogonia 


324, 326 


PURSLANE FAMILY 69 


Rose-bay 


216 


Poinciana 


112 


Putty-Root 


327 


ROSE FAMILY 


115 


Poinsettia 


294 


Pycnanthemum 


244, 248 


Rose-Mallow 


74 


Poison-Dogwood 


84 


Pyrethrum 


183, 199 


Rosemary 


250 


Poison-Eider 


84 


Pyrola 


212, 217 


Rose of China 


74 


Poison Hemlock 


165 


PYROLA FAMILY 


212 


Rosin-Plant 


201 


Poison-Ivy 


84 


Pyrrhopappus 


186, 207 


Rosmarinus 


245, 250 


Poison-Oak 


84 


Pyrularia 


292 


Rowan-Tree 


130 


Poke or Pokeweed 


284 


Pyrus 


117, 129 


Royal-Fern 


372 


POKS^VEED FAMILY 284 






Rubia 


173, 174 


Polanisia 


57 


Quaking Grass 


355 


RUBLACE^ 


173 


POLEMONIACE^ 


260 


Quamash 


347 


Rubus 


116, 124 


Polemonium 


260, 262 


Quamoclit 


262, 263 


Rudbeckia 


185, 205 


POLEMONIUM FAMILY 260 


QUASSIA FAMILY 


83 


Rue 


82 


Poliauthes 


330, 332 


Queen-of-the-Prairie 


121, 126 


Rue-Anemone 


36 


Polyanthus 


223 


Queen's Delight 


295 


RUE FAMILY 


81 


Polygala 


92 


Quercus 


302 


Ruellia 


240 


POLYGALACE^ 


92 


Quillwort 


374 


Rumex 


287, 289 


POLYGALA FAMILY 92 


Quince 


130 


Ruscus 


344 


POLYGONACE^ 


287 


Quitch-Grass 


366 


Rush 


349 


Polygonatum 


339, 344 






RUSH FAMILY 


349 


Polygonum 


287 


Radish 


56 


Russellia 


231, 239 


Polymnia 


184, 201 


Ragged-lady 


40 


Rutabaga 


62 


POLYPETALOUS 




Ragged-Robin 


65 


Ruta 


82 


DIVISION 


33 


Ragweed 


188 


RUTACE^ 


81 


POLYPODIACE^ 


360 


Ragwort 


194 


Rye 


357 


Polypody 


363 


Ramie 


299 


Rye-Grass 


356 


Polypremum 


273 


Ramsted 


235 






Polypodium 


360, 363 


RANUNCULAOE^ 


33 


Sabal 


316 


Polypodium Phegopteris 368 


Ranunculus 


34,37 


Sabbatia 


270, 271 


Polystichum 


368 


Rape 


52 


Saccharum 


368 


Pomegranate 


150 


Raphanus 


52,56 


Sacred Bean 


47 


Pomme Blanche 


103 


Raspberry 


124 


Safflower 


187 


PONTEDSRIACE^ 


322 


Rattlebox 


100 


Sage 


249 


Pond-Lily 


47 


Rattlesnake Grass 


355 


Sagina 


64,67 


Pond Spice 


291 


Rattlesnake Plantain 


326 


Sagittaria 


320 


Pondweed 


316 


Rattlesnake-Root 


207 


Sago Pahn 


309 


PONDVYEED FAMILY 316 


Rattlesnake- VYeed 


207 


Sainfoin 


103 


Pontederia 


322 


Ray Grass 


356 


St. Andrew's Cross 


61 


Poor-Man's-Weatherglass 225 Red Bay 


291 


St. James Lily 


331 


Poplar 


42, 308 Red-bud 


113 


St. John's-A^ort 


61 


POPPY FAMILY 


48 Red Cedar 


315 


ST. JOHN'S- WORT F. 61 


Populus 


307,308 Red Pepper 


268 


St. Peter's-Wort 


61 


Portulaca 


69 Red-root 


87 


St. Peter's Wreath 


120 


Potamogeton 


316 Red-top 


353 


SALICACE^ 


307 


Potato 


268 Redwood 


314 


Sahcornia 


284 


Potentilla 


116,122 Reed 


354 


Salisburia 


311, 315 


Poterium 


117,125 Reed-Mace 


319 


SaUx 


307 


PORTDLACACE^ 


69 Reseda 


67 


Salpiglossis 


229, 232 


Prairie Clover 


102 RESEDACE^ 


57 


Salsify 


206 


Prairie-Dock 


201 Retinospora 


314 


Salsola 


284 


Prickly Ash 


82 RHAMNACE^ 


86 


Saltwort 


284 


Prickly-Pear Cactus 


153 Rhamnus 


86,87 


Salvia 


245, 249 


Prickly Poppy 


49 Rheum 


287, 289 


Sambucus 


170, 173 


Pride-of-India 


84 Rheumatism-root 


46 


Samolus- 


223, 225 


Prim 


280 Rhexia 


148 


Saud-Mvrtle 


217 


Primrose 


223 Rhodanthe 


181, 190 


SANDALWOOD FAJHLY 292 


PRIMROSE FAMILY 222 Rhododendron 


212, 216 


Sand Spurrey 


68 


Primrose Peerless 


330 Rhodora 


212, 217 


Sandwort 


67 


Primula 


222,223 Rhubarb 


289 


Sauguinaria 


48,49 


PRIMOLACEiE 


222 Rhus 


84 


Sangnisorba 


125 


Pi'inces' Feather 


286,288 Rhynchosia 


97, 110 


Sank- u la (Sanicle) 


162, l(i4 


Princes-Pine 


218 Ribes 


132, 133 


SAXrAL\CE.E 


292 


Prinos 


219 Ribgrass 


221 


SAPINDACE^ 


88 


Privet 


280 


Rice 


353 


Sapiiidus 


89,90 
64,66 


Prosartes 


339, 343 


Richardia 


317, 318 


Saponaria 


Proserpinaca 


141 Ric'inus 


293, 295 


SAl>OTACE,E 


220 


Prunus 


116, 118 ' Ripplegrass 


221 


SAL»l>ODILLA FAMILY 220 


Psidium 


149 Robiuia 


96, 107 


Sarraconia 


47 


Psoralea 


95, 103 Robin's Plantain 


198 


SARRAOENIACE.I: 


47 


Pteloa 


82,83 


Rochea 


138, 139 


Sarsaparilla, Wild 


I61? 



384 



INDEX. 



290, 291 

Satin-Flower 55 

Satureia 244, 249 

SAURURACE^ 293 

Saururus 293 

Savin 315 

Savory 249 

Saw-Grass 352 

Saxifraga (Saxifrage) 132, 136 

SAXIFRAGACEiE 131 
SAXIFRAGE FAJMILT 131 

Scabiosa (Scabious) 178 

SchaUott 347 

Scheuchzeria 319, 320 

Schizandra 42 43 

Scbizaea 362, 371 

SCHIZ.1:ACE^ 362 

Schizanthus 229 232 

Scbizostylis 333 

SchoUera 322 

Scbrankia 99, 114 

Scilla 340, 347 

Scirpus 352 

SCITAMINE^ 328 

Scleranthus 64, 68 

Scolopendrium 361, 367 

-Scoke 284 

Scorpion-grass 256 

Scotch Broom 100 

Scotch Thistle 187 

Scouring-Rush 359 

Scrophularia 231, 238 
SCROPHULARIACE^ 229 

Scutch Grass 356 

Scutellaria 245, 252 

Scurvj'-Grass 54 

Sea Elite 284 

Sea-Lavender 222 

Sea-Rocket 56 

Sea Sand-Reed 353 

Secale 357 

SEDGE FA3IILY 352 

Sedum 138 

SelagineUa 372, 373 

Self-Heal 252 

Sempervivum 137, 138 

Seneca Grass 356 

Seneca Snakeroot 93 

Senecio 182, 193 

Senna 113 

Sensitive-brier 114 

Sensitive-Fern 370 

Sensitive Joint- Vetch 105 

Sensitive-plant 114 

Sequoia 310, 314 

Service-Berry 129 

Sesame Grass 358 

Sesamum (Sesame) 227 

SESAMUM FAMILY 227 

Sesbania 96, 106 

Setaria 357 

Seymeria 231, 237 

Shadbush 129 

Sheep-berry 172 

Shell-Flower 253 

Shepherdia 292 

Shepherd's-purse 55 

Shield-Fern 368 

Shin-leaf 218 

Shooting-star 223 

Shrub Yellow-root 38 

Sicklepod 54 

Sicyos 159, 160 

Sida 70, 73 

Sidesaddle-Flower 47 

Silene 64, 65 

Silk-Flower 114 

Silk-tree 114 



Silkweed 277 

SUphium 184, 201 

Silver-Bell-Tree 221 

Silver-Berry 292 

Silver-Fern 364 

Silybum 180, 187 

SIMARUBACE^ 83 

Siphocampylus 209 

Sisymbrium 51, 53 

Sisyrinchium 333, 335 

Slum 163, 165 

SkuUcap 252 

Skimmia 82, 83 

Skunk Cabbage 318 

Sloe 118 

Smartweed 288 

SMILACE^ 336 

Smilacina 339, 344 

Smilax 334-336 

SMILAX FAMILY 336 

Smoke-tree 84 

Snake-Cucumber 158 

Snake-head 238 

Snakeroot 192, 282 

Snapdragon 235 

Snowball-tree 172 

Snowberry 170, 214 

Snowdrop 331 

Snowdrop-Tree 221 

Snowflake 332 

Sneezeweed 200 

Sneezewort 199 

Soapberry 90 
SOAPBERRY FAMILY 88 

Soapwort 66 

SOLANACE^ 265 

Solanum 266, 267 

SoUdago 182, 195 

Solomon's Seal 344 

Sonchus 186, 208 

Sophora 98, 112 

Sorghum 357 

Sorrel 289 

Sorrel-tree 216 

Sour Gum-tree 168 

Sour-wood 216 

Sowbread 224 

Southernwood 189 

Sow Thistle 208 

Spadiceous Division 316 

Spanish-Bayonet 348 

Spanish Broom 100 

Spanish Trefoil 101 

Sparaxis 333 

Sparganium 318, 319 

Spartimn Junceum 100 

Spatter-Dock 47 

Spearmint 247 

Specularia 209 

speedwell 233 

spelt 357 

Spergula 64, 68 

Spergularia 64, 68 

Spicebush 291 

Spiderwort 351 
SPIDERWORT FAMILY 350 

Spigelia 273 

Spikenard 166 

Spinach 285 

Spinacia 284, 285 

Spindle-tree 88 

Spirjea 116, 120 

Spiranthes 323, 326 

Spleenwort 366 

Spoon-wood 216 

Spotted Cowbane 165 

Spring Beauty 69 

Spruce 312 



Spurge 294 

SPURGE FAMILY 293 

Spurge-Nettle 296 
Spurred Butterfly -Pea 109 

Spurred Valerian 177 

Spurrey 68 

Squash 159 

Squaw-root 229 

Squaw-weed 194 

Squill 347 

Squirrel-Corn 50 

Squirting Cucumber 158 

Stachys 246, 253 

Staff-tree 88 
STAFF-TREE FAMILY 87 

Stagger-bush 215 

Stag-horn Fern 363 

StapeUa 276, 279 

Staphylea 89, 90 

Star-Anise 43 

Star-Cucumber 160 

Star-Flower 224 

Star-Grass 322, 330 

Star of Bethlehem 346 

Star-Thistle 187 

Starry Campion 66 

Starwort 196 

Starwort Chickweed 67 

Statice 222 

Steeplebush 120 

Stellaria 64, 67 

Stenanthium 338, 342 

Stephanotis 276, 278 

STERCULIACE^ 75 
STERCULIA FAMILY 75 

Stickseed 257 

Stillingia 293, 295 

Stitchwort 67 

Stock 53 

Stone-Crop 138 

Storax 221 

STORAX FAMILY 220 

StorksbiU 79 

Stramonium 299 

Strawberry 123 

Strawberry-bush 88 

Strawberry Elite 285 
Strawberry Geranium 136 

Strawberry Tomato 268 

Strelitzia 329 

Streptopus 339, 343 

Stuartia 76 . 

Stylophorum 48, 49 

Stylosanthes 95, 103 

Styptic-Weed 113 

STlRACACEiE 220 

Styrax 220, 221 

Succory 206 

Sugar Cane 358 

Sumach 84 

SUNDEW FAMILY 59 

i Sunflower 203 

j Suseda 284 

i Supple-Jack 87 

I Sutherlandia 98 

I Struthiopteris 361, 370 

Swainsona 96 

Sweet Basil 247 

Sweet Bay 43 

i Sweet-Brier 126 

i Sweet Cicely 164 

Sweet Clover 101 

Sweet-Fern 306 

I Sweet Flag 318 

i Sweet Gale 306 
: SWEET GALE FAMILY 305. 

{ Sweet-gum Tree 140 

' Sweet-Leaf 221 



INDEX. 



385 



Sweet-Potato 


263 


Toothwort 


55 


Verbesina 


184 


,203 


Sweet-scented-Shrub 


131 


Torenia 


231, 237 


Vernonia 


181 


,190 


Sweet-scented Vernal-Grass 


Torreya 


311, 315 


Veronica 


230 


,233 




355 


Touch-me-not 


81 


Vervain 




241 


Sweet Sultana 


188 


TracheUum 


209 


VERVAIN FAMILY 




241 


Sweet-Verbena 


242 


Tradescantia 


850, 351 


Vetch 




110 


Sweet- William 


64 


Traihng Arbutus 


214 


VetchUng 




110 


Swietenia Mahogani 


84 


Tragopogon 


185, 206 


Viburnum 


170 


,172 


Sycamore 


300 


Treacle-Mustard 


54 


Vicia 


98 


,110 


Symplocarpus 


317, 318 


Tread softly 


296 


Victoria regia 




46 


Symplocos 


220, 221 


Tree Clover 


101 


Vinca 


274 


,275 


Symphoricarpus 


169, 170 


Tree Ferns 


362 


Vincetoxicum 


276 


278 


Symphytum 


255, 257 


Tree of Heaven 


83 


VINE FAMILY 




85 


Syrmga 134 


, 279, 280 


Trefoil 


101 


Viola (Violet) 




58 






Trichomanes 


362, 371 


VIOLACE^ 




58 


Tacamahac 


309 


Trichosanthes 


158 


VIOLET FAMILY 




58 


Tacsonia 


157 


Trichostema 


243, 246 


Viper's Bugloss 




255 


Tagetes 


185,206 


Trientalis 


223, 224 


Virgin's-Bower 




35 


Talinum 


69 


TrifoUum 


95, 101 


Virgilia 




112 


Tallow-tree 


295 


Triglochin 


319, 320 


Virginia Creeper 




86 


Tamarack 


314 


Trigonella 


94, 101 


Virginia Snakeroot 




282 


Tamarix 


63 


Trillium 


337, 841 


Virginia Stock 




53 


TAMARISCINE^ 


63 


TRILLIUM FAMILY 337 


VITACEiE 




85 


TAMARISK FAMILY 63 


Triosteum 


169, 170 


Vitex 


241, 243 


Tamus 


336 


Tripsacum 


358 








Tanacetum 


180, 188- 


Triteleia 


341 


Wake Robin 




341 


Tansy 


188 


Triticum 


356 


Waldsteinia 


116 


,121 


Tansy-Mustard 


53 


Tritoma 


340, 348 


Walking-leaf 




367 


Tape-Grass 


322 


Tritonia 


333 


Wallflower 




54 


Taraxacum 


186, 207 


Trollius 


34,39 


Wall-Pepper 




139 


Tare 


110 


Tropaeolum 


78,81 


Wall-Rue 




367 


Tarragon 


189 


True Ferns 


360 


Walnut 




300 


Tartary Wheat 


289 


True Thistle 


186 


WALNUT FAMILY 




300 


Tassel-Flower 


194 


Trumpet-Creeper 


227 


Water Arum 




318 


Taxodium 


310, 314 


Trumpet-Flower 


227 


Water Beech 




305 


Taxus 


310, 315 


Trumpet-Leaf 


48 


Water Chinquepin 




^l 


TEA FAMILY 


75 


Tsuga 


313 


Water-cress 




53 


Tea Plant 


76 


Tuberosa 


332 


Water-Hemlock 




165 


Tear-Thumb 


289 


Tulipa (Tulip 


341, 346 


Water-Horehound 




247 


Teasel 


178 


Tulip-tree 


42 


Waterleaf 




259 


TEASEL FAMILY 


178 


Tupelo 


168 


WATERLEAF FAMILY 


258 


Tecoma 


226, 227 


Turnip 


52 


Water-Lily 




47 


Ten-O'clock 


346 


Turtle-head 


238 


WATER-LILY FAMILY 


46 


Tephrosia 


96, 106 


Tussilago 


182, 193 


Watermelon 




160 


Testudinaria 


336 


Twin-Flower 


170 


Water-Milfoil 




141 


Tetragonia 


156, 157 


Twin-leaf 


46 


WATER-MILFOIL 


F. 


140 


Tetranthera 


291 


Twisted-stalk 


343 


Water Oats 




353 


Teucrium 


243, 246 


Typha 


318, 319 


Water-parsnip 




165 


Thalia 


328 


TYPHACE^ 


318 


Water-pennywort 




164 


Thalictrum 


34,38 






Water Pepper 




289 


Thea 


76 


Ulmus 


298, 297 


Water-Plantain 




320 


Thermopsis 


98, 112 


UMBELLIFER^ 


162 


WATER-PLANTAIN F. 


319 


Thimbleberry 


124 


UmbreUa-tree 


42 


AVater-pimpernel 




225 


Thistle 


186 


Unicorn-Plant 


228 


Water-shield 




46 


Thorn-Apple 


269 


Urtica 


297, 299 


Water Star-Grass 




322 


Thoroughwort 


192 


URTICACE^ 


296 


Water Violet 




225 


Three-leaved Nightshade 341 


Utricularia 


225 


Water-weed 




322 


Thrift 


222 


Uvularia 


338, 343 


WATER-WORT FAMILY 63 


Thuja 


310, 315 






Watsonia 




333 


Thujopsis 


315 


Vaccaria 


64,66 


Wax-Myrtle 




806 


Thunbergia 


240 


Vaccinium 


211, 213 


Wax-Plant 




278 


Thyme 


249 


Valeriana (Valerian) 


177 


Wax-work 




88 


THYMELEACEiE 


291 


VALERIANACEiE 


177 


Wayfaring-tree 




172 


Thymus 


244, 249 


Valerianella 


178 


Weld 




57 


Tiarella 


133, 137 


VALERIAN FAMILY 177 


^V'ellingtoma 




314 


Tickseed 


201 


Vallisneria 


321, 322 


Whaahoo 




298 


Tick-trefoil 


104 


Vallota 


331 


Wheat 




857 


Tiger-Flower 


335 


Vanilla-plant 


191 


Whin 




100 


Tigridia 


333, 335 


Vegetable Serpent 


158 


White Alder 




217 


Tilia 


75 


Velvet-Grass 


355 


AVhite Bent Grass 




353 


TILIACEiE 


75 


Velvet-Leaf 


73 


White Cedar 




315 


Tillasa 


138, 139 


Venus's Fly Trap 


60 


White Lettuce 




207 


Tillandsia 


329 


Venus-hair 


364 


AVhite Thorn 




128 


Timothy 


356 


Venus's Looking-Glass 209 


AVhiteweed 




199 


Toad-Flax 


235 


Veratrum 


338, 343 


AVliite-wood 




42 


Tobacco 


269 


Verbascum 


230, 233 


AVhitlavia 


258 


,260 


Tomato 


267 


Verbena 


241 


AVhitlow-Gi-ass 




55 


Toothache-tree 


82 


VERBENACEJE 


241 


Whortleberry 




218 



25 



3«6 






INDEX. 








WHORTLEBERRY 


F. 


211 Woad 


56 


Yarrow 


199 


Wigandia 




258 


Woad-Waxen 


100 


Yellow Bachelor's-Button 92 


Wild AUspice 




291 


Wolfsbane 


41 


Yellow-Eved Grass 


351 


Wild Balsam-Apple 




160 


Wood-Betony 


239 


YELLOW-EYED GRASS 


Wild bean 




108 


Woodbine 


170 


FAMILY 


851 


Wild Bergamot 




250 


Wood-Nettle 


299 


Yellow Jessamine 


273 


Wild Comfrey 




257 


Wood-Rush 


350 


YeUow Pond-Lily 


47 


Wild Giuger 




282 


Woodsia 


361, 370 


Yellow puccoon 


38 


Wild Hyacinth 




347 


Wood-Sorrel 


78 


Yellow-Rocket 


54 


Wild Liquorice 




175 


Woodwardia 


361, 366 


Yellow-Wood 


112 


Wild-Potato-Yine 




264 


Worm-Grass 


'273 


Yew 


315 


WiUow 




307 


Wormseed 


285 


YEW FAMn.Y 


310 


Tn:LLOW FAMILY 




307 


Wormseed-Mustard 


54 


Yucca 


840,348 


Willow-herb 




143 


Wormwood 


188 


Yulan 


43 


Wind-flower 




35 










Windsor Bean 




111 


Xanthium 


180, 188 


Zamia 


309 


Winterberry 




219 


Xerophyllum 


338,342 


Zanthorhiza 


34,38 


Winter-cress 




54 


Ximinesia 


184, 203 


Zanthoxylimi 


82 


Wintergreen 


214 


,218 


XYRLDACE^ 


351 


Zauschneria 


142,143 


Wire-Grass 


354 


-356 


Xyris 


361 


Zea 


358 


Wistaria 


97 


,108 






Zinnia, 


185, 206 


Witch Grass 




357 


Yam 


336 


Zizania 


353 


Witch-Hazel 




140 


YAJI FAMILY 


335 


Zostera 


316 


WITCH-HAZEL FAMn.Y 140 


Yard-Grass 


356 


Zygadenus 


338,343 



THE END. 



Cambridge : Electrotyped and Printed by Welch, Bigelow, & Co. 



